%!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.22.3 %%CreationDate: Thu Jul 14 11:47:28 2016 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic %%+ font Courier %%+ font Symbol %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 3 %%Pages: 78 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () () %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments %%BeginDefaults %%PageMedia: Default %%EndDefaults %%BeginProlog %%BeginResource: procset grops 1.22 3 %!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-ProcSet /setpacking where{ pop currentpacking true setpacking }if /grops 120 dict dup begin /SC 32 def /A/show load def /B{0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def /C{0 exch ashow}bind def /D{0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def /E{0 rmoveto show}bind def /F{0 rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def /G{0 rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def /H{0 rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def /I{0 exch rmoveto show}bind def /J{0 exch rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def /K{0 exch rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def /L{0 exch rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def /M{rmoveto show}bind def /N{rmoveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def /O{rmoveto 0 exch ashow}bind def /P{rmoveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def /Q{moveto show}bind def /R{moveto 0 SC 3 -1 roll widthshow}bind def /S{moveto 0 exch ashow}bind def /T{moveto 0 exch 0 SC 5 2 roll awidthshow}bind def /SF{ findfont exch [exch dup 0 exch 0 exch neg 0 0]makefont dup setfont [exch/setfont cvx]cvx bind def }bind def /MF{ findfont [5 2 roll 0 3 1 roll neg 0 0]makefont dup setfont [exch/setfont cvx]cvx bind def }bind def /level0 0 def /RES 0 def /PL 0 def /LS 0 def /MANUAL{ statusdict begin/manualfeed true store end }bind def /PLG{ gsave newpath clippath pathbbox grestore exch pop add exch pop }bind def /BP{ /level0 save def 1 setlinecap 1 setlinejoin DEFS/BPhook known{DEFS begin BPhook end}if 72 RES div dup scale LS{ 90 rotate }{ 0 PL translate }ifelse 1 -1 scale }bind def /EP{ level0 restore showpage }def /DA{ newpath arcn stroke }bind def /SN{ transform .25 sub exch .25 sub exch round .25 add exch round .25 add exch itransform }bind def /DL{ SN moveto SN lineto stroke }bind def /DC{ newpath 0 360 arc closepath }bind def /TM matrix def /DE{ TM currentmatrix pop translate scale newpath 0 0 .5 0 360 arc closepath TM setmatrix }bind def /RC/rcurveto load def /RL/rlineto load def /ST/stroke load def /MT/moveto load def /CL/closepath load def /Fr{ setrgbcolor fill }bind def /setcmykcolor where{ pop /Fk{ setcmykcolor fill }bind def }if /Fg{ setgray fill }bind def /FL/fill load def /LW/setlinewidth load def /Cr/setrgbcolor load def /setcmykcolor where{ pop /Ck/setcmykcolor load def }if /Cg/setgray load def /RE{ findfont dup maxlength 1 index/FontName known not{1 add}if dict begin { 1 index/FID ne 2 index/UniqueID ne and {def}{pop pop}ifelse }forall /Encoding exch def dup/FontName exch def currentdict end definefont pop }bind def /DEFS 0 def /EBEGIN{ moveto DEFS begin }bind def /EEND/end load def /CNT 0 def /level1 0 def /PBEGIN{ /level1 save def translate div 3 1 roll div exch scale neg exch neg exch translate 0 setgray 0 setlinecap 1 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 10 setmiterlimit []0 setdash /setstrokeadjust where{ pop false setstrokeadjust }if /setoverprint where{ pop false setoverprint }if newpath /CNT countdictstack def userdict begin /showpage{}def /setpagedevice{}def mark }bind def /PEND{ cleartomark countdictstack CNT sub{end}repeat level1 restore }bind def end def /setpacking where{ pop setpacking }if %%EndResource %%EndProlog %%BeginSetup %%BeginFeature: *PageSize Default << /PageSize [ 612 792 ] /ImagingBBox null >> setpagedevice %%EndFeature %%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman %%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold %%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic %%IncludeResource: font Courier %%IncludeResource: font Symbol grops begin/DEFS 1 dict def DEFS begin/u{.001 mul}bind def end/RES 72 def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron /scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef /.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent /ampersand/quoteright/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen /period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon /semicolon/less/equal/greater/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O /P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/bracketleft/backslash/bracketright/circumflex /underscore/quoteleft/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y /z/braceleft/bar/braceright/tilde/.notdef/quotesinglbase/guillemotleft /guillemotright/bullet/florin/fraction/perthousand/dagger/daggerdbl /endash/emdash/ff/fi/fl/ffi/ffl/dotlessi/dotlessj/grave/hungarumlaut /dotaccent/breve/caron/ring/ogonek/quotedblleft/quotedblright/oe/lslash /quotedblbase/OE/Lslash/.notdef/exclamdown/cent/sterling/currency/yen /brokenbar/section/dieresis/copyright/ordfeminine/guilsinglleft /logicalnot/minus/registered/macron/degree/plusminus/twosuperior /threesuperior/acute/mu/paragraph/periodcentered/cedilla/onesuperior /ordmasculine/guilsinglright/onequarter/onehalf/threequarters /questiondown/Agrave/Aacute/Acircumflex/Atilde/Adieresis/Aring/AE /Ccedilla/Egrave/Eacute/Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute/Icircumflex /Idieresis/Eth/Ntilde/Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis /multiply/Oslash/Ugrave/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute/Thorn /germandbls/agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis/aring/ae/ccedilla /egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis /eth/ntilde/ograve/oacute/ocircumflex/otilde/odieresis/divide/oslash /ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex/udieresis/yacute/thorn/ydieresis]def /Courier@0 ENC0/Courier RE/Times-Italic@0 ENC0/Times-Italic RE /Times-Bold@0 ENC0/Times-Bold RE/Times-Roman@0 ENC0/Times-Roman RE %%EndSetup %%Page: 1 1 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF -.219(NA)72 84 S(ME).219 E F0(bash \255 GNU Bourne-Ag) 108 96 Q(ain SHell)-.05 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF (bash)108 124.8 Q F0([options] [command_string | \214le])2.5 E F1 (COPYRIGHT)72 141.6 Q F0(Bash is Cop)108 153.6 Q (yright \251 1989-2016 by the Free Softw)-.1 E(are F)-.1 E (oundation, Inc.)-.15 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 170.4 Q F2(Bash)108 182.4 Q F0 .973(is an)3.474 F F2(sh)3.473 E F0 .973 (-compatible command language interpreter that e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G .973 (cutes commands read from the standard).15 F(input or from a \214le.)108 194.4 Q F2(Bash)5 E F0(also incorporates useful features from the)2.5 E /F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.4(Ko)2.5 G(rn).4 E F0(and)2.5 E F3(C)2.5 E F0 (shells \()2.5 E F2(ksh)A F0(and)2.5 E F2(csh)2.5 E F0(\).)A F2(Bash)108 211.2 Q F0 .527(is intended to be a conformant implementation of the Sh\ ell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX)3.027 F (speci\214cation \(IEEE Standard 1003.1\).)108 223.2 Q F2(Bash)5 E F0 (can be con\214gured to be POSIX-conformant by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 (OPTIONS)72 240 Q F0 .766(All of the single-character shell options doc\ umented in the description of the)108 252 R F2(set)3.266 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.266 G .766(iltin command can be).2 F 1.284 (used as options when the shell is in)108 264 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.785(d. In).1 F(addition,)3.785 E F2(bash)3.785 E F0 1.285 (interprets the follo)3.785 F 1.285(wing options when it is)-.25 F(in) 108 276 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d:).1 E F2108 292.8 Q F0 .881 (If the)158 292.8 R F23.381 E F0 .881(option is present, then com\ mands are read from the \214rst non-option ar)3.381 F(gument)-.18 E F3 (com-)3.38 E(mand_string)158 304.8 Q F0 5.743(.I).22 G 3.243(ft)-5.743 G .743(here are ar)-3.243 F .743(guments after the)-.18 F F3 (command_string)3.243 E F0 3.243(,t).22 G .744(he \214rst ar)-3.243 F .744(gument is assigned)-.18 F(to)158 316.8 Q F2($0)2.919 E F0 .419 (and an)2.919 F 2.919(yr)-.15 G .419(emaining ar)-2.919 F .418 (guments are assigned to the positional parameters.)-.18 F .418 (The assignment)5.418 F(to)158 328.8 Q F2($0)2.5 E F0 (sets the name of the shell, which is used in w)2.5 E (arning and error messages.)-.1 E F2108 340.8 Q F0(If the)158 340.8 Q F22.5 E F0(option is present, the shell is)2.5 E F3(inter) 2.5 E(active)-.15 E F0(.).18 E F2108 352.8 Q F0(Mak)158 352.8 Q(e) -.1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(act as if it had been in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G 2.5(da).1 G 2.5(sal)-2.5 G(ogin shell \(see)-2.5 E/F4 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(INV)2.5 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) -.25 E F2108 364.8 Q F0(If the)158 364.8 Q F22.5 E F0 (option is present, the shell becomes)2.5 E F3 -.37(re)2.5 G(stricted) .37 E F0(\(see)3.27 E F4(RESTRICTED SHELL)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2108 376.8 Q F0 .602(If the)158 376.8 R F23.102 E F0 .602 (option is present, or if no ar)3.102 F .602 (guments remain after option processing, then commands)-.18 F .617 (are read from the standard input.)158 388.8 R .617(This option allo) 5.617 F .616(ws the positional parameters to be set when)-.25 F(in)158 400.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(king an interacti).2 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell.) .15 E F2108 412.8 Q F0 3.183(Al)158 412.8 S .683 (ist of all double-quoted strings preceded by)-3.183 F F2($)3.184 E F0 .684(is printed on the standard output.)3.184 F .684(These are)5.684 F .458(the strings that are subject to language translation when the curr\ ent locale is not)158 424.8 R F2(C)2.958 E F0(or)2.958 E F2(POSIX)2.958 E F0(.)A(This implies the)158 436.8 Q F22.5 E F0 (option; no commands will be e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2 ([\255+]O [)108 448.8 Q F3(shopt_option)A F2(])A F3(shopt_option)158 460.8 Q F0 1.097(is one of the shell options accepted by the)3.596 F F2 (shopt)3.597 E F0 -.2(bu)3.597 G 1.097(iltin \(see).2 F F4 1.097 (SHELL B)3.597 F(UIL)-.09 E(TIN)-.828 E(COMMANDS)158 472.8 Q F0(belo) 3.003 E 3.253(w\). If)-.25 F F3(shopt_option)3.253 E F0 .753 (is present,)3.253 F F23.253 E F0 .753(sets the v)3.253 F .753 (alue of that option;)-.25 F F2(+O)3.252 E F0(unsets)3.252 E 2.624 (it. If)158 484.8 R F3(shopt_option)2.624 E F0 .124 (is not supplied, the names and v)2.624 F .125 (alues of the shell options accepted by)-.25 F F2(shopt)2.625 E F0 .506 (are printed on the standard output.)158 496.8 R .505(If the in)5.505 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .505(cation option is).2 F F2(+O)3.005 E F0 3.005(,t)C .505 (he output is displayed in a)-3.005 F (format that may be reused as input.)158 508.8 Q F2108 520.8 Q F0 (A)158 520.8 Q F23.363 E F0 .864 (signals the end of options and disables further option processing.) 3.363 F(An)5.864 E 3.364(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.364 G .864(uments after) .18 F(the)158 532.8 Q F22.5 E F0 (are treated as \214lenames and ar)2.5 E 2.5(guments. An)-.18 F(ar)2.5 E (gument of)-.18 E F22.5 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to) .25 E F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(Bash)108 549.6 Q F0 .304 (also interprets a number of multi-character options.)2.804 F .303 (These options must appear on the command line)5.303 F (before the single-character options to be recognized.)108 561.6 Q F2 108 578.4 Q(ugger)-.2 E F0 .474(Arrange for the deb)144 590.4 R .474(ugger pro\214le to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .475 (cuted before the shell starts.).15 F -.45(Tu)5.475 G .475(rns on e).45 F .475(xtended deb)-.15 F(ug-)-.2 E (ging mode \(see the description of the)144 602.4 Q F2(extdeb)2.5 E(ug) -.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo) .2 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(\255\255dump\255po\255strings)108 614.4 Q F0(Equi) 144 626.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F22.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C (ut the output is in the GNU)-2.7 E F3 -.1(ge)2.5 G(tte).1 E(xt)-.2 E F2 (po)2.5 E F0(\(portable object\) \214le format.)2.5 E F2 (\255\255dump\255strings)108 638.4 Q F0(Equi)144 650.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G (lent to).25 E F22.5 E F0(.)A F2(\255\255help)108 662.4 Q F0 (Display a usage message on standard output and e)144 662.4 Q (xit successfully)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F2108 674.4 Q F3 (\214le)2.5 E F2108 686.4 Q(c\214le)-.18 E F3(\214le)2.5 E F0 (Ex)144 698.4 Q 1.599(ecute commands from)-.15 F F3(\214le)6.009 E F0 1.598(instead of the standard personal initialization \214le)4.279 F F3 (~/.bashr)3.598 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.598(if the)4.408 F(shell is interacti) 144 710.4 Q .3 -.15(ve \()-.25 H(see).15 E F4(INV)2.5 E(OCA)-.405 E (TION)-.855 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2016 May 29)148.175 E(1)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 2 2 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\255\255login)108 84 Q F0(Equi)144 96 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(\255\255noediting)108 112.8 Q F0 (Do not use the GNU)144 124.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 (library to read command lines when the shell is interacti)2.5 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(\255\255nopr)108 141.6 Q(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .017 (Do not read either the system-wide startup \214le)144 153.6 R/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr)4.183 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 .017(or an)4.183 F 2.517(yo)-.15 G 2.517(ft)-2.517 G .018 (he personal initialization \214les)-2.517 F F2(~/.bash_pr)144 165.6 Q (o\214le)-.45 E F0(,).18 E F2(~/.bash_lo)2.698 E(gin)-.1 E F0 2.698(,o) .24 G(r)-2.698 E F2(~/.pr)2.698 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 5.198(.B).18 G 2.698 (yd)-5.198 G(ef)-2.698 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.698 E F0 .198 (reads these \214les when it is in)2.698 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.697(da).1 G(s)-2.697 E 2.5(al)144 177.6 S(ogin shell \(see)-2.5 E/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(INV)2.5 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) -.25 E F1108 194.4 Q(c)-.18 E F0 1.228(Do not read and e)144 194.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.228(cute the personal initialization \214le).15 F F2(~/.bashr)3.228 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.228(if the shell is interacti)4.038 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 6.228(.T).15 G(his)-6.228 E(option is on by def)144 206.4 Q(ault if the shell is in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F1(sh)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\255\255posix)108 223.2 Q F0 1.783 (Change the beha)144 235.2 R 1.782(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.282 E F0 1.782(where the def)4.282 F 1.782(ault operation dif)-.1 F 1.782 (fers from the POSIX standard to)-.25 F .332(match the standard \()144 247.2 R F2 .332(posix mode)B F0 2.832(\). See)B F3 .333(SEE ALSO)2.833 F F0(belo)2.583 E 2.833(wf)-.25 G .333 (or a reference to a document that details)-2.833 F(ho)144 259.2 Q 2.5 (wp)-.25 G(osix mode af)-2.5 E(fects bash')-.25 E 2.5(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.5 E(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1108 276 Q(estricted)-.18 E F0 (The shell becomes restricted \(see)144 288 Q F3(RESTRICTED SHELL)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1108 304.8 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0(Equi) 144 316.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 108 333.6 Q(ersion)-.1 E F0(Sho)144 345.6 Q 2.5(wv)-.25 G (ersion information for this instance of)-2.65 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (on the standard output and e)2.5 E(xit successfully)-.15 E(.)-.65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARGUMENTS)72 362.4 Q F0 .017(If ar)108 374.4 R .016(guments remain after option processing, and neither the)-.18 F F1 2.516 E F0 .016(nor the)2.516 F F12.516 E F0 .016 (option has been supplied, the \214rst)2.516 F(ar)108 386.4 Q .041(gume\ nt is assumed to be the name of a \214le containing shell commands.)-.18 F(If)5.041 E F1(bash)2.541 E F0 .041(is in)2.541 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) .2 G 2.541(di).1 G 2.541(nt)-2.541 G .042(his f)-2.541 F(ashion,)-.1 E F1($0)108 398.4 Q F0 .936(is set to the name of the \214le, and the pos\ itional parameters are set to the remaining ar)3.436 F(guments.)-.18 E F1(Bash)5.935 E F0 .233(reads and e)108 410.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .233 (cutes commands from this \214le, then e).15 F(xits.)-.15 E F1(Bash) 5.234 E F0 1.334 -.55('s e)D .234(xit status is the e).4 F .234 (xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .349(mand e)108 422.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .349(cuted in the script.).15 F .349(If no commands are e)5.349 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .349(cuted, the e).15 F .348(xit status is 0.)-.15 F .348 (An attempt is \214rst made to)5.348 F .253 (open the \214le in the current directory)108 434.4 R 2.753(,a)-.65 G .254 (nd, if no \214le is found, then the shell searches the directories in) -2.753 F F3 -.666(PA)2.754 G(TH)-.189 E F0(for the script.)108 446.4 Q F4(INV)72 463.2 Q(OCA)-.493 E(TION)-1.04 E F0(A)108 475.2 Q F2(lo)2.5 E (gin shell)-.1 E F0(is one whose \214rst character of ar)2.5 E (gument zero is a)-.18 E F12.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ro)-2.5 G (ne started with the)-2.5 E F1(\255\255login)2.5 E F0(option.)2.5 E(An) 108 492 Q F2(inter)2.734 E(active)-.15 E F0 .234 (shell is one started without non-option ar)2.734 F .234 (guments \(unless)-.18 F F12.734 E F0 .233 (is speci\214ed\) and without the)2.734 F F12.733 E F0 .509(optio\ n whose standard input and error are both connected to terminals \(as d\ etermined by)108 504 R F2(isatty)3.01 E F0 .51(\(3\)\), or one).32 F .946(started with the)108 516 R F13.445 E F0(option.)3.445 E F3 (PS1)5.945 E F0 .945(is set and)3.195 F F1<24ad>3.445 E F0(includes) 3.445 E F1(i)3.445 E F0(if)3.445 E F1(bash)3.445 E F0 .945(is interacti) 3.445 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.445(,a).15 G(llo)-3.445 E .945 (wing a shell script or a)-.25 F(startup \214le to test this state.)108 528 Q .032(The follo)108 544.8 R .032(wing paragraphs describe ho)-.25 F (w)-.25 E F1(bash)2.532 E F0 -.15(exe)2.532 G .032 (cutes its startup \214les.).15 F .032(If an)5.032 F 2.532(yo)-.15 G 2.532(ft)-2.532 G .032(he \214les e)-2.532 F .033(xist b)-.15 F .033 (ut cannot be)-.2 F(read,)108 556.8 Q F1(bash)2.6 E F0 .1 (reports an error)2.6 F 5.1(.T)-.55 G .1(ildes are e)-5.45 F .099 (xpanded in \214lenames as described belo)-.15 F 2.599(wu)-.25 G(nder) -2.599 E F1 -.18(Ti)2.599 G .099(lde Expansion).18 F F0(in)2.599 E(the) 108 568.8 Q F3(EXP)2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(section.)2.25 E(When)108 585.6 Q F1(bash)2.895 E F0 .395(is in)2.895 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.895(da).1 G 2.895(sa)-2.895 G 2.895(ni)-2.895 G(nteracti)-2.895 E .695 -.15(ve l)-.25 H .396(ogin shell, or as a non-interacti).15 F .696 -.15 (ve s)-.25 H .396(hell with the).15 F F1(\255\255login)2.896 E F0 .396 (option, it)2.896 F 1.334(\214rst reads and e)108 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.334(cutes commands from the \214le).15 F F2(/etc/pr)3.834 E(o\214le) -.45 E F0 3.834(,i)C 3.833(ft)-3.834 G 1.333(hat \214le e)-3.833 F 3.833 (xists. After)-.15 F 1.333(reading that \214le, it)3.833 F .248 (looks for)108 609.6 R F2(~/.bash_pr)2.748 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 (~/.bash_lo)2.748 E(gin)-.1 E F0 2.748(,a)C(nd)-2.748 E F2(~/.pr)2.748 E (o\214le)-.45 E F0 2.748(,i)C 2.749(nt)-2.748 G .249(hat order)-2.749 F 2.749(,a)-.4 G .249(nd reads and e)-2.749 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .249 (cutes commands from).15 F .797(the \214rst one that e)108 621.6 R .797 (xists and is readable.)-.15 F(The)5.796 E F1(\255\255nopr)3.296 E (o\214le)-.18 E F0 .796(option may be used when the shell is started to) 3.296 F(inhibit this beha)108 633.6 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E 1.104 (When an interacti)108 650.4 R 1.404 -.15(ve l)-.25 H 1.104 (ogin shell e).15 F 1.104(xits, or a non-interacti)-.15 F 1.404 -.15 (ve l)-.25 H 1.104(ogin shell e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.104(cutes the).15 F F1(exit)3.604 E F0 -.2(bu)3.604 G 1.104(iltin command,).2 F F1(bash) 108 662.4 Q F0(reads and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutes commands from the \214le).15 E F2(~/.bash_lo)2.5 E(gout)-.1 E F0 2.5(,i)C 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(te)-2.5 G(xists.)-2.65 E 1.698 (When an interacti)108 679.2 R 1.998 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.698 (hell that is not a login shell is started,).15 F F1(bash)4.197 E F0 1.697(reads and e)4.197 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.697(cutes commands from).15 F F2(~/.bashr)108 691.2 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.535(,i)C 2.535(ft)-2.535 G .035 (hat \214le e)-2.535 F 2.535(xists. This)-.15 F .036 (may be inhibited by using the)2.535 F F12.536 E(c)-.18 E F0 2.536(option. The)2.536 F F12.536 E(c\214le)-.18 E F2(\214le) 2.536 E F0 .036(option will)2.536 F(force)108 703.2 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (to read and e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute commands from).15 E F2(\214le) 2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F2(~/.bashr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(.)A(When)108 720 Q F1(bash)5.306 E F0 2.806(is started non-interacti)5.306 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.306(,t)-.65 G 5.306(or)-5.306 G 2.806 (un a shell script, for e)-5.306 F 2.805(xample, it looks for the v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(2)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 3 3 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)108 84 S(SH_ENV).27 E F0 1.01(in the en)3.26 F 1.01 (vironment, e)-.4 F 1.01(xpands its v)-.15 F 1.01 (alue if it appears there, and uses the e)-.25 F 1.011(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.011(alue as the)-.25 F(name of a \214le to read and e)108 96 Q -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cute.).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)5 E F0(beha)2.5 E -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.5(sa).15 G 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he follo)-2.5 E (wing command were e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted:).15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(if [ \255n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi)144 114 Q F0 -.2(bu) 108 132 S 2.5(tt).2 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of the)-.25 E F1 -.666(PA)2.5 G (TH)-.189 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is not used to search for the \214lename.).25 E(If)108 148.8 Q F2(bash)3.417 E F0 .917(is in)3.417 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.417(dw) .1 G .917(ith the name)-3.417 F F2(sh)3.417 E F0 3.417(,i)C 3.417(tt) -3.417 G .917(ries to mimic the startup beha)-3.417 F .917 (vior of historical v)-.2 F .917(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sh)3.417 E F0(as) 3.417 E .145 (closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well.) 108 160.8 R .145(When in)5.145 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.645(da).1 G 2.645(sa)-2.645 G 2.645(ni)-2.645 G(nteracti)-2.645 E .445 -.15(ve l) -.25 H(ogin).15 E 1.264(shell, or a non-interacti)108 172.8 R 1.564 -.15 (ve s)-.25 H 1.264(hell with the).15 F F2(\255\255login)3.764 E F0 1.264 (option, it \214rst attempts to read and e)3.764 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.263 (cute commands).15 F(from)108 184.8 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/pr) 4.142 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0(and)3.172 E F4(~/.pr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0 2.992(,i).18 G 2.992(nt)-2.992 G .492(hat order)-2.992 F 5.492(.T)-.55 G (he)-5.492 E F2(\255\255nopr)2.992 E(o\214le)-.18 E F0 .493 (option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.993 F(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E .418(When in)108 196.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.918(da).1 G 2.918 (sa)-2.918 G 2.918(ni)-2.918 G(nteracti)-2.918 E .718 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .418(hell with the name).15 F F2(sh)2.918 E F0(,)A F2(bash)2.918 E F0 .418(looks for the v)2.918 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(ENV)2.918 E/F5 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.15(ex)2.667 G .417(pands its v).15 F(alue) -.25 E .171(if it is de\214ned, and uses the e)108 208.8 R .171 (xpanded v)-.15 F .171(alue as the name of a \214le to read and e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.671(cute. Since).15 F 2.671(as)2.671 G .171(hell in) -2.671 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(as)108 220.8 Q F2(sh)3.081 E F0 .581(does not attempt to read and e)3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581 (cute commands from an).15 F 3.08(yo)-.15 G .58 (ther startup \214les, the)-3.08 F F23.08 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .58(option has)3.08 F .182(no ef)108 232.8 R 2.682(fect. A)-.25 F (non-interacti)2.682 E .482 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .182(hell in).15 F -.2(vo) -.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.682(dw).1 G .182(ith the name)-2.682 F F2(sh)2.682 E F0 .182(does not attempt to read an)2.682 F 2.683(yo)-.15 G .183 (ther startup \214les.)-2.683 F(When in)108 244.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) .2 G 2.5(da).1 G(s)-2.5 E F2(sh)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(bash)2.5 E F0(enters)2.5 E F4(posix)3.75 E F0(mode after the startup \214les are read.)3.03 E (When)108 261.6 Q F2(bash)2.727 E F0 .226(is started in)2.727 F F4 (posix)3.976 E F0 .226(mode, as with the)3.256 F F2(\255\255posix)2.726 E F0 .226(command line option, it follo)2.726 F .226(ws the POSIX stan-) -.25 F .341(dard for startup \214les.)108 273.6 R .341 (In this mode, interacti)5.341 F .641 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .341(hells e).15 F .341(xpand the)-.15 F F1(ENV)2.841 E F0 -.25(va)2.591 G .342 (riable and commands are read and).25 F -.15(exe)108 285.6 S (cuted from the \214le whose name is the e).15 E(xpanded v)-.15 E 2.5 (alue. No)-.25 F(other startup \214les are read.)2.5 E F2(Bash)108 302.4 Q F0 .224(attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard \ input connected to a netw)2.724 F .223(ork connection,)-.1 F .025 (as when e)108 314.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .025 (cuted by the remote shell daemon, usually).15 F F4 -.1(rs)2.525 G(hd).1 E F0 2.525(,o)C 2.525(rt)-2.525 G .025(he secure shell daemon)-2.525 F F4(sshd)2.525 E F0 5.025(.I)C(f)-5.025 E F2(bash)2.525 E F0(deter)2.525 E(-)-.2 E .134(mines it is being run in this f)108 326.4 R .134 (ashion, it reads and e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .133(cutes commands from) .15 F F4(~/.bashr)2.633 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.633(,i)C 2.633(ft)-2.633 G .133 (hat \214le e)-2.633 F .133(xists and is)-.15 F 2.869(readable. It)108 338.4 R .369(will not do this if in)2.869 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.869(da).1 G(s)-2.869 E F2(sh)2.869 E F0 5.369(.T)C(he)-5.369 E F2 2.869 E(c)-.18 E F0 .369 (option may be used to inhibit this beha)2.869 F(vior)-.2 E 2.869(,a)-.4 G(nd)-2.869 E(the)108 350.4 Q F22.919 E(c\214le)-.18 E F0 .419 (option may be used to force another \214le to be read, b)2.919 F .419 (ut neither)-.2 F F4 -.1(rs)2.919 G(hd).1 E F0(nor)2.919 E F4(sshd)2.919 E F0 .418(generally in)2.919 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G (the shell with those options or allo)108 362.4 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G (hem to be speci\214ed.)-2.5 E 1.207 (If the shell is started with the ef)108 379.2 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.507 -.15 (ve u)-.25 H 1.208 (ser \(group\) id not equal to the real user \(group\) id, and the).15 F F23.708 E F0 .536(option is not supplied, no startup \214les are \ read, shell functions are not inherited from the en)108 391.2 R .535 (vironment, the)-.4 F F1(SHELLOPTS)108 403.2 Q F5(,)A F1 -.27(BA)2.959 G (SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F1(CDP)2.959 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F5(,)A F0 (and)2.959 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.209 E F0 -.25(va)2.959 G .709 (riables, if the).25 F 3.209(ya)-.15 G .71(ppear in the en)-3.209 F .71 (vironment, are)-.4 F .905(ignored, and the ef)108 415.2 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.205 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .904(ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .904(If the)5.904 F F23.404 E F0 .904(option is supplied at in) 3.404 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .904(cation, the).2 F(startup beha)108 427.2 Q (vior is the same, b)-.2 E(ut the ef)-.2 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u) -.25 H(ser id is not reset.).15 E/F6 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(DEFINITIONS) 72 444 Q F0(The follo)108 456 Q (wing de\214nitions are used throughout the rest of this document.)-.25 E F2(blank)108 468 Q F0 2.5(As)144 468 S(pace or tab)-2.5 E(.)-.4 E F2 -.1(wo)108 480 S(rd).1 E F0 2.5(As)144 480 S (equence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell.)-2.5 E (Also kno)5 E(wn as a)-.25 E F2(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(.)A F2(name)108 492 Q F0(A)144 492 Q F4(wor)3.005 E(d)-.37 E F0 .165 (consisting only of alphanumeric characters and underscores, and be) 3.435 F .166(ginning with an alpha-)-.15 F (betic character or an underscore.)144 504 Q(Also referred to as an)5 E F2(identi\214er)2.5 E F0(.)A F2(metacharacter)108 516 Q F0 2.5(Ac)144 528 S(haracter that, when unquoted, separates w)-2.5 E 2.5(ords. One)-.1 F(of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F2 5(|&;\(\)<>s)144 540 S 2.5 (pace tab newline)-5 F(contr)108 552 Q(ol operator)-.18 E F0(A)144 564 Q F4(tok)2.5 E(en)-.1 E F0(that performs a control function.)2.5 E (It is one of the follo)5 E(wing symbols:)-.25 E F2 2.5 (|| & && ; ;; ;& ;;& \( \) | |&)144 576 R()10 E F6(RESER)72 592.8 Q(VED W)-.602 E(ORDS)-.11 E F4 .307(Reserved wor)108 604.8 R(ds) -.37 E F0 .307(are w)2.807 F .307(ords that ha)-.1 F .607 -.15(ve a s) -.2 H .306(pecial meaning to the shell.).15 F .306(The follo)5.306 F .306(wing w)-.25 F .306(ords are recognized as)-.1 F(reserv)108 616.8 Q .227(ed when unquoted and either the \214rst w)-.15 F .227 (ord of a simple command \(see)-.1 F F1 .227(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.727 F F0 (belo)2.477 E .227(w\) or)-.25 F(the third w)108 628.8 Q(ord of a)-.1 E F2(case)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.25(fo)2.5 G(r).25 E F0(command:)2.5 E F2 11.295(!c)144 645.6 S 8.795(ase copr)-11.295 F 8.795 (oc do done elif else esac \214 f)-.18 F 8.795 (or function if in select then)-.25 F 7.5(until while { } time [[ ]])144 657.6 R F6(SHELL GRAMMAR)72 674.4 Q F2(Simple Commands)87 686.4 Q F0(A) 108 698.4 Q F4 .388(simple command)2.888 F F0 .388 (is a sequence of optional v)2.888 F .389(ariable assignments follo)-.25 F .389(wed by)-.25 F F2(blank)2.889 E F0 .389(-separated w)B .389 (ords and)-.1 F .816(redirections, and terminated by a)108 710.4 R F4 (contr)3.316 E .815(ol oper)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 5.815(.T)C .815 (he \214rst w)-5.815 F .815(ord speci\214es the command to be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E(and is passed as ar)108 722.4 Q (gument zero.)-.18 E(The remaining w)5 E(ords are passed as ar)-.1 E (guments to the in)-.18 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dc).1 G(ommand.) -2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(3)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 4 4 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The return v)108 84 Q(alue of a)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(simple command)2.5 E F0 (is its e)2.5 E(xit status, or 128+)-.15 E F1(n)A F0 (if the command is terminated by signal)3.333 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Pipelines)87 100.8 Q F0(A)108 112.8 Q F1(pipeline) 2.996 E F0 .496(is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one \ of the control operators)2.996 F F2(|)2.996 E F0(or)2.996 E F2(|&)2.996 E F0 5.496(.T)C(he)-5.496 E(format for a pipeline is:)108 124.8 Q([)144 141.6 Q F2(time)A F0([)2.5 E F2A F0(]] [ ! ])A F1(command)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F2(|)-2.5 E/F3 10/Symbol SFA F2(|&)A F0(])A F1 (command2)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E .244(The standard output of)108 158.4 R F1(command)2.944 E F0 .243 (is connected via a pipe to the standard input of)3.514 F F1(command2) 2.743 E F0 5.243(.T).02 G .243(his connec-)-5.243 F .642 (tion is performed before an)108 170.4 R 3.142(yr)-.15 G .642 (edirections speci\214ed by the command \(see)-3.142 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.143 E F0(belo)2.893 E 3.143(w\). If)-.25 F F2(|&)3.143 E F0(is)3.143 E(used,)108 182.4 Q F1(command)3.648 E F0 2.248 -.55('s s) D 1.147(tandard error).55 F 3.647(,i)-.4 G 3.647(na)-3.647 G 1.147 (ddition to its standard output, is connected to)-3.647 F F1(command2) 3.647 E F0 2.247 -.55('s s)D(tandard).55 E .028 (input through the pipe; it is shorthand for)108 194.4 R F2 .028(2>&1 |) 2.528 F F0 5.028(.T)C .028 (his implicit redirection of the standard error to the stan-)-5.028 F (dard output is performed after an)108 206.4 Q 2.5(yr)-.15 G (edirections speci\214ed by the command.)-2.5 E .48 (The return status of a pipeline is the e)108 223.2 R .48 (xit status of the last command, unless the)-.15 F F2(pipefail)2.98 E F0 .48(option is enabled.)2.98 F(If)108 235.2 Q F2(pipefail)2.686 E F0 .186 (is enabled, the pipeline')2.686 F 2.686(sr)-.55 G .186 (eturn status is the v)-2.686 F .187 (alue of the last \(rightmost\) command to e)-.25 F .187(xit with a)-.15 F .611(non-zero status, or zero if all commands e)108 247.2 R .611 (xit successfully)-.15 F 5.611(.I)-.65 G 3.111(ft)-5.611 G .61 (he reserv)-3.111 F .61(ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F2(!)3.11 E F0 .61 (precedes a pipeline, the)5.61 F -.15(ex)108 259.2 S .55 (it status of that pipeline is the logical ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .55 (tion of the e).05 F .55(xit status as described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.55(.T).15 G .55(he shell w)-5.55 F .55(aits for)-.1 F (all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a v)108 271.2 Q(alue.)-.25 E .299(If the)108 288 R F2(time)2.799 E F0(reserv) 2.799 E .299(ed w)-.15 F .299(ord precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as w\ ell as user and system time consumed by its)-.1 F -.15(exe)108 300 S .139(cution are reported when the pipeline terminates.).15 F(The)5.139 E F22.639 E F0 .14(option changes the output format to that spec-) 2.639 F .303(i\214ed by POSIX.)108 312 R .303(When the shell is in)5.303 F F1 .303(posix mode)2.803 F F0 2.803(,i)C 2.803(td)-2.803 G .303 (oes not recognize)-2.803 F F2(time)2.803 E F0 .303(as a reserv)2.803 F .303(ed w)-.15 F .302(ord if the ne)-.1 F(xt)-.15 E(tok)108 324 Q .735 (en be)-.1 F .736(gins with a `-'.)-.15 F(The)5.736 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.236 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.986 G .736 (riable may be set to a format string that speci\214es ho).25 F 3.236 (wt)-.25 G(he)-3.236 E 2.226 (timing information should be displayed; see the description of)108 336 R F4(TIMEFORMA)4.725 E(T)-.855 E F0(under)4.475 E F2 2.225(Shell V)4.725 F(ariables)-.92 E F0(belo)108 348 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G .85 (When the shell is in)108 364.8 R F1 .85(posix mode)3.35 F F0(,)A F2 (time)3.35 E F0 .85(may be follo)3.35 F .85(wed by a ne)-.25 F 3.35 (wline. In)-.25 F .85(this case, the shell displays the)3.35 F 1.074 (total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.)108 376.8 R(The)6.073 E F4(TIMEFORMA)3.573 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.323 G 1.073(riable may be).25 F (used to specify the format of the time information.)108 388.8 Q (Each command in a pipeline is e)108 405.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted as a separate process \(i.e., in a subshell\).).15 E F2(Lists)87 422.4 Q F0(A)108 434.4 Q F1(list)2.849 E F0 .349(is a sequence of one o\ r more pipelines separated by one of the operators)2.849 F F2(;)2.85 E F0(,)A F2(&)2.85 E F0(,)A F2(&&)2.85 E F0 2.85(,o)C(r)-2.85 E F2(||)2.85 E F0 2.85(,a)C .35(nd option-)-2.85 F(ally terminated by one of)108 446.4 Q F2(;)2.5 E F0(,)A F2(&)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2() 2.5 E F0(.)A .961(Of these list operators,)108 463.2 R F2(&&)3.461 E F0 (and)3.461 E F2(||)3.461 E F0(ha)3.461 E 1.261 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .961 (qual precedence, follo).15 F .96(wed by)-.25 F F2(;)3.46 E F0(and)3.46 E F2(&)3.46 E F0 3.46(,w)C .96(hich ha)-3.46 F 1.26 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .96 (qual prece-).15 F(dence.)108 475.2 Q 2.5(As)108 492 S (equence of one or more ne)-2.5 E(wlines may appear in a)-.25 E F1(list) 2.5 E F0(instead of a semicolon to delimit commands.)2.5 E .029 (If a command is terminated by the control operator)108 508.8 R F2(&) 2.529 E F0 2.529(,t)C .029(he shell e)-2.529 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .029 (cutes the command in the).15 F F1(bac)2.529 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 (in)2.529 E 2.876(as)108 520.8 S 2.876(ubshell. The)-2.876 F .376 (shell does not w)2.876 F .375 (ait for the command to \214nish, and the return status is 0.)-.1 F .375 (Commands sepa-)5.375 F .848(rated by a)108 532.8 R F2(;)3.348 E F0 .848 (are e)3.348 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .848(cuted sequentially; the shell w).15 F .849(aits for each command to terminate in turn.)-.1 F .849(The return) 5.849 F(status is the e)108 544.8 Q(xit status of the last command e) -.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E .937(AND and OR lists are sequences \ of one or more pipelines separated by the)108 561.6 R F2(&&)3.436 E F0 (and)3.436 E F2(||)3.436 E F0 .936(control operators,)3.436 F(respecti) 108 573.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5(.A)-.65 G(ND and OR lists are e)-5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted with left associati).15 E(vity)-.25 E 5(.A)-.65 G 2.5(nA)-5 G(ND list has the form)-2.5 E F1(command1)144 590.4 Q F2(&&) 2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 607.2 Q F0(is e)2.52 E -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuted if, and only if,).15 E F1(command1)2.7 E F0(returns an e) 2.5 E(xit status of zero.)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 624 Q F1 (command1)144 640.8 Q F2(||)2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2)108.2 657.6 Q F0 .728(is e)3.248 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .729(cuted if and only if).15 F F1 (command1)3.429 E F0 .729(returns a non-zero e)3.229 F .729(xit status.) -.15 F .729(The return status of AND)5.729 F(and OR lists is the e)108 669.6 Q(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted in the list.).15 E F2(Compound Commands)87 686.4 Q F0(A)108 698.4 Q F1 1.054(compound command)3.554 F F0 1.054(is one of the follo)3.554 F 3.553(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F1(list)3.553 E F0 1.053(in a command')3.553 F 3.553(sd)-.55 G 1.053(escription may be) -3.553 F 1.026(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne) 108 710.4 R 1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.027(wed by a ne)-.25 F 1.027(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4) 72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(4)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 5 5 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(\()108 84 Q/F1 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(list)A F0(\))A F1(list)144 84 Q F0 .011(is e)2.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .011(cuted in a subshell en).15 F .011(vironment \(see) -.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .011(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT) -.27 E F0(belo)2.261 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.11(Va)144 96 S 1.063 (riable assignments and b)1.11 F 1.064(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F 1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F 3.564(se)-.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064 (ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef)144 108 Q (fect after the command completes.)-.25 E(The return status is the e)5 E (xit status of)-.15 E F1(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 124.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;})C F1(list)144 124.8 Q F0 .402(is simply e)2.902 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .401(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F1(list) 5.401 E F0 .401(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .401(wline or)-.25 F 3.214(semicolon. This)144 136.8 R .714(is kno)3.214 F .714(wn as a) -.25 F F1(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715 (he return status is the e)-5.715 F .715(xit status of)-.15 F F1(list) 3.215 E F0 5.715(.N)C(ote)-5.715 E .22(that unlik)144 148.8 R 2.72(et) -.1 G .22(he metacharacters)-2.72 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()2.72 E F0 (and)2.72 E F3(\))2.72 E F0(,)A F3({)2.72 E F0(and)2.72 E F3(})2.719 E F0(are)2.719 E F1 -.37(re)2.719 G .219(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 .219(and must occur where a reserv)2.719 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 160.8 S .256(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .256(Since the)5.256 F 2.756 (yd)-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.756 G .257(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .257 (ord break, the)-.1 F 2.757(ym)-.15 G .257(ust be separated)-2.757 F (from)144 172.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0 (by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(\(\()108 189.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 201.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.552 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .052(is e)2.552 F -.25(va)-.25 G .051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 2.551(wu)-.25 G (nder)-2.551 E F2 .051(ARITHMETIC EV)2.551 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E (TION)144 213.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v)4.91 F .411 (alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the return status is \ 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 225.6 Q(This is e)5 E (xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F3(let ")2.5 E F1 -.2 (ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(")A F0(.)A F3([[)108 242.4 Q F1 -.2(ex) 2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(]])2.5 E F0 1.3 (Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 254.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.299(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F1 -.2(ex) 3.799 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.273 (Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 266.4 R 4.774(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.774 E F2(CONDITION)4.774 E 2.274(AL EXPRES-)-.18 F(SIONS)144 278.4 Q F4(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.633 G 1.133 (rd splitting and pathname e).8 F 1.133 (xpansion are not performed on the w)-.15 F 1.133(ords between the)-.1 F F3([[)3.632 E F0(and)144 290.4 Q F3(]])2.963 E F0 2.963(;t)C .463 (ilde e)-2.963 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e) -.25 F .464(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .464 (xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.081 (tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 302.4 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.581(la).25 G 1.081(re performed.)-3.581 F 1.081 (Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F33.58 E F0 (must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 314.4 Q (When used with)144 332.4 Q F3([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F3(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E (xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .502(When the)144 350.4 R F3(==)3.002 E F0(and)3.002 E F3(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\ e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-) 3.002 F .81(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 362.4 R 3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F3 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM) -.15 G(atching)-3.31 E F0 3.31(,a)C 3.31(si)-3.31 G 3.31(ft)-3.31 G(he) -3.31 E F3(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 374.4 Q F0 1.389 (shell option were enabled.)3.889 F(The)6.389 E F3(=)3.889 E F0 1.389 (operator is equi)3.889 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.389(lent to).25 F F3(==)3.89 E F0 6.39(.I)C 3.89(ft)-6.39 G(he)-3.89 E F3(nocasematch)3.89 E F0 (shell)3.89 E .272(option is enabled, the match is performed without re) 144 386.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .271 (rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F(The)5.271 E 1.067 (return v)144 398.4 R 1.068(alue is 0 if the string matches \()-.25 F F3 (==)A F0 3.568(\)o)C 3.568(rd)-3.568 G 1.068(oes not match \()-3.568 F F3(!=)A F0 3.568(\)t)C 1.068(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-3.568 F(An) 144 410.4 Q 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the\ quoted portion to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243 (An additional binary operator)144 428.4 R(,)-.4 E F3(=~)2.743 E F0 2.743(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243 (ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F3(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E F3(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953 (used, the string to the right of the operator is considered an e)144 440.4 R 1.954(xtended re)-.15 F 1.954(gular e)-.15 F 1.954 (xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 452.4 R F1 -.37(re)2.707 G -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 2.707(\(3\)\). The)B .207 (return v)2.707 F .207 (alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.345 (otherwise. If)144 464.4 R .845(the re)3.345 F .845(gular e)-.15 F .846 (xpression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e)-.15 F (xpression')-.15 E 3.346(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.346 E -.25(va)144 476.4 S .667(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the)5.667 F F3(nocasematch)3.167 E F0 .667 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F -.05 (ga)-.15 G .666(rd to).05 F .592(the case of alphabetic characters.)144 488.4 R(An)5.592 E 3.092(yp)-.15 G .593 (art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.092 F(-)-.2 E 1.016(tion to be matched as a string.)144 500.4 R(Brack)6.016 E 1.016 (et e)-.1 F 1.016(xpressions in re)-.15 F 1.016(gular e)-.15 F 1.016 (xpressions must be treated care-)-.15 F(fully)144 512.4 Q 4.435(,s)-.65 G 1.935 (ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.435 F 4.436(ets. If)-.1 F 1.936(the pattern is)4.436 F .265 (stored in a shell v)144 524.4 R .265(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .264 (ariable e)-.25 F .264 (xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as)-.15 F 3.773(as)144 536.4 S 3.773(tring. Substrings)-3.773 F 1.274 (matched by parenthesized sube)3.773 F 1.274(xpressions within the re) -.15 F 1.274(gular e)-.15 F 1.274(xpression are)-.15 F(sa)144 548.4 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.097(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.097 G .597(he array v)-3.097 F (ariable)-.25 E F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F4(.)A F0 .597(The element of)5.097 F F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0)-.15 G(is)-.001 E .049 (the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 560.4 R .049 (gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .05(element of)2.55 F F2 -.27(BA)2.55 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 572.4 Q(x)-.15 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .786 (Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 590.4 R .785 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144 602.4 Q F3(\()144 620.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(\)) 2.5 E F0 .522(Returns the v)180 632.4 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex) 3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o) -5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F (operators.)180 644.4 Q F3(!)144 656.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession) -.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 668.4 S(ue if).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E (ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F1 -.2(ex)144 680.4 S(pr).2 E (ession1)-.37 E F3(&&)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 692.4 S(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1) -.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.) 2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 704.4 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F3(||)2.5 E F1 -.2 (ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 716.4 S(ue if either).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr) .2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2016 May 29)148.175 E(5)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 6 6 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The)144 84 Q/F1 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF(&&)3.641 E F0(and)3.641 E F1(||)3.641 E F0 1.141 (operators do not e)3.641 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141 (if the v)3.641 F 1.14(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.64 G(pr).2 E(ession1) -.37 E F0 1.14(is suf)3.64 F 1.14(\214cient to)-.25 F (determine the return v)144 96 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E (xpression.)-.15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 112.8 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5 ([[)2.5 G F1(in)A F0([)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5 (]];])2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .423 (The list of w)144 124.8 R .423(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.923 E F0 .423(is e)2.923 F .423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .424(The v)5.424 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.924 E F0 .424(is set to) 2.924 F .653(each element of this list in turn, and)144 136.8 R F2(list) 3.153 E F0 .653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F .653(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653 (is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .648(command e) 144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.148 E F0 .648 (once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.149 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.899 E(w\).) -.25 E .154(The return status is the e)144 160.8 R .153 (xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.653 (cutes. If).15 F .153(the e)2.653 F .153(xpansion of the items)-.15 F (follo)144 172.8 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 (results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 189.6 S(r).25 E F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E F2 (list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.235(First, the arithmetic e) 144 201.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.735 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e) 3.735 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.236 (luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.736(wu)-.25 G (nder)-3.736 E F3 .562(ARITHMETIC EV)144 213.6 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) -.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .562(The arithmetic e) 5.062 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.062 G(pr2).2 E F0 .561(is then e) 3.061 F -.25(va)-.25 G .561(luated repeatedly until).25 F .591(it e)144 225.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .591(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.591 F F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592 (luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .592(is e) 3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .592(cuted and the arith-).15 F .229(metic e)144 237.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.729 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.729 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229 (xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G 2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.728(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.978 G .228(luates to 1.).25 F .227(The return v)144 249.6 R .227 (alue is the e)-.25 F .227(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2 (list)2.728 E F0 .228(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .228(cuted, or f) .15 F .228(alse if an)-.1 F 2.728(yo)-.15 G 2.728(ft)-2.728 G(he)-2.728 E -.15(ex)144 261.6 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1 (select)108 278.4 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d) -.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .433(The list of w)144 290.4 R .433(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in) 2.933 E F0 .432(is e)2.933 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.) -.15 F .432(The set of e)5.432 F .432(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .842 (is printed on the standard error)144 302.4 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842 (ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he) -3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .843 (is omitted, the posi-)3.343 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see) 144 314.4 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701 (w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a) 2.451 F .213(line read from the standard input.)144 326.4 R .213 (If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.213 F 1.538(played w)144 338.4 R 1.538(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.538(alue of) -.25 F F2(name)4.398 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.218 F 4.037(ord. If) -.1 F 1.537(the line is empty)4.037 F 4.037(,t)-.65 G 1.537(he w)-4.037 F 1.537(ords and)-.1 F .065(prompt are displayed ag)144 350.4 R 2.565 (ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.565 F(An) 5.066 E 2.566(yo)-.15 G .066(ther v)-2.566 F .066(alue read causes)-.25 F F2(name)144.36 362.4 Q F0 .954(to be set to null.)3.634 F .954 (The line read is sa)5.954 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.453(di).15 G 3.453(nt) -3.453 G .953(he v)-3.453 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.453 E(Y)-.828 E F4 (.)A F0(The)5.453 E F2(list)3.543 E F0 .953(is e)4.133 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .953(cuted after).15 F .071(each selection until a)144 374.4 R F1(br) 2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571 (cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select) 2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .072(xit status of the)-.15 F (last command e)144 386.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 403.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2 (pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...) 2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 415.2 Q F1(case)3.265 E F0 .764 (command \214rst e)3.265 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .764(in turn, using the)3.264 F .595 (same matching rules as for pathname e)144 427.2 R .595(xpansion \(see) -.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .596(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.096 E 3.096(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.096 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.096 E -.15(ex)144 439.2 S 1.72(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.72(xpansion, parameter and v) -.15 F 1.72(ariable e)-.25 F 1.72(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.72 (xpansion, com-)-.15 F 1.268 (mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 451.2 R -.25 (va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G 1.269(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .203(using tilde e)144 463.2 R .203(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .203(ariable e)-.25 F .203 (xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .203(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F .232(tion, and process substitution.)144 475.2 R .233(If the)5.233 F F1 (nocasematch)2.733 E F0 .233 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed)2.733 F .234 (without re)144 487.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .234 (rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .234 (When a match is found, the corresponding)5.234 F F2(list)2.734 E F0 .625(is e)144 499.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.125(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.125 E F1(;;)3.125 E F0 .625(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attem\ pted after the \214rst pattern)3.125 F 2.932(match. Using)144 511.2 R F1 (;&)2.932 E F0 .432(in place of)2.932 F F1(;;)2.932 E F0 .432(causes e) 2.932 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .432(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list) 2.932 E F0 .431(associated with the ne)2.931 F(xt)-.15 E .866 (set of patterns.)144 523.2 R(Using)5.866 E F1(;;&)3.366 E F0 .866 (in place of)3.366 F F1(;;)3.366 E F0 .866 (causes the shell to test the ne)3.366 F .866 (xt pattern list in the state-)-.15 F .878(ment, if an)144 535.2 R 2.178 -.65(y, a)-.15 H .878(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .878(cute an).15 F 3.378 (ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-3.378 E F2(list)3.378 E F0 .878 (on a successful match.)3.378 F .878(The e)5.878 F .877 (xit status is zero if no)-.15 F(pattern matches.)144 547.2 Q (Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 564 Q F2(list) 2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F1(elif)A F2(list) 2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F1 (else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 576 Q F1(if) 2.977 E F2(list)3.067 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 (cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F1(then)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0 1.088(is e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088 (cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087 (xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F1(then)3.587 E F2(list) 3.587 E F0 1.087(is e)3.587 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted and the).15 F .103(command completes.)144 600 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.103 F F1(else) 2.603 E F2(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103 (cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e) -.15 F .104(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 612 Q -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while)108 628.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1 (done)2.5 E(until)108 640.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2 (list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 652.8 Q F1(while)3.45 E F0 .95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15 F F2(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F F2(list-1)144 664.8 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 (xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F1(until)2.705 E F0 .205 (command is identical to the)2.705 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 .205 (command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .6(that the test is ne)144 676.8 R -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F2(list-2)3.19 E F0 .6(is e)3.12 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .599(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F2(list-1)3.189 E F0 .599(returns a non-zero)3.099 F -.15(ex)144 688.8 S .204(it status.).15 F .204(The e)5.204 F .204(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)2.704 E F0 (and)2.704 E F1(until)2.704 E F0 .205(commands is the e)2.704 F .205 (xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 700.8 S(cuted in).15 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e) -.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29) 148.175 E(6)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 7 7 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Copr)87 84 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (copr)3.713 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.213(is a shell command preceded by the) 3.713 F F1(copr)3.712 E(oc)-.18 E F0(reserv)3.712 E 1.212(ed w)-.15 F 3.712(ord. A)-.1 F 1.212(coprocess is e)3.712 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.212 (cuted asyn-).15 F .574(chronously in a subshell, as if the command had\ been terminated with the)108 108 R F1(&)3.075 E F0 .575 (control operator)3.075 F 3.075(,w)-.4 G .575(ith a tw)-3.075 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 120 S 2.5(yp).1 G(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E (The format for a coprocess is:)108 136.8 Q F1(copr)144 153.6 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F0(])A .709 (This creates a coprocess named)108 170.4 R F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 5.708(.I)C(f)-5.708 E F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 .708 (is not supplied, the def)3.208 F .708(ault name is)-.1 F F1(COPR)3.208 E(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.708 G(ME).27 E F0 .64 (must not be supplied if)108 182.4 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14 F F2 .64(simple command)3.14 F F0 .64(\(see abo)3.14 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .64(\); otherwise, it is interpreted as the \214rst).15 F -.1(wo)108 194.4 S 1.44(rd of the simple command.).1 F 1.44 (When the coprocess is e)6.44 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.44 (cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F 1.44(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 (Arrays)108 206.4 Q F0(belo)3.67 E 1.17(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA)3.67 G(ME).27 E F0 1.17(in the conte)3.67 F 1.171(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe) -.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.171(The standard output of)6.171 F F2 (command)3.871 E F0(is)4.441 E 2.029 (connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 218.4 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.029 (cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F2 -.27 (NA)108 230.4 S(ME).27 E F0 3.856([0]. The)B 1.356(standard input of) 3.856 F F2(command)4.056 E F0 1.357 (is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.626 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .103 (shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to)108 242.4 R F2 -.27 (NA)2.603 G(ME).27 E F0 2.603([1]. This)B .103 (pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.603(yr)-.15 G .103 (edirections spec-)-2.603 F 1.271(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 254.4 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.771 E F0(belo)3.521 E 3.771 (w\). The)-.25 F 1.271(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.771 F 1.272(guments to)-.18 F .515 (shell commands and redirections using standard w)108 266.4 R .515 (ord e)-.1 F 3.015(xpansions. The)-.15 F .515 (\214le descriptors are not a)3.015 F -.25(va)-.2 G .515(ilable in).25 F 3.636(subshells. The)108 278.4 R 1.136(process ID of the shell spa)3.636 F 1.137(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.137(cute the coprocess is a) .15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.137(ilable as the v).25 F 1.137(alue of the)-.25 F -.25(va)108 290.4 S(riable).25 E F2 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0 2.5 (_PID. The)B F1(wait)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltin command may be used to w).2 E (ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336 (Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108 307.2 R F1(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .335(ys returns success.).1 F (The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 319.2 Q(xit status of) -.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 336 Q F0 2.697(As)108 348 S .198 (hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G .198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198 (cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 360 S .5 -.25(ew s)-2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E (Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2(name)108 376.8 Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C (dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A F1(function)108 388.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 ([\(\)])2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir) .37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A 1.403(This de\214nes a function named)144 400.8 R F2(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402 (ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(function)3.902 E F0 1.402(is optional.)3.902 F 1.402(If the)6.402 F F1(function)3.902 E F0(reserv)144 412.8 Q .162 (ed w)-.15 F .162(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F (The)5.162 E F2(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound) 2.662 F(command)144 424.8 Q F2(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see) 3.354 E F1 .084(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F2(list)144 436.8 Q F0 .044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F 2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F1 .044 (Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 448.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.902(,w) .15 G .402(ith one e)-2.902 F .402(xception: If the)-.15 F F1(function) 2.901 E F0(reserv)2.901 E .401(ed w)-.15 F .401(ord is used, b)-.1 F .401(ut the parentheses are not sup-)-.2 F .047 (plied, the braces are required.)144 460.8 R F2(compound\255command) 5.047 E F0 .047(is e)2.547 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .047(cuted whene).15 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2(name)2.547 E F0 .047(is speci\214ed as the)2.547 F 1.68(name of a simple command.)144 472.8 R 1.68(When in)6.68 F F2 1.68 (posix mode)4.18 F F0(,)A F2(name)4.179 E F0 1.679 (may not be the name of one of the)4.179 F(POSIX)144 484.8 Q F2 .014 (special b)2.513 F(uiltins)-.2 E F0 5.014(.A)C .314 -.15(ny r)-5.014 H .014(edirections \(see).15 F F3(REDIRECTION)2.514 E F0(belo)2.264 E .014 (w\) speci\214ed when a function is)-.25 F 1.12 (de\214ned are performed when the function is e)144 496.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.619(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)3.619 G 1.119 (it status of a function de\214nition is).15 F .217(zero unless a synta\ x error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144 508.8 R 2.717(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 520.8 S .546(cuted, the e) .15 F .546(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .545 (xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 (cuted in the body).15 F(.)-.65 E(\(See)144 532.8 Q F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF (COMMENTS)72 549.6 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 561.6 R 1.282 -.15 (ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell in which the).15 F F1(interacti)3.482 E -.1(ve)-.1 G (_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F1(shopt)3.482 E F0 -.2 (bu)108 573.6 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.452 F (UIL)-.09 E .952(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952(w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)3.451 E F0 .951 (causes that w)3.451 F(ord)-.1 E .604 (and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 585.6 R .605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the) .15 F F1(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 597.6 Q F0 1.337(option enabled does not allo)3.837 F 3.837(wc)-.25 G 3.836 (omments. The)-3.837 F F1(interacti)3.836 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 1.336(option is on by def)3.836 F 1.336(ault in)-.1 F(interacti)108 609.6 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 626.4 S -.438(OT) .11 G(ING).438 E F2(Quoting)108 638.4 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F .777 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .477 (he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 F .477 (ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185 (used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108 650.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184 (ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 662.4 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108 679.2 R F2(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288 (listed abo)2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS) 2.788 E F0 .288(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F (quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 691.2 Q 1.345 (When the command history e)108 708 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344 (acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594 (YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the) -.25 F F2(history e)108 720 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5(,u) -.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2016 May 29)148.175 E(7)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 8 8 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E (There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(escape c)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G (ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.974(An)108 100.8 S .474 (on-quoted backslash \()-2.974 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\)A F0 2.974 (\)i)C 2.974(st)-2.974 G(he)-2.974 E F1 .474(escape c)2.974 F(har)-.15 E (acter)-.15 E F0 5.474(.I).73 G 2.974(tp)-5.474 G(reserv)-2.974 E .474 (es the literal v)-.15 F .474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .475 (xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 112.8 Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of . If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F2(\\) 4.053 E F0( pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F 1.122 (quoted, the)108 124.8 R F2(\\)3.622 E F0( is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.622(df).15 G 1.123(rom the input stream and)-3.622 F (ef)108 136.8 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 (Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 153.6 R .295 (es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.) -.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E (gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 165.6 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033 (Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 182.4 R .034 (es the literal v)-.15 F .034 (alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108 194.4 S .108(ception of).15 F F2($)2.608 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.608 E F0(,)A F2(\\)2.608 E F0 2.608(,a)C .107(nd, when history e)-2.608 F .107 (xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F2(!)2.607 E F0 5.107(.W)C .107 (hen the shell is in)-5.107 F F1 .107(posix mode)2.607 F F0 2.607(,t)C (he)-2.607 E F2(!)2.607 E F0 .107(has no)2.607 F 1.397 (special meaning within double quotes, e)108 206.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.897(nw).15 G 1.397(hen history e)-3.897 F 1.397(xpansion is enabled.) -.15 F 1.398(The characters)6.398 F F2($)3.898 E F0(and)3.898 E F2<92> 3.898 E F0 .045(retain their special meaning within double quotes.)108 218.4 R .044(The backslash retains its special meaning only when fol-) 5.045 F(lo)108 230.4 Q .601(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .602 (wing characters:)-.25 F F2($)3.102 E F0(,)A F2<92>3.102 E F0(,)A F2(") 3.935 E F0(,).833 E F2(\\)3.102 E F0 3.102(,o)C(r)-3.102 E F2() 3.102 E F0 5.602(.A)C .602(double quote may be quoted within)-2.5 F .131 (double quotes by preceding it with a backslash.)108 242.4 R .131 (If enabled, history e)5.131 F .13(xpansion will be performed unless an) -.15 F F2(!)2.63 E F0 (appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 254.4 Q (The backslash preceding the)5 E F2(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5 E -.15(ve) -.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 271.2 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H (pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -.8(Wo)108 288 S .211(rds of the form).8 F F2($)2.711 E F0<08>A F1(string)A F0 2.711 <0861>C .211(re treated specially)-2.711 F 5.211(.T)-.65 G .211(he w) -5.211 F .211(ord e)-.1 F .212(xpands to)-.15 F F1(string)2.712 E F0 2.712(,w)C .212(ith backslash-escaped char)-2.712 F(-)-.2 E .605 (acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 300 R .604 (Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded)5.605 F(as follo) 108 312 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 324 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 324 Q F2 (\\b)144 336 Q F0(backspace)180 336 Q F2(\\e)144 348 Q(\\E)144 360 Q F0 (an escape character)180 360 Q F2(\\f)144 372 Q F0(form feed)180 372 Q F2(\\n)144 384 Q F0(ne)180 384 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2(\\r)144 396 Q F0(carriage return)180 396 Q F2(\\t)144 408 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 408 Q F2(\\v)144 420 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 420 S(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\\\)144 432 Q F0(backslash)180 432 Q F2<5c08>144 444 Q F0(single quote)180 444 Q F2(\\")144 456 Q F0(double quote)180 456 Q F2(\\?)144 468 Q F0 (question mark)180 468 Q F2(\\)144 480 Q F1(nnn)A F0 (the eight-bit character whose v)180 480 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E (alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)144 492 Q F1(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 492 Q (alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0 (\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F2 (\\u)144 504 Q F1(HHHH)A F0 1.506 (the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 516 R 1.507 (alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHH) 4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 528 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F2 (\\U)144 540 Q F1(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 (the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 552 R .547 (alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHHH-) 3.047 E(HHH)180 564 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) -2.5 E F2(\\c)144 576 Q F1(x)A F0 2.5(ac)180 576 S(ontrol-)-2.5 E F1(x)A F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 592.8 Q(xpanded result is single-quoted, a\ s if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108 609.6 S .14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F2($)A F0 (")A F1(string)A F0 .14 ("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .496 (to the current locale.)108 621.6 R .495(If the current locale is)5.496 F F2(C)2.995 E F0(or)2.995 E F2(POSIX)2.995 E F0 2.995(,t)C .495 (he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.995 F .495(If the string is trans-)5.495 F(lated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 633.6 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 650.4 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 662.4 Q F1(par)4.592 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .842(is an entity that stores v)4.072 F 3.342(alues. It)-.25 F .842(can be a)3.342 F F1(name)3.343 E F0 3.343 (,an).18 G(umber)-3.343 E 3.343(,o)-.4 G 3.343(ro)-3.343 G .843 (ne of the special characters)-3.343 F .823(listed belo)108 674.4 R 3.323(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E F2 .823(Special P)3.323 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 5.823(.A)C F1(variable)-2.21 E F0 .823(is a parameter denoted by a) 3.503 F F1(name)3.323 E F0 5.823(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .823 (riable has a).25 F F1(value)108 686.4 Q F0 .368(and zero or more)2.868 F F1(attrib)2.868 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369 (utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F2(declar)2.869 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) 2.869 G .369(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(declar)2.869 E(e)-.18 E F0 (belo)108 698.4 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 2.755(Ap)108 715.2 S .255(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.755 F 2.754 (alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .254(alid v)-.25 F 2.754(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.754(av)2.754 G .254(ariable is set, it)-3.004 F(may be unset only by using the)108 727.2 Q F2(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) 2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) -.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29) 148.175 E(8)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 9 9 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(A)108 84 Q/F1 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(variable)2.79 E F0 (may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F1(name)144 100.8 Q F0(=[)A F1(value)A F0(])A(If)108 117.6 Q F1(value)3.022 E F0 .232 (is not gi)2.912 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .232(n, the v).15 F .232 (ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.233 E F1(values)3.023 E F0(under)3.003 E .233(go tilde e)-.18 F .233(xpansion, parameter)-.15 F .515(and v)108 129.6 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see) -3.015 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 141.6 Q 2.698(w\). If)-.25 F .198(the v)2.698 F .198(ariable has its) -.25 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198 (ute set, then)-.2 F F1(value)2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .199(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .199(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve) -.25 G(n).15 E .902(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 153.6 R .902 (xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F3 .901(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F F0(belo)3.401 E 3.401(w\). W)-.25 F .901 (ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.178(with the e)108 165.6 R 1.178(xception of)-.15 F F3("$@")3.678 E F0 1.178(as e)3.678 F 1.179 (xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F3 1.179(Special P) 3.679 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.179(.P)C 1.179(athname e)-6.329 F 1.179 (xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.649(performed. Assignment)108 177.6 R 1.149 (statements may also appear as ar)3.649 F 1.148(guments to the)-.18 F F3 (alias)3.648 E F0(,)A F3(declar)3.648 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F3(typeset)3.648 E F0(,)A F3(export)3.648 E F0(,)A F3 -.18(re)108 189.6 S(adonly).18 E F0 3.288(,a)C(nd)-3.288 E F3(local)3.288 E F0 -.2(bu)3.288 G .788 (iltin commands \().2 F F1(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 3.288 (commands\). When)3.288 F(in)3.289 E F1 .789(posix mode)3.289 F F0 3.289 (,t)C .789(hese b)-3.289 F .789(uiltins may)-.2 F 1.496 (appear in a command after one or more instances of the)108 201.6 R F3 (command)3.996 E F0 -.2(bu)3.996 G 1.496 (iltin and retain these assignment).2 F(statement properties.)108 213.6 Q .376(In the conte)108 230.4 R .376 (xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F .376 (alue to a shell v)-.25 F .377(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .377 (x, the +=)-.15 F 1.631 (operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 242.4 R(ariable') -.25 E 4.13(sp)-.55 G(re)-4.13 E 1.63(vious v)-.25 F 4.13(alue. This) -.25 F 1.63(includes ar)4.13 F 1.63(guments to)-.18 F -.2(bu)108 254.4 S .163(iltin commands such as).2 F F3(declar)2.664 E(e)-.18 E F0 .164 (that accept assignment statements \()2.664 F F1(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 2.664(commands\). When)2.664 F .164(+= is)2.664 F .252 (applied to a v)108 266.4 R .252(ariable for which the)-.25 F F1(inte) 2.752 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.752 E .252(ute has been set,)-.2 F F1(value)2.752 E F0 .251(is e)2.751 F -.25(va)-.25 G .251 (luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpres-)-.15 E .05 (sion and added to the v)108 278.4 R(ariable')-.25 E 2.55(sc)-.55 G .05 (urrent v)-2.55 F .05(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.55 (luated. When).25 F .05(+= is applied to an array v)2.55 F(ari-)-.25 E .459(able using compound assignment \(see)108 290.4 R F3(Arrays)2.959 E F0(belo)2.959 E .459(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.959(sv)-.55 G .459(alue is not unset \(as it is when using)-3.209 F .265(=\), and ne) 108 302.4 R 2.765(wv)-.25 G .265(alues are appended to the array be) -3.015 F .265(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.765(sm) -.55 G .265(aximum inde)-2.765 F 2.765(x\()-.15 G(for)-2.765 E(inde)108 314.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.402(da).15 G .902 (rrays\) or added as additional k)-3.402 F -.15(ey)-.1 G.15 E .901 (alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F 1.201 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 5.901(.W)-.65 G .901(hen applied to a string-)-5.901 F -.25(va)108 326.4 S(lued v).25 E(ariable,)-.25 E F1(value)2.5 E F0(is e)2.5 E (xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G (alue.)-2.75 E 3.382(Av)108 343.2 S .882(ariable can be assigned the) -3.632 F F1(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.382 E .882 (ute using the)-.2 F F33.382 E F0 .882(option to the)3.382 F F3 (declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.383 E F3(local)3.383 E F0 -.2(bu)3.383 G .883(iltin com-).2 F .316(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 355.2 R F3(declar)2.816 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.816 E F3(local)2.816 E F0(belo)2.816 E .316(w\) to create a)-.25 F F1(namer)2.815 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.815(,o)C 2.815(rar)-2.815 G .315(eference to another v)-2.815 F(ari-)-.25 E 4.04 (able. This)108 367.2 R(allo)4.04 E 1.54(ws v)-.25 F 1.54 (ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 6.54(.W)-.65 G(hene)-6.54 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.04(rt).15 G 1.54(he nameref v)-4.04 F 1.54 (ariable is referenced,)-.25 F .54 (assigned to, unset, or has its attrib)108 379.2 R .54 (utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F1(namer)3.04 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.04 E .54(ute itself\),)-.2 F .352 (the operation is actually performed on the v)108 391.2 R .352 (ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.852(sv) -.55 G 2.852(alue. A)-3.102 F .352(nameref is)2.852 F .972 (commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 403.2 R .971 (ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F .971(gument to the)-.18 F 2.5(function. F)108 415.2 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E (ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 E (gument, running)-.18 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(declare -n ref=$1)144 433.2 Q F0 .302(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 451.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F0 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303(alue is the v) -.25 F .303(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E 3.592(ment. References)108 463.2 R 1.092(and assignments to)3.592 F F3 -.18(re)3.592 G(f).18 E F0 3.592(,a)C 1.092(nd changes to its attrib) -3.592 F 1.092(utes, are treated as references, assign-)-.2 F .143 (ments, and attrib)108 475.2 R .144(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F .144(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .144(as passed as)-.1 F F3($1)2.644 E F0 5.144(.I)C 2.644(ft)-5.144 G .144(he control v)-2.644 F .144 (ariable in a)-.25 F F3 -.25(fo)108 487.2 S(r).25 E F0 .868 (loop has the nameref attrib)3.368 F .868(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .867 (ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .867 (ariables, and a name reference)-.25 F .509 (will be established for each w)108 499.2 R .509 (ord in the list, in turn, when the loop is e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.009 (cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)3.009 G .509(riables cannot be).25 F(gi)108 511.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.193(nt).15 G(he)-4.193 E F3(namer)4.193 E(ef) -.18 E F0(attrib)4.193 E 4.193(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.493 -.4(r, n).15 H 1.693(ameref v).4 F 1.692 (ariables can reference array v)-.25 F 1.692(ariables and subscripted) -.25 F .101(array v)108 523.2 R 2.601(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F .101 (can be unset using the)2.601 F F32.602 E F0 .102(option to the) 2.602 F F3(unset)2.602 E F0 -.2(bu)2.602 G 2.602(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F (if)2.602 E F3(unset)2.602 E F0 .102(is e)2.602 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .443(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 535.2 R .442 (ariable as an ar)-.25 F .442(gument, the v)-.18 F .442 (ariable referenced by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E (will be unset.)108 547.2 Q F3 -.2(Po)87 564 S(sitional P).2 E (arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 576 Q F1 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter) -.15 E F0 .706(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than\ the single digit 0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445 (tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 588 R 2.944(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) .2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 600 Q F3(set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional parameters\ may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F(The)5.834 E (positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function i\ s e)108 612 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E F2(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0 (belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When a positional parameter consisting o\ f more than a single digit is e)108 628.8 R 1.403 (xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 640.8 Q F2(EXP) 2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(Special P)87 657.6 Q (arameters)-.1 E F0 1.674(The shell treats se)108 669.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.674(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.675 (hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F (them is not allo)108 681.6 Q(wed.)-.25 E F3(*)108 693.6 Q F0 .224 (Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 693.6 R .223(When the e)5.224 F .223(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .662 (quotes, each positional parameter e)144 705.6 R .662 (xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662 (xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.082(those w)144 717.6 R 1.082 (ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.081(ord splitting and pathname e) -.1 F 3.581(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.081(the e)3.581 F(xpansion)-.15 E 2.548(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 729.6 R 2.549 (xpands to a single w)-.15 F 2.549(ord with the v)-.1 F 2.549 (alue of each parameter)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(9)202.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 10 10 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 3.068 (separated by the \214rst character of the)144 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF (IFS)5.568 E F0 3.068(special v)5.318 F 5.568(ariable. That)-.25 F 3.067 (is, ")5.568 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($*)A F0 5.567("i)C 5.567(se)-5.567 G(qui)-5.567 E -.25(va)-.25 G 3.067(lent to).25 F(")144 96 Q F2($1)A/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c)A F2($2)A F3(c)A F2(...)A F0 1.519(", where)B F3 (c)4.219 E F0 1.519(is the \214rst character of the v)4.329 F 1.52 (alue of the)-.25 F F1(IFS)4.02 E F0 -.25(va)3.77 G 4.02(riable. If).25 F F1(IFS)4.02 E F0 1.52(is unset, the)3.77 F .833 (parameters are separated by spaces.)144 108 R(If)5.833 E F1(IFS)3.333 E F0 .832(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)3.083 F(ening) -.15 E(separators.)144 120 Q F2(@)108 132 Q F0 .605 (Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 132 R .606 (When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .114 (ble quotes, each parameter e)144 144 R .114(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .113(is, ")2.613 F F2($@)A F0 2.613("i)C 2.613 (se)-2.613 G(qui)-2.613 E -.25(va)-.25 G .113(lent to ").25 F F2($1)A F0 2.613("")C F2($2)-2.613 E F0 2.613(".)C(..)-2.613 E .134 (If the double-quoted e)144 156 R .134(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F .135(ord, the e)-.1 F .135(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined) -.15 F .151(with the be)144 168 R .151(ginning part of the original w) -.15 F .151(ord, and the e)-.1 F .15 (xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .337 (the last part of the original w)144 180 R 2.837(ord. When)-.1 F .338 (there are no positional parameters, ")2.837 F F2($@)A F0 2.838("a)C(nd) -2.838 E F2($@)2.838 E F0 -.15(ex)2.838 G(pand).15 E (to nothing \(i.e., the)144 192 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve) -.15 G(d\).).15 E F2(#)108 204 Q F0 (Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)144 204 Q F2 (?)108 216 Q F0(Expands to the e)144 216 Q (xit status of the most recently e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F2108 228 Q F0 .882 (Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)144 228 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F2(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G .881(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the) 144 240 Q F22.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F2($)108 252 Q F0 .214 (Expands to the process ID of the shell.)144 252 R .214 (In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214 (xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F (shell, not the subshell.)144 264 Q F2(!)108 276 Q F0 .499(Expands to t\ he process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, whet\ her e)144 276 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E (as an asynchronous command or using the)144 288 Q F2(bg)2.5 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E F1(JOB CONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)2.25 E (w\).)-.25 E F2(0)108 300 Q F0 1.691 (Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)144 300 R 1.692 (This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.692 E F2(bash)4.192 E F0(is)4.192 E(in)144 312 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(dw).1 G .578 (ith a \214le of commands,)-3.078 F F2($0)3.078 E F0 .578 (is set to the name of that \214le.)3.078 F(If)5.577 E F2(bash)3.077 E F0 .577(is started with the)3.077 F F23.077 E F0 .368 (option, then)144 324 R F2($0)2.869 E F0 .369(is set to the \214rst ar) 2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369 (cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.369 E(-)-.2 E (wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 336 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G F2(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-2.5 H 2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E F2(_)108 348 Q F0 .055(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)144 348 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .054 (he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .691 (as passed in the en)144 360 R .691(vironment or ar)-.4 F .691 (gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E 3.191(,e)-.65 G .692 (xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .692(gument to the)-.18 F(pre)144 372 Q .571(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.071(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .571 (set to the full pathname used to in)3.071 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .77 -.1(ke e) .2 H .57(ach command).1 F -.15(exe)144 384 S 1.6 (cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6(vironment e)-.4 F 1.6 (xported to that command.)-.15 F 1.6(When checking mail, this)6.6 F (parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently being check)144 396 Q(ed.)-.1 E F2(Shell V)87 412.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 424.8 Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F2 -.3(BA) 108 441.6 S(SH).3 E F0(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144 441.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -.3(BA)108 453.6 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.549(Ac)144 465.6 S .049 (olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.549 F .049(Each w) 5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049 (gument for the)-.18 F F22.548 E F0 1.398(option to the)144 477.6 R F2(shopt)3.898 E F0 -.2(bu)3.898 G 1.398(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 1.398(SHELL B)3.898 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.398(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) 3.648 E 3.898(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.898 E .477(appearing in)144 489.6 R F1 -.27(BA)2.977 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .477(are those reported as) 2.727 F F3(on)3.207 E F0(by)3.217 E F2(shopt)2.977 E F0 5.476(.I)C 2.976 (ft)-5.476 G .476(his v)-2.976 F .476(ariable is in the en)-.25 F (vironment)-.4 E(when)144 501.6 Q F2(bash)3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, ea\ ch shell option in the list will be enabled before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 513.6 Q (ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.3(BA)108 525.6 S(SHPID).3 E F0 .188(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 537.6 R F2(bash) 2.688 E F0 2.687(process. This)2.687 F(dif)2.687 E .187(fers from)-.25 F F2($$)2.687 E F0 .187(under certain circum-)2.687 F (stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 549.6 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0(to be re-initialized.)2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 561.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 1.195(An associati)144 573.6 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v) .15 F 1.195(ariable whose members correspond to the internal list of al\ iases as main-)-.25 F .16(tained by the)144 585.6 R F2(alias)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.66(iltin. Elements).2 F .16 (added to this array appear in the alias list; ho)2.66 F(we)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G .96 -.4(r, u).15 H(nsetting).4 E 4.503 (array elements currently does not cause aliases to be remo)144 597.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 7.003(df).15 G 4.503(rom the alias list.)-7.003 F(If) 9.503 E F2 -.3(BA)144 609.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) -2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 621.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .935(An array v)144 633.6 R .935(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 (alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F F2(bash)3.434 E F0 -.15(exe)144 645.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\ n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 657.6 S .142(cuted with).15 F F2(.) 2.642 E F0(or)2.642 E F2(sour)2.642 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.642(\)i)C 2.642(sa) -2.642 G 2.642(tt)-2.642 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.642 F .141 (When a subroutine is e)5.141 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .141 (cuted, the number of).15 F 2.63(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 669.6 R F1 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F1 -.27(BA)5.131 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.631 (only when in)4.881 F -.15(ex)144 681.6 S(tended deb).15 E (ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F2(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E (w\))-.25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 693.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .98(An array v)144 705.6 R .979(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current) -.25 F F2(bash)3.479 E F0 -.15(exe)3.479 G .979(cution call stack.).15 F (The)5.979 E .275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at t\ he top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 717.6 R 1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 729.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e) 6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424 (cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(10)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 11 11 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)144 84 S(SH_ARGV).27 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 2.197 (The shell sets)6.697 F F1 -.27(BA)4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197 (only when in e)4.447 F 2.197(xtended deb)-.15 F 2.197 (ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F(description of the)144 96 Q/F3 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F3(shopt) 2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F3 -.3(BA)108 108 S (SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .668(An associati)144 120 R .968 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .668 (rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to the internal has\ h table of commands)-.25 F .195(as maintained by the)144 132 R F3(hash) 2.695 E F0 -.2(bu)2.695 G 2.695(iltin. Elements).2 F .196 (added to this array appear in the hash table; ho)2.696 F(we)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G .852(unsetting array elements currently does no\ t cause command names to be remo)144 144 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(df).15 G .852(rom the hash)-3.352 F 2.5(table. If)144 156 R F3 -.3(BA)2.5 G (SH_CMDS).3 E F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G (ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F3 -.3(BA)108 168 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.242 (The command currently being e)144 180 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 (cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 (cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243(cuting a).15 F (command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)144 192 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F3 -.3(BA)108 204 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 216 Q (gument to the)-.18 E F32.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G (cation option.).2 E F3 -.3(BA)108 228 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .693 (An array v)144 240 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .969(member of)144 252 R F1(FUNCN)3.469 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.219 G 3.469(si).1 G -1.9 -.4 (nv o)-3.469 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F3(${B)5.969 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F3(]})A F0 .97 (is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.672(\214le \()144 264 R F3 (${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F3(]})A F0 17.172(\)w)C(here)-17.172 E F3(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F3(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G 17.171(sc).1 G 14.671(alled \(or)-17.171 F F3(${B)144 276 Q(ASH_LINENO[) -.3 E F4($i-1)A F3(]})A F0 .115 (if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F1 (LINENO)2.615 E F0 .115(to obtain the)2.365 F(current line number)144 288 Q(.)-.55 E F3 -.3(BA)108 300 S(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 4.07(Ac)144 312 S 1.57(olon-separated list of\ directories in which the shell looks for dynamically loadable b)-4.07 F (uiltins)-.2 E(speci\214ed by the)144 324 Q F3(enable)2.5 E F0(command.) 2.5 E F3 -.3(BA)108 336 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .005(An array v)144 348 R .005(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F3(=~)2.506 E F0 .006(binary operator to the)2.506 F F3([[)2.506 E F0 .006 (conditional com-)2.506 F 2.507(mand. The)144 360 R .007 (element with inde)2.507 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 (he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .006(gular e) -.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .997(The element with inde)144 372 R(x)-.15 E F4(n)3.497 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.497 F F4(n)3.498 E F0 .998(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5 (sion. This)144 384 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E F3 -.3(BA)108 396 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .126(An array v)144 408 R .125(ar\ iable whose members are the source \214lenames where the corresponding \ shell function)-.25 F .78(names in the)144 420 R F1(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) -.18 E F0 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78 (The shell function)5.78 F F3(${FUNCN)3.281 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F3(]})A F0(is)3.281 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 432 Q F3(${B)2.5 E (ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i)A F3(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F3(${B)2.5 E (ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F3(]})A F0(.)A F3 -.3(BA)108 444 S (SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 .296 (Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 456 R .296 (vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .296(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting).15 E(in that en)144 468 Q 2.5(vironment. The)-.4 F(initial v) 2.5 E(alue is 0.)-.25 E F3 -.3(BA)108 480 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.644 (Ar)144 492 S .144(eadonly array v)-2.644 F .144 (ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144 (ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F3(bash)2.645 E F0 5.145 (.T)C(he)-5.145 E -.25(va)144 504 S (lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F3 -.3 (BA)144 522 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F3(])A F0(The major v)264 522 Q (ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F3 -.3 (BA)144 534 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F3(])A F0(The minor v)264 534 Q (ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F3 -.3(BA) 144 546 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F3(])A F0(The patch le)264 546 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F3 -.3(BA)144 558 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F3(])A F0(The b)264 558 Q(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F3 -.3(BA)144 570 S (SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F3(])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)264 570 Q F4(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F3 -.3(BA)144 582 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F3 (])A F0(The v)264 582 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E F2(.)A F3 -.3(BA)108 594 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0 (Expands to a string describing the v)144 606 Q (ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F3(COMP_CW)108 618 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .397(An inde)144 630 R 2.897(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.897 E F3(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 (ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .396(This v)5.396 F (ari-)-.25 E 1.18(able is a)144 642 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 (ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681 (db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.181(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F 1.181(acilities \(see)-.1 F F3(Pr)144 654 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(COMP_KEY)108 666 Q F0(The k)144 678 Q .3 -.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3 -.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(he current completion function.).1 E F3(COMP_LINE)108 690 Q F0 1.208 (The current command line.)144 702 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208 (ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.207(xternal com-)-.15 F 2.848(mands in)144 714 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349 (yt)-5.349 G 2.849(he programmable completion f)-5.349 F 2.849 (acilities \(see)-.1 F F3(Pr)5.349 E 2.849(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(belo)144 726 Q(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(11)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 12 12 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_POINT)108 84 Q F0 .667(The inde)144 96 R 3.167(xo)-.15 G 3.167 (ft)-3.167 G .666(he current cursor position relati)-3.167 F .966 -.15 (ve t)-.25 H 3.166(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666 (ginning of the current command.)-.15 F .666(If the)5.666 F .534 (current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144 108 R .535(alue of this v)-.25 F .535(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 (${#COMP_LINE})144 120 Q F0 7.006(.T)C 2.006(his v)-7.006 F 2.006 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.005 (ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.005(xternal commands)-.15 F(in)144 132 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G (he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E (ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108 144 Q F0 .041(Set to an inte)144 156 R .041(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion) -.25 F .338(function to be called:)144 168 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.5 (TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2 (?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or listing completions after successi) -2.837 F .637 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 180 Q F0 4.091(,f)C 1.591(or listing alternati)-4.091 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092 (np)-4.092 G 1.592(artial w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@) 4.092 E F0 4.092(,t)C 4.092(ol)-4.092 G 1.592(ist completions if the w) -4.092 F 1.592(ord is not)-.1 F 1.553(unmodi\214ed, or)144 192 R F2(%) 4.053 E F0 4.052(,f)C 1.552(or menu completion.)-4.052 F 1.552(This v) 6.552 F 1.552(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.552 (ilable only in shell functions and).25 F -.15(ex)144 204 S 2.928 (ternal commands in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.429(db).1 G 5.429 (yt)-5.429 G 2.929(he programmable completion f)-5.429 F 2.929 (acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.429 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144 216 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 228 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0 1.336(The set of characters that the)144 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G (adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.335 (ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.125(completion. If) 144 252 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.125 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.126(ni).15 G 3.126(fi)-3.126 G 3.126(ti)-3.126 G 3.126(ss)-3.126 G (ubse-)-3.126 E(quently reset.)144 264 Q F1(COMP_W)108 276 Q(ORDS)-.1 E F0 .654(An array v)144 288 R .654(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.154 E F0(belo)3.154 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .653(vidual w) -.25 F .653(ords in the current command)-.1 F 4.332(line. The)144 300 R 1.832(line is split into w)4.332 F 1.832(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)4.332 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)4.332 G 1.832(uld split it, using).1 F F3 (COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.083 E .832(described abo)144 312 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.832(.T).15 G .832(his v)-5.832 F .832 (ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .831 (ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.331 (db).1 G 3.331(yt)-3.331 G .831(he programmable)-3.331 F(completion f) 144 324 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 336 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .168(An array v) 144 348 R .168(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.668 E F0(belo)2.669 E .169 (w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input) -.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 360 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) -.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 372 Q -.55(AC) -.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 384 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 (Arrays)4.76 E F0(belo)4.76 E 2.26 (w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F 1.094(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 396 R 3.594 (ya)-.15 G 1.095(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.595 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.595 G 3.595(iltin. Assigning).2 F(to)3.595 E 1.432 (members of this array v)144 408 R 1.432 (ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25 F 1.431(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 420 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E F0 -.2(bu)2.746 G .246(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .546 -.15(ve d)-.15 H 2.746(irectories. Assignment).15 F .246(to this v)2.746 F(ariable)-.25 E .351(will not change the current directory)144 432 R 5.35(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.35 E F3(DIRST)2.85 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 .35 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.85 (ni).15 G(f)-2.85 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 444 Q F1(EUID)108 456 Q F0 1.103(Expands to the ef)144 456 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G 1.103 (nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.104(This v)6.103 F 1.104 (ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 468 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 480 Q(AME) -.2 E F0 .479(An array v)144 492 R .479 (ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) -.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .478(cution call stack.).15 F .276 (The element with inde)144 504 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G .276 (he name of an)-2.776 F 2.777(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.777 E -.15(xe)-.15 G .277(cuting shell function.).15 F .277(The bottom-most)5.277 F .385 (element \(the one with the highest inde)144 516 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .384 (ariable e)-.25 F .384(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .075 (tion is e)144 528 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) 2.575 E F3(FUNCN)2.575 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.325 E .376 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.576 E (AME)-.18 E F0 .076(is unset, it loses its)2.326 F (special properties, e)144 540 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .111(This v)144 558 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO) .3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 5.111(.E)C .111 (ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.61 E -.2(NA)144 570 S(ME).2 E F0 1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_LINENO) .3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 1.404 (to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 582 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G 2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E F2($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012(alled from the \214le) -2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.183 (at line number)144 594 R F1(${B)3.683 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1 (]})A F0 6.183(.T)C(he)-6.183 E F1(caller)3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G 1.184(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F (this information.)144 606 Q F1(GR)108 618 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.229 (An array v)144 630 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of wh\ ich the current user is a member)-.25 F 6.228(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.228 E .571(ments to)144 642 R F3(GR)3.071 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F3 (GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .572 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.072(ni).15 G 3.072(fi)-3.072 G 3.072(ti)-3.072 G(s)-3.072 E (subsequently reset.)144 654 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 666 Q F0 .356 (The history number)144 678 R 2.856(,o)-.4 G 2.856(ri)-2.856 G(nde) -2.856 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356 (he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F3 (HISTCMD)2.855 E F0 .355(is unset, it)2.605 F (loses its special properties, e)144 690 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 (HOSTN)108 702 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 (Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 714 Q (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(12)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 13 13 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOSTTYPE)108 84 Q F0 .222(Automatically set to a string that uniquel\ y describes the type of machine on which)144 96 R F1(bash)2.723 E F0 .223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 108 R(def) 2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 120 Q F0 1.408(Each\ time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal num\ ber representing the)144 132 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\ arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 144 R .079 (When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 156 R .307 (alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E /F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LINENO)2.806 E F0 .306(is unset, it loses its) 2.556 F(special properties, e)144 168 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5 (fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA) 108 180 Q(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that full\ y describes the system type on which)144 192 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .899 (is e)3.398 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 204 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5 (format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE) 108 216 Q F0 .294(An array v)144 228 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 (Arrays)2.794 E F0(belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .293(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.793 E F0 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293 (iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 240 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1 (OLDPWD)108 252 Q F0(The pre)144 264 Q(vious w)-.25 E (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 (OPT)108 276 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.626(The v)144 288 R 1.627 (alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.627(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 (SHELL)4.127 E -.09(BU)144 300 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) 2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 312 Q F0 1.652(The inde)144 324 R 4.152 (xo)-.15 G 4.152(ft)-4.152 G 1.652(he ne)-4.152 F 1.652(xt ar)-.15 F 1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.151 E F0 -.2(bu) 4.151 G 1.651(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(SHELL)4.151 E -.09(BU)144 336 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108 348 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ g system on which)144 360 R F1(bash)2.83 E F0 .33(is e)2.83 F -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 372 Q(ault is system-dependent.) -.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 384 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 396 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61 (w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61(xit status v)-.15 F .61 (alues from the processes in)-.25 F(the most-recently-e)144 408 Q -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E (ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1 (PPID)108 420 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 420 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G 2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E F1(PWD)108 432 Q F0(The current w)144 432 Q (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 (RANDOM)108 444 Q F0 .565 (Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 456 R .566 (ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.566 E .01 (sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 468 R .01(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)2.51 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If) 4.51 E F2(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E (unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 480 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) -2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 492 Q F0 1.546(The contents of the)144 504 R F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) -.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF 1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.547(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.547(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 516 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 (READLINE_POINT)108 528 Q F0 .314 (The position of the insertion point in the)144 540 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G (adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G .313(or use with)-2.813 F F5 .313(bind -x)2.813 F F0(\(see)2.813 E F2 (SHELL)2.813 E -.09(BU)144 552 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) 2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 564 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 (Set to the line of input read by the)144 576 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.) -.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 588 Q F0 .795(Each time this parameter is referen\ ced, the number of seconds since shell in)144 600 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795 (cation is returned.).2 F .713(If a v)144 612 R .712 (alue is assigned to)-.25 F F2(SECONDS)3.212 E F4(,)A F0 .712(the v) 2.962 F .712(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 F .407(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 624 R .408 (alue assigned.)-.25 F(If)5.408 E F2(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .408 (is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 636 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G (ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 648 Q F0 3.263(Ac)144 660 S .763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.263 F .763(Each w) 5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763 (gument for the)-.18 F F1144 672 Q F0 1.173(option to the)3.673 F F1(set)3.673 E F0 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.173(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.174 (SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.424 E 3.674(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.674 E .02(appearing in)144 684 R F2 (SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F F3(on)2.749 E F0 (by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .019(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E (when)144 696 Q F1(bash)3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in\ the list will be enabled before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642 (tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 708 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E (.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(13)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 14 14 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHL)108 84 Q(VL)-.92 E F0 (Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 96 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 108 Q F0 (Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 108 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G (nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .994(The follo)108 124.8 R .994(wing v)-.25 F .994 (ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1 (bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .993 (alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 136.8 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 153.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 1.192(The v)144 165.6 R 1.192(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.692(sc)-.55 G 1.193(ompatibility le)-3.692 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.693 (l. See).15 F 1.193(the description of the)3.693 F F1(shopt)3.693 E F0 -.2(bu)3.693 G(iltin).2 E(belo)144 177.6 Q 2.872(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.872 E F1 .372(SHELL B)2.872 F(UIL)-.1 E .372(TIN COMMANDS)-.92 F F0 .372 (for a description of the v)2.872 F .371(arious compatibility le)-.25 F (v-)-.25 E .36(els and their ef)144 189.6 R 2.86(fects. The)-.25 F -.25 (va)2.86 G .361(lue may be a decimal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte).25 F .361(ger \(e.g., 42\) corre-)-.15 F 1.751 (sponding to the desired compatibility le)144 201.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.251(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)4.251 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 1.75 (is unset or set to the empty)5.201 F .578(string, the compatibility le) 144 213.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.078(li).15 G 3.078(ss)-3.078 G .578 (et to the def)-3.078 F .578(ault for the current v)-.1 F 3.078 (ersion. If)-.15 F F1 -.3(BA)3.078 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0(is) 4.028 E .249(set to a v)144 225.6 R .249(alue that is not one of the v) -.25 F .248(alid compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .248 (ls, the shell prints an error message and).15 F 1.119 (sets the compatibility le)144 237.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.619(lt).15 G 3.619(ot)-3.619 G 1.119(he def)-3.619 F 1.119(ault for the current v)-.1 F 3.62(ersion. The)-.15 F -.25(va)3.62 G 1.12(lid compatibility le).25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls).15 E .576 (correspond to the compatibility options accepted by the)144 249.6 R F1 (shopt)3.075 E F0 -.2(bu)3.075 G .575(iltin described belo).2 F 3.075 (w\()-.25 G .575(for e)-3.075 F(xam-)-.15 E(ple,)144 261.6 Q F1 (compat42)2.5 E F0(means that 4.2 and 42 are v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E 2.5 (alues\). The)-.25 F(current v)2.5 E(ersion is also a v)-.15 E(alid v) -.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 273.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .505 (If this parameter is set when)144 285.6 R F1(bash)3.005 E F0 .505(is e) 3.005 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .506(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .506 (alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .355 (containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 297.6 R/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.bashr)2.855 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.354(.T).31 G .354 (he v)-5.354 F .354(alue of)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)2.854 G (SH_ENV).27 E F0 .354(is subjected)2.604 F .525(to parameter e)144 309.6 R .525(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 (xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 321.6 Q F3 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 (is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA) 108 333.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .481(If set to an inte)144 345.6 R .481(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.98 E F0 .48(will write the trace output gener)2.98 F (-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 357.6 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 3.114(set -x) 5.614 F F0 3.114(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T) -.55 G 3.114(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F3 -.27(BA)144 369.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne) 2.388 F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F3 -.27(BA)2.638 G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the \ empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error) 144 381.6 R 7.531(.N)-.55 G 2.531(ote that setting)-7.531 F F3 -.27(BA) 144 393.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error\ \214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.991 F (standard error being closed.)144 405.6 Q F1(CDP)108 417.6 Q -.95(AT) -.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.247(The search path for the)144 429.6 R F1(cd)3.747 E F0 3.747(command. This)3.747 F 1.248 (is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.747 F 3.796 (shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 441.6 R F1(cd)6.295 E F0 6.295(command. A)6.295 F 3.795(sample v)6.295 F 3.795 (alue is)-.25 F F4(".:~:/usr")144 453.6 Q F0(.)A F1(CHILD_MAX)108 465.6 Q F0 .997(Set the number of e)144 477.6 R .997(xited child status v)-.15 F .997(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F 5.997(.B)-.55 G .997 (ash will not allo)-5.997 F 3.498(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.498 E -.25(va)144 489.6 S 1.078(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577(waP)-.25 G 1.077 (OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 F 1.077 (alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 501.6 Q 2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.)-.25 E F1(COLUMNS)108 513.6 Q F0 .828(Used by the)144 525.6 R F1(select)3.328 E F0 .829(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing \ selection)3.328 F 4.507(lists. Automatically)144 537.6 R 2.007 (set if the)4.507 F F1(checkwinsize)4.507 E F0 2.006 (option is enabled or in an interacti)4.507 F 2.306 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.006(hell upon).15 F(receipt of a)144 549.6 Q F3(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F5 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(COMPREPL)108 561.6 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 .847 (An array v)144 573.6 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F1(bash)3.348 E F0 .848(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function) 3.348 F(in)144 585.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.785(db).1 G 2.785(yt) -2.785 G .285(he programmable completion f)-2.785 F .285(acility \(see) -.1 F F1(Pr)2.785 E .285(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(belo)2.785 E 2.785(w\). Each)-.25 F(array element contains one possible completion.) 144 597.6 Q F1(EMA)108 609.6 Q(CS)-.55 E F0(If)144 621.6 Q F1(bash)2.535 E F0 .035(\214nds this v)2.535 F .035(ariable in the en)-.25 F .036 (vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F(alue)-.25 E F4(t)2.536 E F0 2.536(,i)C 2.536(ta)-2.536 G .036(ssumes that the)-2.536 F (shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 633.6 Q(uf)-.2 E (fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F1(ENV)108 645.6 Q F0(Similar to) 144 645.6 Q F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F5(;)A F0 (used when the shell is in)2.25 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G 2.5(nP)-2.5 G(OSIX mode.)-2.5 E F1(EXECIGNORE)108 657.6 Q F0 2.717(Ac) 144 669.6 S .217(olon-separated list of shell patterns \(see)-2.717 F F1 -.1(Pa)2.717 G(tter).1 E 2.717(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.717 E F0 2.717(\)d)C .216(e\214ning the list of \214lenames to be)-2.717 F .116 (ignored by command search using)144 681.6 R F1 -.74(PA)2.616 G(TH)-.21 E F0 5.116(.F)C .117 (iles whose full pathnames match one of these patterns)-5.116 F 1.433 (are not considered e)144 693.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.432 (cutable \214les for the purposes of completion and command e).15 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.432(cution via).15 F F1 -.74(PA)144 705.6 S(TH)-.21 E F0 2.908(lookup. This)2.908 F .408(does not af)2.908 F .408(fect the beha) -.25 F .408(vior of the)-.2 F F1([)2.908 E F0(,)A F1(test)2.908 E F0 2.908(,a)C(nd)-2.908 E F1([[)2.908 E F0 2.909(commands. Full)2.908 F (pathnames)2.909 E .364(in the command hash table are not subject to)144 717.6 R F1(EXECIGNORE)2.864 E F0 5.364(.U)C .364(se this v)-5.364 F .364 (ariable to ignore shared)-.25 F 1.37(library \214les that ha)144 729.6 R 1.67 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.37(he e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37 (cutable bit set, b).15 F 1.37(ut are not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37 (cutable \214les.).15 F 1.37(The pattern matching)6.37 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(14)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 15 15 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E (honors the setting of the)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1(FCEDIT)108 96 Q F0(The def)144 108 Q (ault editor for the)-.1 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E F1(FIGNORE)108 120 Q F0 2.599(Ac)144 132 S .098 (olon-separated list of suf)-2.599 F<8c78>-.25 E .098 (es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F/F2 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)2.598 E F0(belo)144 144 Q 2.704(w\). A)-.25 F .204(\214lename whose suf)2.704 F .205 (\214x matches one of the entries in)-.25 F F2(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205 (is e)2.455 F .205(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.) 144 156 Q 2.5(As)5 G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF (".o:~")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(FUNCNEST)108 168 Q F0 .231 (If set to a numeric v)144 180 R .231 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.73(l. Function).15 F(in)2.73 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(-).2 E (cations that e)144 192 Q(xceed this nesting le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lw).15 G(ill cause the current command to abort.)-2.5 E F1 (GLOBIGNORE)108 204 Q F0 3.118(Ac)144 216 S .618(olon-separated list of\ patterns de\214ning the set of \214lenames to be ignored by pathname e) -3.118 F(xpan-)-.15 E 3.132(sion. If)144 228 R 3.132<618c>3.132 G .632 (lename matched by a pathname e)-3.132 F .632 (xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F2 (GLOBIGNORE)144 240 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(it is remo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the list of matches.)-2.5 E F1 (HISTCONTR)108 252 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 2.653(Ac)144 264 S .153 (olon-separated list of v)-2.653 F .153(alues controlling ho)-.25 F 2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.)-2.653 F .154(If the list) 5.153 F .491(of v)144 276 R .491(alues includes)-.25 F/F5 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(ignor)2.991 E(espace)-.37 E F0 2.991(,l).18 G .491 (ines which be)-2.991 F .491(gin with a)-.15 F F1(space)2.991 E F0 .49 (character are not sa)2.991 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.99(di).15 G 2.99(nt)-2.99 G .49(he his-)-2.99 F .557(tory list.)144 288 R 3.057(Av)5.557 G .557 (alue of)-3.307 F F5(ignor)3.067 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .557 (causes lines matching the pre)3.327 F .558 (vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.959 (Av)144 300 S .459(alue of)-3.209 F F5(ignor)2.969 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 .459(is shorthand for)3.239 F F5(ignor)2.959 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and) 2.959 E F5(ignor)2.958 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.458(.A)C -.25(va)-2.5 G .458 (lue of).25 F F5(er)2.958 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)2.958 E .698 (all pre)144 312 R .698 (vious lines matching the current line to be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.198(df).15 G .699(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F (sa)144 324 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.764(d. An).15 F 2.764(yv)-.15 G .264 (alue not in the abo)-3.014 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263 (ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E F2(HISTCONTR)2.763 E(OL)-.27 E F0 .263 (is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.941(av)144 336 S .441(alid v) -3.191 F .441(alue, all lines read by the shell parser are sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.942(do).15 G 2.942(nt)-2.942 G .442 (he history list, subject to the v)-2.942 F .442(alue of)-.25 F F2 (HISTIGNORE)144 348 Q F4(.)A F0 1.981(The second and subsequent lines o\ f a multi-line compound command are not)6.482 F (tested, and are added to the history re)144 360 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G (rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(HISTCONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F4(.) A F1(HISTFILE)108 372 Q F0 .181 (The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 384 R -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.681(d\().15 G(see)-2.681 E F2(HIST)2.681 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) -.315 E F0(belo)2.431 E 2.682(w\). The)-.25 F(def)2.682 E .182(ault v) -.1 F(alue)-.25 E(is)144 396 Q F5(~/.bash_history)2.5 E F0 5(.I)C 2.5 (fu)-5 G(nset, the command history is not sa)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5 (dw).15 G(hen a shell e)-2.5 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)108 408 Q F0 1.623(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 420 R 1.622(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25 (va)144 432 S .931(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary) .25 F 3.432(,t)-.65 G 3.432(oc)-3.432 G .932 (ontain no more than that number of lines by)-3.432 F(remo)144 444 Q .871(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .87(The history \214le is also tru\ ncated to this size after writing it when a)5.871 F 1.244(shell e)144 456 R 3.744(xits. If)-.15 F 1.244(the v)3.744 F 1.244 (alue is 0, the history \214le is truncated to zero size.)-.25 F 1.245 (Non-numeric v)6.244 F 1.245(alues and)-.25 F 1.022(numeric v)144 468 R 1.022(alues less than zero inhibit truncation.)-.25 F 1.022 (The shell sets the def)6.022 F 1.022(ault v)-.1 F 1.022(alue to the v) -.25 F 1.021(alue of)-.25 F F1(HISTSIZE)144 480 Q F0(after reading an) 2.5 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 492 Q F0 2.657(Ac)144 504 S .157(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide \ which command lines should be sa)-2.657 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.658(do).15 G 2.658(nt)-2.658 G .158(he his-)-2.658 F .708(tory list.)144 516 R .708 (Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.708 F .707 (ginning of the line and must match the complete line)-.15 F .625 (\(no implicit `)144 528 R F1(*)A F0 3.125('i)C 3.125(sa)-3.125 G 3.125 (ppended\). Each)-3.125 F .626(pattern is tested ag)3.125 F .626 (ainst the line after the checks speci\214ed by)-.05 F F2(HISTCONTR)144 540 Q(OL)-.27 E F0 1.793(are applied.)4.043 F 1.793 (In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `)6.793 F F1(&)A F0(')A 2.514(matches the pre)144 552 R 2.514(vious history line.) -.25 F(`)7.514 E F1(&)A F0 5.014('m)C 2.514 (ay be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is)-5.014 F(remo)144 564 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.353(db).15 G .853(efore attempting a match.)-3.353 F .852(The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound)5.852 F 1.269(command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 576 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.269(rdless of the v).05 F 1.269(alue of)-.25 F F2 (HISTIGNORE)3.77 E F4(.)A F0 (The pattern matching honors the setting of the)144 588 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1(HISTSIZE)108 600 Q F0 1.387 (The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 612 R F2(HIST)3.887 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.637 E 3.887(w\). If) -.25 F(the)3.887 E -.25(va)144 624 S 1.32(lue is 0, commands are not sa) .25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.82(di).15 G 3.821(nt)-3.82 G 1.321 (he history list.)-3.821 F 1.321(Numeric v)6.321 F 1.321 (alues less than zero result in)-.25 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)144 636 T .437 (ry command being sa).25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.937(do).15 G 2.937(nt)-2.937 G .437(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.937 F .436 (The shell sets the def)5.436 F .436(ault v)-.1 F(alue)-.25 E (to 500 after reading an)144 648 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 660 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .951(If this v)144 672 R .951 (ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .952 (alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F F5(strftime)3.452 E F0 .952 (\(3\) to print the)B .673 (time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 684 R F1(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.172 G 3.172(iltin. If).2 F .672(this v) 3.172 F .672(ariable is)-.25 F .144 (set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 696 R 2.644(ym)-.15 G .144(ay be preserv)-2.644 F .144 (ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.145 E(uses the history comment\ character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 708 Q (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(15)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 16 16 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)108 84 Q F0 1.27 (The home directory of the current user; the def)144 96 R 1.27(ault ar) -.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F1(cd)3.77 E F0 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27 (iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 108 S(lue of this v).25 E (ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 (HOSTFILE)108 120 Q F0 1.015 (Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 132 R/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015 (that should be read when the shell)5.181 F .551 (needs to complete a hostname.)144 144 R .551 (The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F 1.058(the shell is running; the ne)144 156 R 1.059 (xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.059 (alue is changed,)-.25 F F1(bash)144 168 Q F0 .138 (adds the contents of the ne)2.639 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) -2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF (HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 .138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138 (alue, or)-.25 F .517(does not name a readable \214le,)144 180 R F1 (bash)3.017 E F0 .517(attempts to read)3.017 F F2(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F0 .518(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F(name completions.)144 192 Q(When)5 E F3(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0 (is unset, the hostname list is cleared.)2.25 E F1(IFS)108 204 Q F0(The) 144 204 Q F2 .556(Internal F)3.636 F .556(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .556(that is used for w)3.786 F .556(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555 (xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 216 S(rds with the) .1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E (The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 228 Q F0 .503 (Controls the action of an interacti)144 240 R .803 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F3(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 (character as the sole input.)2.753 F .504(If set,)5.504 F .426(the v) 144 252 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F3 (EOF)3.076 E F0 .426 (characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .302 (on an input line before)144 264 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G 2.802(its. If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 (xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .302 (umeric v).15 F .303(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 276 Q(alue, the def) -.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E F3(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1 (INPUTRC)108 288 Q F0 1.436(The \214lename for the)144 300 R F1 -.18(re) 3.936 G(adline).18 E F0 1.436(startup \214le, o)3.936 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.436(rriding the def).15 F 1.436(ault of)-.1 F F2(~/.inputr)5.602 E(c) -.37 E F0(\(see)5.601 E F3(READLINE)3.935 E F0(belo)144 312 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(LANG)108 324 Q F0 1.239(Used to determine the locale cate)144 324 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F 3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.24 (gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E (starting with)144 336 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 348 Q F0 .974 (This v)144 360 R .974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974 (rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F3(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an) 3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F1(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G .973(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 372 Q(.)-.65 E F1 (LC_COLLA)108 384 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .411(This v)144 396 R .412(ariable det\ ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e) -.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.465(and determines the beha)144 408 R 1.465 (vior of range e)-.2 F 1.464(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.464(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144 420 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 432 Q F0 1.935(This v)144 444 R 1.936 (ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F 1.936(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 456 Q (xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 468 Q(GES)-.55 E F0(This v)144 480 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F1($)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_NUMERIC) 108 492 Q F0(This v)144 504 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E (gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LC_TIME)108 516 Q F0(This v) 144 528 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E (gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 540 Q F0 .055(Used by the)144 540 R F1(select)2.555 E F0 .054(compound command t\ o determine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.555 F .264 (Automatically set if the)144 552 R F1(checkwinsize)2.764 E F0 .264 (option is enabled or in an interacti)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .265 (hell upon receipt of a).15 F F3(SIGWINCH)144 564 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 576 Q F0 1.201 (If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 576 R F3(MAILP)3.701 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)3.451 G 1.201 (riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)3.701 E F0 (informs the user of the arri)144 588 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 (fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E (-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 600 Q F0 .098 (Speci\214es ho)144 612 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\)) -2.598 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) 5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099(When it is time)5.099 F .224 (to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\ mpt.)144 624 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F (or set to a v)144 636 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\ l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 648 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 660 S .49 (olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49 (ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri) 144 672 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \ \214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214lename from the message\ with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 684 Q(xt of the message,) -.15 E F1($_)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 E(Example:)5 E F1 (MAILP)144 696 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y) -.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H (ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 708 Q F0 .015 (can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015(ault v)-.1 F .015 (alue for this v)-.25 F .015(ariable \(there is no v)-.25 F .015 (alue by def)-.25 F .015(ault\), b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E(the location of the u\ ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 720 Q (ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29) 148.175 E(16)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 17 17 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTERR)108 84 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 96 R .39(alue 1,)-.25 F F1 (bash)2.89 E F0 .389(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1 (getopts)2.889 E F0 -.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 F/F2 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF .359(SHELL B)144 108 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS) -.828 F F0(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36 (is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) .15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 132 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588 (The search path for commands.)144 132 R .587 (It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) 5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 144 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION) 2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472 (zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 156 S .536(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 (indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 (null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent) -3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 168 R .868 (The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) -.1 F(administrator who installs)144 180 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C (common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF (/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 192 Q F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 204 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 216 R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971 E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .472 (posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011 (the startup \214les, as if the)144 228 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 (in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011 (If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 240 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(enables)2.5 E F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft) -2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 252 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 (If set, the v)144 264 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PR) 108 276 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 (If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 288 R .676 (alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 (nents to retain when e)144 300 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) 3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E (Characters remo)144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G (re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 324 Q F0 1.174(The v) 144 324 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) -.15 F F2(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174 (w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G (shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 336 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 348 Q F0 .065(The v)144 348 R .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR) 2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065 (w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 360 R (def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 372 Q F0 .117(The v)144 372 R .117 (alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1) 2.617 E F0 .118(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The) 5.118 E(def)144 384 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G (.).74 E F1(PS3)108 396 Q F0 1.116(The v)144 396 R 1.115 (alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select) 3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR) 144 408 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 420 Q F0 .1 (The v)144 420 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1 (xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101 (alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 432 Q F0 .292 (displays during an e)2.792 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F .292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .291 (is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 444 Q 2.5(,t) -.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 456 Q F0 .663 (The full pathname to the shell is k)144 468 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F .664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .664 (it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 480 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 492 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)144 504 R .826 (alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F 3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648 (pipelines pre\214x)144 516 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0 (reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F (The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712 (an escape sequence that is e)144 528 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F .711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F (and their meanings are as follo)144 540 Q (ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 558 Q F0 2.5 (Al)194 558 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 570 Q F4(p)A F1 (][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 570 Q F1(%[)144 582 Q F4(p) A F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 582 Q F1(%[)144 594 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0 (The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 594 Q F1(%P)144 606 Q F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 606 Q .87 (The optional)144 622.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) 3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 (he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A) 144 634.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025 (lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025 (At most three places after the)5.025 F .537 (decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 646.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F4 (p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E F4(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 658.8 Q (alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 675.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0 .668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F F4(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F4(SS)A F0(.)A F4(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va) 3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 687.6 Q F4(p)2.5 E F0 (determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.364 (If this v)144 704.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 E F0 13.365(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) 144 716.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 (.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113 (alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144 728.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E (wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(17)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 18 18 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)108 84 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 96 R .941 (alue greater than zero,)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 108 Q F1 (select)2.811 E F0 .311(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31 (seconds when input is com-)2.56 F .885(ing from a terminal.)144 120 R .885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .886(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 132 S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that) -.1 F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 156 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 168 R F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(uses its v)2.89 F .39 (alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391 (creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 180 Q 2.5(su)-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 192 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 204 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531 (he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53 (If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 216 R .538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 228 S .367(isting stopped job) .15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366 (wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F 1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 240 R(The)6.125 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.985 E F0 1.125 (of a stopped job, in this)3.805 F(conte)144 252 Q 1.133 (xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) 6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132 (he string supplied must)-3.632 F .624 (match the name of a stopped job e)144 264 R .624(xactly; if set to)-.15 F F3(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625 (he string supplied needs to match a)-3.125 F .885 (substring of the name of a stopped job)144 276 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) -5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884 (vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 288 Q F1(%?)3.333 E F0 .833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) -.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316 (must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 300 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 (ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F F1(%)2.815 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 312 Q(.)-.55 E F1(histchars)108 324 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 336 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt) -4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07 (xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)4.57 E(OR) -.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 348 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.466 E 3.716 (w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F F3 1.215 (history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.715 E 3.715(,t)-.4 G 1.215(he character which)-3.715 F .798(signals the start of a history e) 144 360 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B .798 (second character is the)3.298 F F3(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G (ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 372 Q F0(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G .239 (hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.74 F .239 (vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .575 (ing one string for another in the command.)144 384 R .575(The def)5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .576 (optional third character is the)3.076 F .223(character which indicates\ that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \ char)144 396 R(-)-.2 E 1.293(acter of a w)144 408 R 1.293 (ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.793('. The)B 1.294 (history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F .38 (skipped for the remaining w)144 420 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F .379 (It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F (the rest of the line as a comment.)144 432 Q F1(Arrays)87 448.8 Q(Bash) 108 460.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe) -.15 G 3.39(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891 (ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 472.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.574(da).15 G .074(rray; the)-2.574 F F1(declar)2.574 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.574 G .074(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .073(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F .328(an array)108 484.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr) -.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.828 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .329(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F 5.329(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.329 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(da).15 G .329 (rrays are refer)-2.829 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 496.8 R 1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595 (xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 508.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G (rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15 (ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.462(An inde)108 525.6 R -.15(xe) -.15 G 4.962(da).15 G 2.462(rray is created automatically if an)-4.962 F 4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.463(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F F3(name)4.963 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 537.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A F0 6.549(.T)C(he)-6.549 E F3(subscript)4.389 E F0 1.549 (is treated as an arithmetic e)4.729 F 1.549(xpression that must e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.548(luate to a number).25 F 6.548(.T)-.55 G(o)-7.348 E -.15(ex)108 549.6 S 1.979(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.479(da).15 G(rray)-4.479 E 4.48(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.48 E F1(declar)4.48 E 4.48<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.48 E F3(name)4.48 E F0(\(see)4.48 E F2 1.98 (SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E (w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 561.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F1([)A F3(subscript)A F1(])A F0(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F3 (subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E(Associati)108 578.4 Q .3 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 595.2 Q .941 (utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941(ariable using the) -.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.44 E F1 -.18(re)3.44 G (adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.44 G 3.44(iltins. Each).2 F(attrib)3.44 E(ute) -.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 607.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.647 (Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 624 R F3(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F3(1)A F0 1.647 (... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F3(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.148(,w)C 1.648(here each) -4.148 F F3(value)108 636 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.333 F F3 (subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(string)A F0 6.833(.I)C(nde)-6.833 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.333(da).15 G 1.833(rray assignments do not require an)-4.333 F 1.832 (ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F3(string)4.332 E F0(.)A .163 (When assigning to inde)108 648 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163 (rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163 (ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.664(xi)-.15 G 2.664 (sa)-2.664 G(ssigned)-2.664 E 1.411(to; otherwise the inde)108 660 R 3.911(xo)-.15 G 3.911(ft)-3.911 G 1.411 (he element assigned is the last inde)-3.911 F 3.91(xa)-.15 G 1.41 (ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-3.91 F(Inde)108 672 Q (xing starts at zero.)-.15 E(When assigning to an associati)108 688.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.) -2.5 E .239(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 705.6 R F1(declar) 2.739 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .24 (vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F3(name)108 717.6 Q F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(value)A F0 1.917 (syntax introduced abo)4.417 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 (hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray) -4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F3(name)4.777 E F0 1.916(is sub-) 4.597 F .115(scripted by a ne)108 729.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .415 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.615(,t)-.4 G .115 (hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.615 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.615(oo).15 G .116(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(18)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 19 19 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(of)108 84 Q/F1 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.338 E F0 3.338(,s)C 3.338(on)-3.338 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.338 H(ti).15 E 1.138 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .838 (ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 3.338(,a)-.65 G .838 (nd an inde)-3.338 F 3.338(xo)-.15 G 3.338<66ad>-3.338 G 3.338(1r)-3.338 G .838(eferences the last)-3.338 F(element.)108 96 Q(An)108 112.8 Q 3.575(ye)-.15 G 1.075(lement of an array may be referenced using ${) -3.575 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.076 (braces are required to a)3.576 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.542 (con\215icts with pathname e)108 124.8 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F1 (subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(@)4.041 E F0(or) 4.041 E F2(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F 1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F1(name)4.041 E F0(.)A 1.056 (These subscripts dif)108 136.8 R 1.056(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 (ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.057(If the w)6.057 F 1.057 (ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 148.8 Q F1(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B .521(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .521(ord with the v)-.1 F .52 (alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F 1.374(of the)108 160.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.874 E F0 1.374 (special v)3.624 F 1.375(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F1(name)A F0 1.375 ([@]} e)B 1.375(xpands each element of)-.15 F F1(name)3.875 E F0 1.375 (to a separate w)3.875 F 3.875(ord. When)-.1 F 2.028 (there are no array members, ${)108 172.8 R F1(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F 2.027(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.027(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .758(within a w)108 184.8 R .759 (ord, the e)-.1 F .759 (xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759 (ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .516(and the e)108 196.8 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ t of the original w)-.15 F 3.015(ord. This)-.1 F .515(is analogous)3.015 F .227(to the e)108 208.8 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 F F2(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F2(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F2 .228 (Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.728 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.728 (\). ${#).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 220.8 S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 3.386(]}. If)B F1(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F2(*)3.386 E F0(or) 3.386 E F2(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 (xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .294(ments in the array)108 232.8 R 5.294(.I)-.65 G 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 E F1(subscript)3.135 E F0 .295(used to reference an element of an inde)3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.795(da).15 G .295(rray e)-2.795 F -.25(va)-.25 G .295 (luates to a number).25 F .629 (less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 244.8 R .929 -.15(ve t) -.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .628(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F 3.128(xo)-.15 G 3.128(ft)-3.128 G .628(he array)-3.128 F 3.128(,s)-.65 G 3.128(on)-3.128 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.128 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (indices count back from the end of the array)108 256.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G (nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G (eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108 273.6 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .595(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An) 108 285.6 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 302.4 Q(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E 2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E .418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 319.2 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() .15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.917 (alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .417(]} and ${)B F2 (!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 331.2 S .749 (pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(name) 3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .75 (he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 343.2 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 360 Q F2(unset)2.767 E F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G (rrays.)-2.767 E F2(unset)5.267 E F1(name)2.767 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x) -.15 E F1(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 372 Q F0 6.318(.N)C -2.25 -.15(eg a) -6.318 H(ti).15 E 1.618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.318(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.818(da).15 G 1.319 (rrays are interpreted as described abo)-3.818 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.319 (.C).15 G 1.319(are must be tak)-6.319 F 1.319(en to)-.1 F -.2(avo)108 384 S .298(id unw).2 F .298(anted side ef)-.1 F .298 (fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(unset)5.298 E F1 (name)2.797 E F0 2.797(,w)C(here)-2.797 E F1(name)2.797 E F0 .297 (is an array)2.797 F 2.797(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.797 E F2(unset)2.797 E F1 (name)108 396 Q F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(], where)A F1(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E F2(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)108 412.8 Q F2(declar)3.573 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)3.573 E F0 3.573(,a)C (nd)-3.573 E F2 -.18(re)3.573 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.573 G 1.073 (iltins each accept a).2 F F23.573 E F0 1.073 (option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.574(da).15 G 1.074 (rray and a)-3.574 F F23.574 E F0 .339 (option to specify an associati)108 424.8 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) .15 E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,) -2.838 F F22.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) 5.338 E F2 -.18(re)2.838 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.838 G(iltin).2 E .44 (accepts a)108 436.8 R F22.941 E F0 .441 (option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441 (ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he) -5.441 E F2(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F2(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 (bu)108 448.8 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E (ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F4 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 465.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 477.6 R 3.26 (ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 (inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 489.6 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F F1 (br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .369(tilde e) 2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par)2.869 E .369 (ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .37 (command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 501.6 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e) 2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 E .419(The order of e)108 518.4 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418 (xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .418(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .418 (ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 530.4 S .195(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F .196(ashion\); w)-.1 F .196(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-) -.15 E(sion.)108 542.4 Q .257 (On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 559.2 R .257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.757 E .257 (ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .256(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 571.2 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G (ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) -.15 E 1.486(Only brace e)108 588 R 1.486(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.486 (ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487 (xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.487(ords of the)-.1 F -.15 (ex)108 600 S 1.165(pansion; other e).15 F 1.165(xpansions e)-.15 F 1.165(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665 (ord. The)-.1 F 1.164(only e)3.665 F 1.164(xceptions to this are the) -.15 F -.15(ex)108 612 S(pansions of ").15 E F2($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ") -2.5 E F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G (xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G (RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87 628.8 Q F1(Br)108.58 640.8 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 (is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F .606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 652.8 Q F1 .415 (pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 (ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F .415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G (he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 664.8 R F1(pr)2.651 E(eamble) -.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151 (wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 676.8 R .563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G .563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659 (contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\ ch resulting string, e)108 688.8 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) 108 700.8 Q .719(Brace e)108 717.6 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 (xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) 108 729.6 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F2({)A F0 (d,c,b)A F2(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(19)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 20 20 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 3.242(As)108 84 S .742(equence e)-3.242 F .742(xpression tak)-.15 F .742(es the form)-.1 F /F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF({)3.242 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1(..)A F2 (y)A F1([..)A F2(incr)A F1(]})A F0 3.242(,w)C(here)-3.242 E F2(x)3.242 E F0(and)3.243 E F2(y)3.243 E F0 .743(are either inte)3.243 F .743 (gers or single characters,)-.15 F(and)108 96 Q F2(incr)3.032 E F0 3.032 (,a)C 3.032(no)-3.032 G .532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger) -.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G .532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532 (gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532(xpression e)-.15 F .531 (xpands to each)-.15 F .077(number between)108 108 R F2(x)2.577 E F0 (and)2.577 E F2(y)2.577 E F0 2.577(,i)C(nclusi)-2.577 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.077(.S).15 G .077(upplied inte)-5.077 F .077(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F2(0)2.577 E F0 .078(to force each term to ha) 2.578 F .378 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015(same width.)108 120 R .015 (When either)5.015 F F2(x)2.515 E F0(or)2.515 E F2(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell attempts to force all generated term\ s to contain)-.15 F 1.143 (the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 132 R 6.143 (.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F(xpression) -.15 E -.15(ex)108 144 S 1.064(pands to each character le).15 F 1.064 (xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E F2(y)3.564 E F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G 1.064 (sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .983 (that both)108 156 R F2(x)3.483 E F0(and)3.483 E F2(y)3.483 E F0 .983 (must be of the same type.)3.483 F .984 (When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.983 F(ference) -.25 E(between each term.)108 168 Q(The def)5 E (ault increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)-.1 E .582(Brace e)108 184.8 R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581 (ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581 (haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015 (are preserv)108 196.8 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015 (It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016 (does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016 (yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 208.8 Q (xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) -.15 E 3.633(Ac)108 225.6 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132 (xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\ t one)-.15 F 3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 237.6 R 3.441 (alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 (ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755 (unchanged. A)108 249.6 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0 .255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255 (nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91 (sion. T)108 261.6 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41 (id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F F1(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F (xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 273.6 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \ as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is) 108 290.4 R(longer than in the abo)108 302.4 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H (ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 319.2 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 331.2 Q(cho)144 343.2 Q (wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e) -.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 360 R .618 (xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F .618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 (does not treat open-)3.118 F .248 (ing or closing braces specially when the)108 372 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G .247 (ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247 (es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 384 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 (ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 (or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh) 3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F2(\214le{1,2})108 396 Q F0 .515 (appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 (ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514(after e) 3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436 (If strict compatibility with)108 408 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 (is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1 (+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437 (xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 420 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set) 2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti)87 436.8 S (lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 448.8 R 1.087(ord be)-.1 F 1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 1.086 ('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(slash\ \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are considered a) 108 460.8 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685(fn) -5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\214x\ are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 472.8 R .725 (wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 484.8 Q .522 (gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522 (his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) -3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 496.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287 (is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286 (cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\ ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ with the speci\214ed login name.)108 508.8 Q .092 (If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 525.6 R .092 (alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 (replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is) 5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 537.6 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904 (alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0 .904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo) 5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641 (tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 549.6 R F2(N)4.141 E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.642 (ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.438(replaced w\ ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 561.6 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu) 108 573.6 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G .454(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F .454(the characters follo)2.954 F .455 (wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F (consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.) 108 585.6 Q(If the login name is in)108 602.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E (ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 619.2 R .167 (ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x) -.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E .467(these cases, tilde e)108 631.2 R .467(xpansion is also performed.) -.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .468 (ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108 643.2 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT) -.666 G(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) .855 E F4(,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E (alue.)-.25 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 660 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606(The `) 108 672 R F1($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606(haracter introduces parameter e) -4.106 F 1.605(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.105(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 684 R .407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .407(ut serv)-.2 F 2.907(et)-.15 G 2.907(op)-2.907 G(ro-)-2.907 E .033 (tect the v)108 696 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033 (xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .032 (wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 708 Q 1.189 (When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108 724.8 R F1(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a) -3.69 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(20)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 21 21 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.15 (quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 84 R 2.15 (xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 96 S (pansion.).15 E(${)108 112.8 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A 1.204(The v)144 124.8 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.704 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204 (The braces are required when)6.204 F F1(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.205(is a positional)4.435 F .264 (parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 136.8 R F1(par)4.014 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264 (wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F 2.676 (be interpreted as part of its name.)144 148.8 R(The)7.677 E F1(par) 5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.677(is a shell parameter as described abo) 5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.74(PA)144 160.8 S (RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G (rray reference \()-2.5 E F2(Arrays)A F0(\).)A .347 (If the \214rst character of)108 177.6 R F1(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F F2(!)A F0 .346 (\), and)B F1(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a)2.846 F F1 (namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.846(,i)C 2.846(ti)-2.846 G(ntroduces) -2.846 E 2.634(al)108 189.6 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.634 H 2.634(lo).25 G 2.634(fv)-2.634 G .134(ariable indirection.)-2.884 F F2(Bash)5.134 E F0 .134(uses the v)2.634 F .134(alue of the v)-.25 F .134 (ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F1(par)2.635 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .135(as the)2.635 F 1.004(name of the v)108 201.6 R 1.003 (ariable; this v)-.25 F 1.003(ariable is then e)-.25 F 1.003 (xpanded and that v)-.15 F 1.003 (alue is used in the rest of the substitution,)-.25 F .594 (rather than the v)108 213.6 R .594(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.094 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 3.095(itself. This)3.095 F .595(is kno)3.095 F .595 (wn as)-.25 F F1(indir)3.095 E .595(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.595 (.I)C(f)-5.595 E F1(par)3.095 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .595(is a nameref,) 3.095 F .478(this e)108 225.6 R .478(xpands to the name of the v)-.15 F .478(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F1(par)2.977 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .477 (instead of performing the complete indi-)2.977 F 2.163(rect e)108 237.6 R 4.663(xpansion. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)4.663 G 2.163 (ceptions to this are the e).15 F 2.163(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F2(!)A F1 (pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(*)A F0 4.663(}a)C 2.163(nd ${)-4.663 F F2(!)A F1 (name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 2.164(]} described)B(belo)108 249.6 Q 3.8 -.65 (w. T)-.25 H(he e).65 E(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 E 2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.)-2.5 E .334(In each of the cases belo)108 266.4 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F1(wor)3.484 E (d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 (xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 F(and arithmetic e)108 278.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.089 (When not performing substring e)108 295.2 R 1.089 (xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 3.589(w\()-.25 G (e.g.,)-3.589 E F2(:-)3.59 E F0(\),)A F2(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09 (tests for a)3.59 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 307.2 Q(Omitti\ ng the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E (${)108 324 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2<3aad>A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .723(Use Default V)144 336 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 E F1 (par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F .722 (xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.562 E(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.) 3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 348 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1 (par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 360 Q F1(par) A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:=)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 2.004 (Assign Default V)144 372 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.004(.I)C(f)-7.004 E F1 (par)5.754 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.234 F 2.005(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.845 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.005 (is assigned to)5.275 F F1(par)144 384 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.279(.T).73 G .279(he v)-5.279 F .279(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)4.029 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .278 (Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F (eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 396 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E(${) 108 408 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:?)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .535(Display Err)144 420 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535(.I)C (f)-5.535 E F1(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 (is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)3.035 E (d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .662(sage to that ef)144 432 R .662(fect if)-.25 F F1(wor)3.502 E(d)-.37 E F0 .661(is not present\) is\ written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.932 F (interacti)144 444 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) -2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 (is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 456 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:+)A F1 (wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2 .745(Use Alter)144 468 R .745(nate V)-.15 F (alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F1(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F (xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 480 Q F1(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 (is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 492 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 (of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 504 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(:)A F1 (of)A(fset)-.18 E F2(:)A F1(length)A F0(})A F2 .002(Substring Expansion) 144 516 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F1(length)2.502 E F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.502 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F 1.081 (character speci\214ed by)144 528 R F1(of)3.581 E(fset)-.18 E F0 6.081 (.I)C(f)-6.081 E F1(par)3.582 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.582 E F2(@)3.582 E F0 3.582(,a)C 3.582(ni)-3.582 G(nde)-3.582 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.582(da).15 G 1.082(rray subscripted by)-3.582 F F2(@)3.582 E F0(or)3.582 E F2(*) 3.582 E F0 3.582(,o)C 3.582(ra)-3.582 G(n)-3.582 E(associati)144 540 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722(rray name, the results dif).15 F .722 (fer as described belo)-.25 F 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F1(length) 3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e)3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .042 (substring of the v)144 552 R .042(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.542 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 .043(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.542 F F1(of) 2.543 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .043(and e)2.543 F .043(xtending to the)-.15 F .847(end of the v)144 564 R(alue.)-.25 E F1(length)5.846 E F0(and)3.346 E F1(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F .846 (xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .846(ARITHMETIC EV)3.346 F (ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 576 Q(w\).)-.25 E (If)144 600 Q F1(of)3.028 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529 (luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 (alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F .046(end of the v)144 612 R .046(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.546 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F1(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G .046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F (of)144 624 Q .202(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F .202 (alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .203 (rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .558(the e)144 636 R .558(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F1(of)3.058 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .558(and that result.)3.058 F .557(Note that a ne)5.557 F -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E .857 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .557(set must be).25 F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 648 Q -.2(vo) -.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F2(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (pansion.).15 E(If)144 672 Q F1(par)2.958 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.958 E F2(@)2.958 E F0 2.958(,t)C .458(he result is)-2.958 F F1(length)2.959 E F0 .459(positional parameters be)2.959 F .459(ginning at)-.15 F F1(of) 2.959 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.459(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G F1(of)3.109 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .096(is tak)144 684 R .096 (en relati)-.1 F .396 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.596(oo).15 G .096 (ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-2.596 F 2.596(,s)-.4 G 2.596(oa)-2.596 G 2.596(no)-2.596 G -.25(ff)-2.596 G .096(set of -1 e) .25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .095(luates to).25 F 1.321 (the last positional parameter)144 696 R 6.322(.I)-.55 G 3.822(ti)-6.322 G 3.822(sa)-3.822 G 3.822(ne)-3.822 G 1.322(xpansion error if)-3.972 F F1(length)3.822 E F0 -.25(eva)3.822 G 1.322 (luates to a number less than).25 F(zero.)144 708 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(21)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 22 22 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(If)144 84 Q/F1 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.014 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014(da).15 G .514 (rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014 F F1(length) 3.014 E F0 .513(members of)3.013 F 1.081(the array be)144 96 R 1.081 (ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0 3.581(]}. A)B(ne)3.581 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1 (of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.082(is tak)3.582 F 1.082(en relati)-.1 F 1.382 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.582(oo).15 G 1.082(ne greater)-3.582 F 1.08 (than the maximum inde)144 108 R 3.58(xo)-.15 G 3.58(ft)-3.58 G 1.08 (he speci\214ed array)-3.58 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)-6.079 G 3.579 (sa)-3.579 G 3.579(ne)-3.579 G 1.079(xpansion error if)-3.729 F F1 (length)3.579 E F0 -.25(eva)3.579 G 1.079(luates to a).25 F (number less than zero.)144 120 Q(Substring e)144 144 Q (xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H (rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E 1.93(Substring inde)144 168 R 1.931(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in \ which case the)-.15 F(inde)144 180 Q .307(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.807(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.807 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .307 (is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.807 F/F2 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF($0)2.806 E F0 .306(is pre\214x)2.806 F(ed)-.15 E (to the list.)144 192 Q(${)108 208.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2 (*)A F0(})A(${)108 220.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 .084(Names matching pr)144 232.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.084(.E)C .084 (xpands to the names of v)-5.084 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .085(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.585 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.585(,s)C(epa-) -2.585 E .258(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 244.8 R/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.758 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757 (ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.757 E F0 .257(is used and the e)2.757 F .257(xpansion appears)-.15 F(within double quotes, each v)144 256.8 Q (ariable name e)-.25 E(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 273.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 285.6 Q F2(!)A F1 (name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A F2 2.035(List of array k)144 297.6 R(eys) -.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f)-7.036 E F1(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v) 4.536 F 2.036(ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036 (xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E .596(assigned in)144 309.6 R F1(name)3.096 E F0 5.596(.I)C(f)-5.596 E F1 (name)3.096 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.096 F 3.095(,e)-.65 G .595 (xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .595 (is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.595 E F1(@)144 321.6 Q F0 (is used and the e)2.5 E(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k) -.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 338.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 350.4 S .47 (rameter length).1 F F0 5.47(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v) -5.47 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .471 (is substituted.)2.971 F(If)5.471 E F1(par)4.221 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 362.4 Q F0(is)4.439 E F2(*)3.709 E F0(or)3.709 E F2(@)3.709 E F0 3.708 (,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208 (alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) 6.208 E F1(par)4.958 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.208(is an)4.438 F .348 (array name subscripted by)144 374.4 R F2(*)2.849 E F0(or)2.849 E F2(@) 2.849 E F0 2.849(,t)C .349(he v)-2.849 F .349 (alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.349 (.I)-.65 G(f)-5.349 E F1(par)145.25 386.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .456 (is an inde)3.686 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.956(da).15 G .456 (rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.956 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.955(,t)-.4 G .455 (hat number is interpreted)-2.955 F .972(as relati)144 398.4 R 1.272 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.472(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) -3.472 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.473(,s)C 3.473(on)-3.473 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.473 H(ti).15 E 1.273 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .973(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array) 144 410.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 427.2 Q F1 (par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 439.2 Q F1 (par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 451.2 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F (n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196 (is e)4.466 F 1.196(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F .151(name e)144 463.2 R 2.651(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152 (the pattern matches the be)2.652 F .152(ginning of the v)-.15 F .152 (alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.652 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .152 (hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4(the e)144 475.2 R 1.4(xpansion is the e) -.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.15 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.4(with the shortest matching pattern \(the `)4.63 F(`)-.74 E F2 (#)A F0 -.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `) 144 487.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 1.761 -.74('' c)D .281(ase\) deleted.) .74 F(If)5.281 E F1(par)4.031 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.511 E F2(@)2.781 E F0(or)2.781 E F2(*)2.782 E F0 2.782(,t)C .282(he pattern)-2.782 F(remo) 144 499.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) -3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .401(tant list.)144 511.2 R (If)5.401 E F1(par)4.151 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .401(is an array v)3.631 F .401(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.901 E F0(or)2.901 E F2(*) 2.901 E F0 2.902(,t)C .402(he pattern remo)-2.902 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.902 (lo).25 G(peration)-2.902 E (is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 523.2 Q (xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 540 Q F1(par)A(ameter) -.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 552 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 564 Q .347 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 5.147(.T)C(he)-5.147 E F1 (wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .146 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 576 S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588 (the pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)3.088 F .588(xpanded v) -.15 F .588(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.088 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.088(,t).73 G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 588 R .226 (xpansion is the e)-.15 F .226(xpanded v)-.15 F .226(alue of)-.25 F F1 (par)3.976 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .226 (with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F -.74(``)144 600 S F2 (%).74 E F0 1.521 -.74('' c)D .042 (ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(%%)A F0 1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E F1(par)3.792 E (ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F2(@)2.542 E F0(or)2.542 E F2(*)2.542 E F0 2.542(,t)C(he)-2.542 E .441(pattern remo)144 612 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.941 (lo).25 G .441 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) -2.941 F .44(xpansion is the)-.15 F .24(resultant list.)144 624 R(If) 5.24 E F1(par)3.99 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .24(is an array v)3.47 F .241 (ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.741 E F2(*)2.741 E F0 2.741(,t)C .241(he pattern remo)-2.741 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.741(lo).25 G(per)-2.741 E(-)-.2 E (ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 636 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 652.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) -.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 664.8 S(tter).1 E 3.607(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.607 E F0 6.107(.T)C(he)-6.107 E F1(pattern)3.607 E F0 1.107(is e)3.607 F 1.106 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E (sion.)144 676.8 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.033 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.033 (is e)3.533 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern) 3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.034(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.034 (alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 688.8 Q F0 5.161(.I)C(f) -5.161 E F1(pattern)2.661 E F0(be)2.661 E .161(gins with)-.15 F F2(/) 2.661 E F0 2.661(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.661 F F1(pattern)2.661 E F0 .16(are replaced with)2.661 F F1(string)2.66 E F0 5.16(.N)C .16 (ormally only the)-5.16 F .806(\214rst match is replaced.)144 700.8 R (If)5.806 E F1(pattern)3.306 E F0(be)3.306 E .806(gins with)-.15 F F2(#) 3.306 E F0 3.306(,i)C 3.307(tm)-3.306 G .807(ust match at the be)-3.307 F .807(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E -.25(va)144 712.8 S .621 (lue of).25 F F1(par)3.121 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.621(.I)C(f)-5.621 E F1 (pattern)3.121 E F0(be)3.121 E .621(gins with)-.15 F F2(%)3.121 E F0 3.121(,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.121 G .62(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F .62(xpanded v)-.15 F .62(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)144 724.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 6.253(.I)C(f)-6.253 E F1(string)3.753 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of) 3.753 F F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F2(/) 3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.254(may be) 3.754 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(22)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 23 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.732(omitted. If) 144 84 R(the)2.732 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(nocasematch)2.732 E F0 .231 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.732 F -.05 (ga)-.15 G .231(rd to the).05 F .187(case of alphabetic characters.)144 96 R(If)5.187 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)3.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is) 3.417 E F1(@)2.687 E F0(or)2.687 E F1(*)2.688 E F0 2.688(,t)C .188 (he substitution operation is applied to each)-2.688 F .446 (positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 108 R .446 (xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.445 E F2(par)4.195 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .445(is an array v)3.675 F(ari-)-.25 E .462 (able subscripted with)144 120 R F1(@)2.962 E F0(or)2.962 E F1(*)2.962 E F0 2.962(,t)C .463 (he substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in) -2.962 F(turn, and the e)144 132 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 148.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${) 108 160.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(^^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 172.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 184.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,,)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A F1 .438 (Case modi\214cation)144 196.8 R F0 5.438(.T)C .438(his e)-5.438 F .437 (xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F2(par) 2.937 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.437(.T)C(he)-5.437 E F2(pattern)144 208.8 Q F0 1.406(is e)3.906 F 1.407 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.907 (xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.407(character in the)3.907 F -.15(ex)144 220.8 S 1.232(panded v).15 F 1.232(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.232(is tested ag)3.732 F(ainst)-.05 E F2(pattern)3.732 E F0 3.732 (,a)C 1.232(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is)-3.732 F(con)144 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424 (pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.924 F 5.424(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.424 E F1(^)2.924 E F0 .424(operator con-)2.924 F -.15(ve)144 244.8 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F F2(pattern)3.11 E F0 .61(to uppercase; the)3.11 F F1(,)3.11 E F0 .61 (operator con)3.11 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .61(rts matching uppercase).15 F 1.547(letters to lo)144 256.8 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F1(^^)4.047 E F0(and)4.047 E F1(,,)4.047 E F0 -.15(ex)4.047 G 1.547(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.547(rt each matched character in the e).15 F(xpanded) -.15 E -.25(va)144 268.8 S .634(lue; the).25 F F1(^)3.134 E F0(and)3.134 E F1(,)3.134 E F0 -.15(ex)3.134 G .634(pansions match and con).15 F -.15 (ve)-.4 G .633(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .633 (xpanded v)-.15 F 3.133(alue. If)-.25 F F2(pattern)144 280.8 Q F0 .78 (is omitted, it is treated lik)3.28 F 3.28(ea)-.1 G F1(?)A F0 3.28(,w)C .78(hich matches e)-3.28 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .78(ry character).15 F 5.78 (.I)-.55 G(f)-5.78 E F2(par)4.53 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.01 E F1(@)3.28 E F0(or)3.28 E F1(*)3.28 E F0(,)A .582(the case modi\214cation operatio\ n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 292.8 R (xpansion)-.15 E .468(is the resultant list.)144 304.8 R(If)5.468 E F2 (par)4.218 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .468(is an array v)3.698 F .468 (ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.968 E F0(or)2.968 E F1(*)2.969 E F0 2.969(,t)C .469(he case modi\214ca-)-2.969 F(tion operation is appli\ ed to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 316.8 Q (xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 333.6 Q F2(par)A(ameter) -.15 E F1(@)A F2(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 345.6 S .86 (rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F .86 (xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(or information about)144 357.6 R F2 (par)2.653 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.653 F .153(alue of)-.25 F F2(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.154(.E)C(ach)-5.154 E F2(oper)2.654 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .154(is a sin-)2.654 F(gle letter:)144 369.6 Q F1(Q)144 393.6 Q F0 1.065(The e)180 393.6 R 1.065 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) 3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.064(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F (reused as input.)180 405.6 Q F1(E)144 417.6 Q F0 .44(The e)180 417.6 R .441(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F2 (par)2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .441(with backslash escape sequences)2.941 F -.15(ex)180 429.6 S(panded as with the).15 E F1($'...)2.5 E(')-.55 E F0(quoting mechansim.)2.5 E F1(P)144 441.6 Q F0 1.073(The e)180 441.6 R 1.073(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073 (xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 453.6 Q F1(PR) 2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(A)144 465.6 Q F0 1.137 (The e)180 465.6 R 1.138 (xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F F1(declar)3.638 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.638 E(that, if e)180 477.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 (with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F1(a)144 489.6 Q F0 (The e)180 489.6 Q(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E (alues representing)-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D (ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E(If)144 506.4 Q F2(par)5.331 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 (is)4.811 E F1(@)4.081 E F0(or)4.081 E F1(*)4.081 E F0 4.081(,t)C 1.58 (he operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the) -4.081 F -.15(ex)144 518.4 S .346(pansion is the resultant list.).15 F (If)5.346 E F2(par)4.096 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an array v)3.576 F .347(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)2.847 E F0(or)2.847 E F1(*) 2.847 E F0 2.847(,t)C .347(he case)-2.847 F 1.204(modi\214cation operat\ ion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 530.4 R 1.203(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 542.4 Q 1.849 (The result of the e)144 566.4 R 1.849(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F 1.849(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F 1.85(xpansion as described)-.15 F(belo)144 578.4 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(Command Substitution)87 595.2 Q F2 1.698(Command substitution)108 607.2 R F0(allo)4.198 E 1.697 (ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.697 (There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 619.2 Q F1($\()144 636 Q F2 (command)A F1(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 648 Q F1<92>144 660 Q F2(command)A F1 <92>A(Bash)108 676.8 Q F0 .088(performs the e)2.588 F .088 (xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F2(command)2.588 E F0 .089(in a subshell en)2.589 F .089(vironment and replacing the command) -.4 F .41(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an) 108 688.8 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.) -.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b) 108 700.8 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.) -.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F1($\(cat)2.692 E F2(\214le) 2.692 E F1(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 712.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F1($\(<)2.5 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F1 (\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\ used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 729.6 R(xcept)-.15 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(23)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .314(when follo) 108 84 R .314(wed by)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($)2.814 E F0(,)A F1 <92>2.814 E F0 2.814(,o)C(r)-2.814 E F1(\\)2.814 E F0 5.314(.T)C .315(h\ e \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command \ sub-)-5.314 F 3.887(stitution. When)108 96 R 1.387(using the $\()3.887 F /F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command).833 E F0 3.887(\)f)1.666 G 1.386 (orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.887 F 3.886(eu)-.1 G 3.886(pt)-3.886 G 1.386(he com-)-3.886 F (mand; none are treated specially)108 108 Q(.)-.65 E .894 (Command substitutions may be nested.)108 124.8 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H .894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F (quotes with backslashes.)108 136.8 Q .422 (If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 153.6 R .422 (ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .422(xpansion are not performed)-.15 F(on the results.)108 165.6 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 182.4 Q F0 1.034(Arithmetic e)108 194.4 R 1.034(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034 (ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.035(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F (The format for arithmetic e)108 206.4 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() 144 223.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 240 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.666 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165 (is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.906 F .165 (ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F .23 (treated specially)108 252 R 5.23(.A)-.65 G .23(ll tok)-5.23 F .231 (ens in the e)-.1 F .231(xpression under)-.15 F .231(go parameter and v) -.18 F .231(ariable e)-.25 F .231(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.06 (tution, and quote remo)108 264 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.56(l. The).25 F 1.059 (result is treated as the arithmetic e)3.56 F 1.059(xpression to be e) -.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.559(luated. Arithmetic).25 F -.15(ex)108 276 S (pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.378(The e)108 292.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378(luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV) 3.878 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) A F0(If)5.879 E F2 -.2(ex)108 304.8 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in) 2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (prints a message indicating f)2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.) -.1 E F1(Pr)87 321.6 Q(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 333.6 Q .405 (ocess substitution)-.45 F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405 (nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405 (It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 345.6 Q F1(<\()3.25 E F2 (list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)3.25 E F1(>\()3.25 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 5.75(.T)C .751(he process)-5.75 F F2(list)3.251 E F0 .751 (is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751 (nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .148 (This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 357.6 R .148 (gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.647 (xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.647 E F1(>\()2.647 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .559(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 369.6 R .559 (vide input for)-.15 F F2(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G (he)-3.059 E F1(<\()3.06 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .56 (form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.06 F(ar)108 381.6 Q .309 (gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F2(list)2.808 E F0 5.308(.P)C .308(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-) -5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 393.6 Q F2(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt) -2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F1(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 (method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .896(When a)108 410.4 R -.25(va) -.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\ h parameter and v).25 F .897(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E (command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 422.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -.75(Wo)87 439.2 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143 (The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 451.2 R 1.142 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142 (xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 463.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 (The shell treats each character of)108 480 R F3(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 (as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 (nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) -.15 F(ords)-.1 E .207(using these characters as \214eld terminators.) 108 492 R(If)5.207 E F3(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F .207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F1()2.707 E F0 (,)A .836(the def)108 504 R .836(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F1 ()3.336 E F0(,)A F1()3.336 E F0 3.336(,a)C(nd)-3.336 E F1 ()3.336 E F0 .837(at the be)3.336 F .837 (ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .346(the pre)108 516 R .345 (vious e)-.25 F .345(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 2.845(ys)-.15 G .345(equence of)-2.845 F F3(IFS)2.845 E F0 .345 (characters not at the be)2.595 F .345(ginning or end serv)-.15 F(es) -.15 E 1.236(to delimit w)108 528 R 3.736(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)3.736 E F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.237 (ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F1(space)108 540 Q F0(,)A F1(tab)2.507 E F0 2.507(,a)C(nd)-2.507 E F1(newline)2.507 E F0 .007(are ignored at the be)2.507 F .006(ginning and end of the w)-.15 F .006(ord, as long as the whitespace charac-)-.1 F .92(ter is in the v) 108 552 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an)3.17 E F3(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(whitespace character\).)3.17 F(An)5.92 E 3.42(yc)-.15 G .92 (haracter in)-3.42 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0 .921(that is not)3.17 F F3(IFS) 3.421 E F0(whitespace,)3.171 E .429(along with an)108 564 R 2.928(ya) -.15 G(djacent)-2.928 E F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428 (whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)2.678 F 2.928(As)5.428 G .428(equence of)-2.928 F F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428(whitespace charac-)2.678 F(ters is also treated as a delimiter)108 576 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G (he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0(is null, no w)2.25 E (ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.927(Explicit null ar)108 592.8 R 1.927 (guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G F0(or)3.594 E F1 .833<0808>5.26 G F0 4.427(\)a)C 1.927 (re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-4.427 F(Unquoted) 6.927 E .485(implicit null ar)108 604.8 R .485 (guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .484 (xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .784 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.984(ov).15 G .484(alues, are remo)-3.234 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.984(d. If).15 F(a)2.984 E 1.571(parameter with no v)108 616.8 R 1.571(alue is e)-.25 F 1.571 (xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F 1.572 (gument results and is retained and)-.18 F .724 (passed to a command as an empty string.)108 628.8 R .724 (When a quoted null ar)5.724 F .723(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F .723(ord whose)-.1 F -.15(ex)108 640.8 S .175 (pansion is non-null, the null ar).15 F .176(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. That).15 F .176(is, the w)2.676 F(ord)-.1 E/F5 10 /Courier@0 SF -5.1672.676 F F0(becomes)2.676 E F52.676 E F0 .176(after w)2.676 F .176(ord split-)-.1 F(ting and null ar)108 652.8 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 669.6 Q(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 686.4 S(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .371(After w)108 698.4 R .371 (ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F12.871 E F0 .371 (option has been set,)2.871 F F1(bash)2.871 E F0 .37(scans each w)2.87 F .37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.87 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.87 E F0 2.87 (,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F1([)2.87 E F0(.)A .677 (If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 710.4 R .677 (ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F2(pattern)3.177 E F0 3.177(,a).24 G .678(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F .562 (cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 722.4 R F3 -.09(Pa)3.062 G(tter).09 E 2.812(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.812 E F0(belo) 2.812 E 3.062(w\). If)-.25 F .561(no matching \214lenames)3.061 F (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(24)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 25 25 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .008 (are found, and the shell option)108 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF (nullglob)2.508 E F0 .008(is not enabled, the w)2.508 F .009 (ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .009(If the)5.009 F F1(nullglob)2.509 E F0 .009(option is)2.509 F .443(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 96 R .443(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.943(d. If).15 F(the)2.942 E F1 (failglob)2.942 E F0 .442(shell option is set, and no matches are)2.942 F 1.38(found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.88(cuted. If).15 F 1.38(the shell option)3.88 F F1(nocaseglob)3.88 E F0(is)3.88 E .104 (enabled, the match is performed without re)108 120 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .104(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .103 (When a pattern is used)5.103 F .377(for pathname e)108 132 R .377 (xpansion, the character)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.878 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .378(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.378 F .378 (wing a slash must be)-.25 F .579(matched e)108 144 R(xplicitly)-.15 E 3.079(,u)-.65 G .579(nless the shell option)-3.079 F F1(dotglob)3.079 E F0 .579(is set.)3.079 F .578 (When matching a pathname, the slash character)5.579 F 1.788(must al)108 156 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.788(ys be matched e).1 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 6.788(.I) -.65 G 4.288(no)-6.788 G 1.788(ther cases, the)-4.288 F F1 -.63(``)4.288 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.788(character is not treated specially) 6.788 F 6.789(.S)-.65 G 1.789(ee the)-6.789 F .166(description of)108 168 R F1(shopt)2.666 E F0(belo)2.666 E 2.666(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.666 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .166(SHELL B)2.666 F(UIL)-.09 E .165(TIN COMMANDS) -.828 F F0 .165(for a description of the)2.415 F F1(nocaseglob)2.665 E F0(,)A F1(null-)2.665 E(glob)108 180 Q F0(,)A F1(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5 (,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 196.8 Q F2(GLOBIGNORE)2.785 E F0 .285(shell v)2.535 F .285 (ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214lenames matching a)-.25 F/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)2.786 E F0 5.286(.I).24 G(f)-5.286 E F2(GLO-)2.786 E(BIGNORE)108 208.8 Q F0 2.316(is set, each matching \214\ lename that also matches one of the patterns in)4.566 F F2(GLOBIGNORE) 4.816 E F0(is)4.565 E(remo)108 220.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.914(df).15 G 1.414(rom the list of matches.)-3.914 F 1.415(If the)6.415 F F1 (nocaseglob)3.915 E F0 1.415(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F 1.415(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)108 232.8 Q F0 .147 (is performed without re)2.397 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .147(rd to case.).05 F .146(The \214lenames)5.146 F F1 -.63(``)2.646 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)5.146 E F1 -.63(``)2.646 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .146 (are al)5.776 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .146(ys ignored when).1 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)108 244.8 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 .827(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of) -.25 F .683(enabling the)108 256.8 R F1(dotglob)3.183 E F0 .682 (shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.183 F .682(ginning with a) -.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) 5.682 F 2.282 -.8(To g)5.682 H .682(et the old).8 F(beha)108 268.8 Q 1.184(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.184(ginning with a)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e) -.1 E F1 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.185 (one of the patterns in)6.185 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.685 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(The)108 280.8 Q F1(dotglob)3.132 E F0 .632 (option is disabled when)3.132 F F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632 (is unset.)2.882 F .631(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 292.8 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 309.6 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 326.4 Q 3.138 (yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a pattern, other than the spec\ ial pattern characters described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H (atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 338.4 R 1.12 (NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12 (ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576 (escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 350.4 R .576 (The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya) -.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 362.4 Q(.)-.65 E (The special pattern characters ha)108 379.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H (he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 396 Q F0 .377(Matches an) 180 396 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 F .376(When the)5.376 F F1(globstar)2.876 E F0 .376 (shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 408 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775 (is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw) -.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775 (sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058(will match all \214les and zero\ or more directories and subdirectories.)180 420 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 432 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G (djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C (ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 444 Q F0 (Matches an)180 444 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 ([...])144 456 Q F0 .578(Matches an)180 456 R 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578 (ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .579 (air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .685 (denotes a)180 468 R F3 -.15(ra)3.185 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr) -3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c)-3.184 H .684 (haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F 3.184(oc)-.1 G .684(haracters, inclu-)-3.184 F(si)180 480 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,u).15 G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212 (ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.213(If the) 6.213 F 1.124(\214rst character follo)180 492 R 1.124(wing the)-.25 F F1 ([)3.624 E F0 1.124(is a)3.624 F F1(!)3.624 E F0 1.124(or a)6.124 F F1 (^)3.623 E F0 1.123(then an)3.623 F 3.623(yc)-.15 G 1.123 (haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.623 F .894 (The sorting order of characters in range e)180 504 R .895 (xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .376(and the v) 180 516 R .376(alues of the)-.25 F F2(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or) 2.625 E F2(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F .375 (ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.975 -.8(To o)5.375 H .375(btain the tra-).8 F .067(ditional interpretation of range e)180 528 R .067 (xpressions, where)-.15 F F1([a\255d])2.567 E F0 .068(is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.568 E F0 2.568(,s)C .068 (et v)-2.568 F(alue)-.25 E .157(of the)180 540 R F1(LC_ALL)2.657 E F0 .157(shell v)2.657 F .157(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.657 E F0 2.657(,o)C 2.657(re)-2.657 G .157(nable the)-2.657 F F1(globasciiranges)2.657 E F0 .156(shell option.)2.656 F(A)5.156 E F12.656 E F0(may)2.656 E .193(\ be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character in the set.) 180 552 R(A)5.193 E F1(])2.693 E F0 .194(may be matched by)2.693 F (including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 564 Q -.4(Wi)180 582 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.071 E F0(and)3.071 E F1(])3.071 E F0(,)A F3 -.15 (ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571 (can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.07 E F3(class)A F1 (:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F3(class)3.07 E F0(is one of the follo) 180 594 Q(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 8.173 (alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 606 R 8.173 (wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 618 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 4.29(Ac)180 630 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc)-.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1 -.1 (wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E (class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 642 Q -.4(Wi) 180 660 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F1(])4.536 E F0 4.536 (,a)C(n)-4.536 E F3 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037 (can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.537 E F3(c)A F1(=]) A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 672 R (the character)180 684 Q F3(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 702 S(thin).4 E F1 ([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F1([.)2.5 E F3(symbol)A F1(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F3(symbol) 2.5 E F0(.)A .704(If the)108 718.8 R F1(extglob)3.204 E F0 .705 (shell option is enabled using the)3.204 F F1(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.205 G .705(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .705(ral e).15 F .705 (xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .256(are recognized.)108 730.8 R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F3 (pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255 (is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F1(|)2.755 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(25)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 26 26 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E (Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo)108 84 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(?\()144 108 Q/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0 (Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(*\()144 132 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)) .833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 144 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 156 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 168 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 180 Q F2 (pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 192 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 204 Q F2 (pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches an)180 216 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(Quote Remo)87 232.8 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.112 (After the preceding e)108 244.8 R 1.112 (xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) 3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F1(")4.446 E F0 1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 256.8 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 273.6 Q F0 .545 (Before a command is e)108 285.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 (cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E (ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .405 (by the shell.)108 297.6 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\ ds' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to) -.25 F(dif)108 309.6 Q 1.02(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les \ the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.019 (Redirection may also be)6.019 F .215 (used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 321.6 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E .215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .876(may precede or appear an)108 333.6 R .876(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .875(simple command)3.715 F F0 .875(or may follo)4.145 F 3.375(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5.875(.R).77 G .875(edirections are)-5.875 F(processed in the order the)108 345.6 Q 2.5 (ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\ h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\ stead be preceded by a w)108 362.4 R .772(ord of)-.1 F .293(the form {) 108 374.4 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 (this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293 (xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.179<618c>108 386.4 S .679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.179 F F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 (&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 398.4 Q F0(}, the v)A(alue of)-.25 E F2(varname)2.5 E F0 (de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .284(In the follo)108 415.2 R .283(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omit\ ted, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .512 (ion operator is)108 427.2 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 (he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) -3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F (redirection operator is)108 439.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C (he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) -2.5 E .825(The w)108 456 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824 (wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824 (wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .462 (jected to brace e)108 468 R .462(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .463 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .463(ariable e)-.25 F .463 (xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .867(metic e)108 480 R .867(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .867(l, pathname e).25 F .867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867 F .866(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 492 S(rd,).1 E F1(bash) 2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E (Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 508.8 Q -.15 (Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 525.6 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A (directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 542.4 Q F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 559.2 Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527 (directs only the standard output to \214le)108 576 R F2(dirlist)3.027 E F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527 (as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F (output before the standard output w)108 588 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E F2 (dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 604.8 Q F0 .599(handles se)3.099 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) -.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F (wing)-.25 E 3.477(table. If)108 616.8 R .977 (the operating system on which)3.477 F F1(bash)3.478 E F0 .978 (is running pro)3.478 F .978 (vides these special \214les, bash will use them;)-.15 F (otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 628.8 Q (vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(/de)144 645.6 Q(v/fd/)-.15 E F2(fd)A F0(If)180 657.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E (ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 (is duplicated.)2.5 E F1(/de)144 669.6 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0 (File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 681.6 Q F1(/de)144 693.6 Q (v/stdout)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 705.6 Q (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(26)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 27 27 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 96 Q F1(/de)144 108 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/) A F2(port)A F0(If)180 120 Q F2(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496 (is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E (vice name,)180 132 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144 144 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 156 Q F2(host) 2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497 (is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E (vice name,)180 168 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 184.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) -2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .947(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\ an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 201.6 R 3.446(ym)-.15 G .946 (ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.446 F (descriptors the shell uses internally)108 213.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 230.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 (Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) 108 242.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 (to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 254.4 Q F2 (n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G (he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 (is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E (The general format for redirecting input is:)108 271.2 Q([)144 288 Q F2 (n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 304.8 Q(ecting Output) -.18 E F0 .175 (Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) 108 316.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174 (to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .824(ing on \214le descriptor)108 328.8 R F2(n)3.324 E F0 3.324(,o).24 G 3.324(rt)-3.324 G .824 (he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.324 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 .824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .825(If the \214le does not)5.825 F -.15(ex)108 340.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E (xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E (The general format for redirecting output is:)108 357.6 Q([)144 374.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155 (If the redirection operator is)108 391.2 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C .155(nd the)-2.655 F F1(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) 2.654 F F1(set)2.654 E F0 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154 (iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 403.2 R .657(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 (xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658 (ists and is a re).15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-) 5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 415.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C 2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409 (option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408 (iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 427.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) -2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 444 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641 (Redirection of output in this f)108 456 R .642 (ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642 (xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .474 (opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 468 R F2(n)2.974 E F0 2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474 (he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.333 E F0 .473(is not speci\214ed.)3.213 F(If)5.473 E(the \214le does not e)108 480 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E (The general format for appending output is:)108 496.8 Q([)144 513.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 530.4 Q (ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 (This construct allo)108 542.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ \214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) -.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 554.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E (There are tw)108 571.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1 (&>)144 588 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 600 Q F1(>&)144 612 Q F2(wor) A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 628.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 645.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .115(When using the second form,)108 662.4 R F2(wor) 2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or) -.15 F F12.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.614(td)-2.614 G .114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 674.4 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E (w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 691.2 S (pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 (This construct allo)108 703.2 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ \214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) -.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e)108 715.2 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(27)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 28 28 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E (The format for appending standard output and standard error is:)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(&>>)144 100.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)A(d) -.37 E F0(This is semantically equi)108 117.6 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to) .25 E F1(>>)144 134.4 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A (\(see)108 151.2 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E (w\).)-.25 E F1(Her)87 168 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This \ type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current \ source until a line containing only)108 180 R F2(delimiter)108.35 192 Q F0 .614(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615 (All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615 F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 204 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2 (n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E (The format of here-documents is:)108 220.8 Q([)144 237.6 Q F2(n)A F0(]) A F1(<<)A F0([)A F1A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 249.6 Q (e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 261.6 Q F0 .302(No parameter and v)108 278.4 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .301 (xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .415(is performed on)108 290.4 R F2(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.415(.I).77 G 2.915(fa)-5.415 G .715 -.15(ny p)-2.915 H .415(art of).15 F F2(wor)3.255 E(d)-.37 E F0 .415 (is quoted, the)3.685 F F2(delimiter)3.265 E F0 .415 (is the result of quote remo)3.645 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.915(lo).25 G(n) -2.915 E F2(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E .774 (and the lines in the here-document are not e)108 302.4 R 3.274 (xpanded. If)-.15 F F2(wor)3.273 E(d)-.37 E F0 .773 (is unquoted, all lines of the here-document)3.273 F 2.59 (are subjected to parameter e)108 314.4 R 2.59 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.59 (xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 326.4 Q F1(\\)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0 (must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602 (If the redirection operator is)108 343.2 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101 (,t)C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines\ and the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 355.2 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5 (.T).73 G(his allo)-5 E (ws here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural f) -.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 372 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 2.5 (Av)108 384 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([)144 400.8 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<<<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 417.6 Q F2 (wor)2.893 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)2.893 E .393(goes brace e)-.18 F .393 (xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .393(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .394 (ariable e)-.25 F .394(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 2.148 (tution, arithmetic e)108 429.6 R 2.148(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 4.648(l. P).25 F 2.148(athname e)-.15 F 2.148 (xpansion and w)-.15 F 2.147(ord splitting are not per)-.1 F(-)-.2 E 2.812(formed. The)108 441.6 R .313 (result is supplied as a single string, with a ne)2.812 F .313 (wline appended, to the command on its standard)-.25 F (input \(or \214le descriptor)108 453.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n) 2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 470.4 Q F0(The redirection operator)108 482.4 Q([)144 499.2 Q F2(n)A F0 (])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127 (is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 516 R(If)5.127 E F2 (wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126 (pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 528 Q F2(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G 2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G 2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0 .458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15 (for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 540 R(If)5.15 E F2(wor)2.99 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F12.65 E F0 2.649 <2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is closed.) 2.889 F(If)5.149 E F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,)2.889 F (the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 552 Q (The operator)108 568.8 Q([)144 585.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A (d)-.37 E F0 .443 (is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 602.4 R (If)5.443 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .444 (is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F 1.358 (tor 1\) is used.)108 614.4 R 1.358(If the digits in)6.358 F F2(wor) 4.198 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.357(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\ utput, a redirection error)4.628 F 2.753(occurs. If)108 626.4 R F2(wor) 3.093 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.523 G .253(luates to).25 F F12.754 E F0 2.754<2c8c>C .254(le descriptor)-2.754 F F2(n)3.114 E F0 .254 (is closed.)2.994 F .254(As a special case, if)5.254 F F2(n)2.754 E F0 .254(is omitted, and)2.754 F F2(wor)2.754 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)2.754 E .966(not e)108 638.4 R .966(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1 3.466 E F0 3.466(,t)C .965 (he standard output and standard error are redirected as described) -3.466 F(pre)108 650.4 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(Mo)87 667.2 Q (ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator)108 679.2 Q([) 144 696 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(digit)A F1A F0(mo)108 712.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G .535(he \214le descriptor)-3.035 F F2 (digit)3.035 E F0 .535(to \214le descriptor)3.035 F F2(n)3.035 E F0 3.035(,o).24 G 3.035(rt)-3.035 G .536 (he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F F2(n)3.036 E F0 .536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 724.8 Q F2(digit)5 E F0 (is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(28)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 29 29 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(Similarly)108 84 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([)144 100.8 Q/F1 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(>&)A F1(digit)A F2 A F0(mo)108 117.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.786(st).15 G .286 (he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F1(digit)2.786 E F0 .286 (to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F1(n)2.786 E F0 2.786(,o).24 G 2.786(rt) -2.786 G .285(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F F1 (n)2.785 E F0 .285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 129.6 Q F2 (Opening File Descriptors f)87 146.4 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 (The redirection operator)108 158.4 Q([)144 175.2 Q F1(n)A F0(])A F2(<>) A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 192 R 1.349(xpansion of)-.15 F F1(wor)4.189 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.349 (to be opened for both reading and writing on \214le)4.619 F(descriptor) 108 204 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G (le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F1(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E (If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 220.8 Q F1(Aliases)108 232.8 Q F0(allo)3.174 E 3.174(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674 (ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673 (ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\ ses that may be set and unset with the)108 244.8 R F2(alias)2.894 E F0 (and)2.894 E F2(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2 F(\(see)108 256.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98 (\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F(check)108 268.8 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472 (If so, that w)5.472 F .473(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473 (xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F2(/)2.973 E F0(,)A F2($)2.973 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 280.8 Q F2(=)3.612 E F0 1.112(and an)3.612 F 3.612(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell) -3.612 F F1(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 (or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.111 (ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 292.8 R 1.119 (replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G 1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.12 (The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 304.8 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1 F .514(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .514(ut a w)-.2 F .513 (ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F .295(not e)108 316.8 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 (This means that one may alias)5.295 F F2(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F2 .296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F2 (bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 328.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .543(ly e).15 F .543(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F 3.043(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.043 F .542 (alue is a)-.25 F F1(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne) -3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 340.8 Q(ord follo)-.1 E (wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 357.6 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0 (command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F2 (unalias)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E .284 (There is no mechanism for using ar)108 374.4 R .284 (guments in the replacement te)-.18 F 2.784(xt. If)-.15 F(ar)2.784 E .284(guments are needed, a shell func-)-.18 F(tion should be used \(see) 108 386.4 Q F4(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.22 (Aliases are not e)108 403.2 R 1.22 (xpanded when the shell is not interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.72(,u) .15 G 1.22(nless the)-3.72 F F2(expand_aliases)3.72 E F0 1.22 (shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 415.2 Q F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 (\(see the description of)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 (SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E .435 (The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 432 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F2(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1(wa) -.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338 (one complete line of input before e)108 444 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338 (cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338 (he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337 (xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 456 S .904 (ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404 (cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904 (an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.162 (another command does not tak)108 468 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F 1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F .277 (alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 480 R .277 (fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha) 2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .699(are e)108 492 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F .699 (xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the function is\ e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .612 (because a function de\214nition is itself a command.)108 504 R .613 (As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not)5.612 F -.2 (av)108 516 S .059(ailable until after that function is e)-.05 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.558(cuted. T).15 F 2.558(ob)-.8 G 2.558(es)-2.558 G .058 (afe, al)-2.558 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .058 (ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and).1 F(do not use)108 528 Q F2(alias)2.5 E F0(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 544.8 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3 (FUNCTIONS)72 561.6 Q F0 3.467(As)108 573.6 S .967 (hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 585.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315 (mands associated with that function name is e)108 597.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316 (cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036 (shell; no ne)108 609.6 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036 (rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035 F .639(function is e)108 621.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F .639 (guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) -.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 633.6 R F2(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532 (Special parameter)5.532 F F2(0)3.032 E F0 .532(is unchanged.)3.032 F .532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F(ment of the)108 645.6 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E (AME)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E 1.25(All other aspects of the shell e)108 662.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25(cution en).15 F 1.25 (vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F 1.215(these e)108 674.4 R 1.215(xceptions: the)-.15 F F4(DEB)3.715 E(UG) -.09 E F0(and)3.465 E F2(RETURN)3.715 E F0 1.215 (traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F2(trap)3.714 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.714 G 1.214(iltin under).2 F F4(SHELL)3.714 E -.09(BU)108 686.4 S(IL) .09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479 (w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F2(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E .479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 698.4 R F4(declar) 2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) -.25 F F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 (shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu) 108 710.4 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F2 (DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F2(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 (traps\), and the)2.572 F F4(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322 F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 722.4 Q F2(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 (shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29) 148.175 E(29)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 30 30 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -1.11(Va)108 84 S .656(riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F/F1 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF(local)3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.155 G .655(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.655 E 3.155(,v)-.65 G .655(ariables and)-3.405 F(their v) 108 96 Q(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.) -.55 E(The)108 112.8 Q F1(FUNCNEST)3.528 E F0 -.25(va)3.528 G 1.028 (riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G (cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) -.15 E .044(If the b)108 141.6 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F1 -.18(re) 2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 (cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 153.6 R 1.011 (xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G 1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F1(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012 (trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 165.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .214(cution resumes.).15 F .213 (When a function completes, the v)5.214 F .213 (alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) 108 177.6 Q F1(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) -2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.358 (Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 194.4 R F1 3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F1(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.859 E F1(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)3.859 G 1.359(iltin com-).2 F 3.39(mands. The)108 206.4 R F13.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F1 (declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F1(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 (will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F .326(\214le and line number)108 218.4 R 2.826(,i)-.4 G 2.826(ft)-2.826 G (he)-2.826 E F1(extdeb)2.826 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326 (shell option is enabled\).)2.826 F .327(Functions may be e)5.327 F .327 (xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.298(automatically ha)108 230.4 R 1.598 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.298(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F13.798 E F0 1.298(option to the)3.798 F F1(export)3.797 E F0 -.2(bu)3.797 G 3.797 (iltin. A).2 F 1.297(function de\214nition may be)3.797 F .16 (deleted using the)108 242.4 R F12.66 E F0 .16(option to the)2.66 F F1(unset)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .161 (that shell functions and v)2.661 F .161(ariables with the same name) -.25 F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en) 108 254.4 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 266.4 Q (en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E .371 (Functions may be recursi)108 283.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he) -5.371 E F1(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 (riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F 1.141 (stack and restrict the number of function in)108 295.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 3.641(cations. By).2 F(def)3.641 E 1.141 (ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 307.2 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 324 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.297(The shell allo) 108 336 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297(xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.297(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F1(let)4.798 E F0(and)4.798 E F1(declar)108 348 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) 2.684 G .183(iltin commands, the).2 F F1(\(\()2.683 E F0 .183 (compound command, and)2.683 F F1 .183(Arithmetic Expansion)2.683 F F0 2.683(\). Ev)B .183(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 360 Q 1.057 (ed-width inte)-.15 F 1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057 (vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .829 (The operators and their precedence, associati)108 372 R(vity)-.25 E 3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829 (alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .828(The fol-)5.828 F (lo)108 384 Q .439(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .44(The le)5.44 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .44(ls are listed in order).15 F (of decreasing precedence.)108 396 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 412.8 Q F1(++)A F3(id)2.5 E F1A F0 -.25(va)144 424.8 S (riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F1(++)108 436.8 Q F3(id) A F12.5 E F3(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 448.8 S (riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F1 2.5108 460.8 S F0 (unary minus and plus)144 460.8 Q F1 2.5(!~)108 472.8 S F0 (logical and bitwise ne)144 472.8 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F1(**)108 484.8 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 484.8 S(ponentiation).15 E F1 2.5(*/%)108 496.8 S F0(multiplication, di)144 496.8 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F1 2.5<2bad> 108 508.8 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 508.8 Q F1(<< >>)108 520.8 Q F0 (left and right bitwise shifts)144 520.8 Q F1(<= >= < >)108 532.8 Q F0 (comparison)144 544.8 Q F1(== !=)108 556.8 Q F0(equality and inequality) 144 556.8 Q F1(&)108 568.8 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 568.8 Q F1(^)108 580.8 Q F0(bitwise e)144 580.8 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F1(|) 108 592.8 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 592.8 Q F1(&&)108 604.8 Q F0(logical AND) 144 604.8 Q F1(||)108 616.8 Q F0(logical OR)144 616.8 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 628.8 S(pr).2 E F1(?)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F1(:)A F3 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 (conditional operator)144 640.8 Q F1 2.5(=*)108 652.8 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G (<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 664.8 Q F3 -.2(ex)108 676.8 S (pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 688.8 Q .68 (Shell v)108 705.6 R .68(ariables are allo)-.25 F .68 (wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 (xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 717.6 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 F 1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 (ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) -.25 F -.15(ex)108 729.6 S 1.041(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.541(As)6.041 G 1.041(hell v)-3.541 F 1.041(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25 (va)-.25 G 1.04(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(30)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 31 31 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.466 (using the parameter e)108 84 R 1.466(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 (The v)6.466 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25 (va)-.25 G 1.467(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.39 (when it is referenced, or when a v)108 96 R 1.389 (ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.889(nt).15 G(he) -3.889 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inte)3.889 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0 (attrib)3.889 E 1.389(ute using)-.2 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)3.889 E 3.889(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.889 E F0(is)3.889 E .332(assigned a v)108 108 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v)2.832 F .332(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832(As)5.332 G .332(hell v)-2.832 F .332 (ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632 -.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F1(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.832 E .333(ute turned on)-.2 F (to be used in an e)108 120 Q(xpression.)-.15 E 1.406 (Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 136.8 R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.406(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F(xadecimal.) -.15 E .112(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 148.8 R 2.612(et)-.1 G .112 (he form [)-2.612 F F1(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F1(base) 2.612 E F0 .113(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .534 (representing the arithmetic base, and)108 160.8 R F1(n)3.034 E F0 .534 (is a number in that base.)3.034 F(If)5.533 E F1(base#)3.033 E F0 .533 (is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.033 F .512(When specifying)108 172.8 R F1(n)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 (he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-3.012 F .513 (wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .943 (@, and _, in that order)108 184.8 R 5.943(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.943 E F1(base) 3.443 E F0 .942(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.443 F .942 (wercase and uppercase letters may be used)-.25 F (interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 196.8 Q .234(Operators are e)108 213.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234 (luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234 (xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .235 (luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 225.6 S (rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 242.4 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256 (Conditional e)108 254.4 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[) 2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F2(test)2.755 E F0(and) 2.755 E F2([)2.755 E F0 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255(iltin commands to test).2 F .77(\214le attrib)108 266.4 R .77 (utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77 (Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E 1.041 (unary or binary primaries.)108 278.4 R 1.041(If an)6.041 F(y)-.15 E F1 (\214le)3.541 E F0(ar)3.541 E 1.04 (gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F1(/de)3.54 E (v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 3.54(,t)C 1.04(hen \214le)-3.54 F(descriptor)108 290.4 Q F1(n)3.788 E F0 1.289(is check)3.788 F 3.789(ed. If)-.1 F(the)3.789 E F1(\214le)3.789 E F0(ar)3.789 E 1.289 (gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F1(/de)3.789 E(v/stdin) -.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)3.789 E(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 3.789(,o)C(r)-3.789 E F1 (/de)108 302.4 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C (le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5 (,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .722 (Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) 108 319.2 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) -3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 331.2 Q 1.095(When used with)108 349.2 R F2([[)3.595 E F0 3.595(,t)C(he)-3.595 E F2(<)3.595 E F0(and)3.595 E F2(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) 3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.096 E F2(test)3.596 E F0(com-)3.596 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 361.2 Q F2108 385.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 385.2 S (ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 397.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 397.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F2108 409.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 409.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F2 108 421.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 421.2 S(ue if).35 E F1 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F2 108 433.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 433.2 S(ue if).35 E F1 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F2108 445.2 Q F1 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 445.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F2108 457.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 457.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F2108 469.2 Q F1 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 469.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.5 G(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 481.2 Q F1 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 481.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.5 G(ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G (it is set.)-2.5 E F2108 493.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 493.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).).15 E F2108 505.2 Q F1(\214le) 2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 505.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F2108 517.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 517.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F2108 529.2 Q F1(fd) 2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 529.2 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E F1(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F2108 541.2 Q F1 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 541.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F2108 553.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 553.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F2108 565.2 Q F1 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 565.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F2108 577.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 577.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F2108 589.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 589.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F2108 601.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 601.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F2 108 613.2 Q F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 613.2 S(ue if).35 E F1 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E (fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F2108 625.2 Q F1 (\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 625.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F1(\214le1)108 637.2 Q F2 (\255ef)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 649.2 S(ue if).35 E F1 (\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F1(\214le1)108 661.2 Q F02.5 E F2 (nt)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 673.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F1 (\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1 (\214le1)108 685.2 Q F02.5 E F2(ot)A F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 697.2 S(ue if).35 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F1(\214le2) 2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F1(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F1(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(31)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 32 32 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S .263(ue if the shell option).35 F F2(optname)2.992 E F0 .262 (is enabled.)2.942 F .262 (See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F1 2.762 E F0(option to the)144 108 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1108 120 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 132 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F1108 144 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 156 S(ue if the shell v).35 E (ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0(is set and is a name reference.) 2.68 E F1108 168 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 180 S (ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string) 108 192 Q F1108 204 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 216 S (ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.84 E F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2 (string1)108 232.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 244.8 Q F1 (=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 256.8 S .861 (ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F1(=)5.861 E F0 .861 (should be used with the)3.361 F F1(test)3.361 E F0 .862 (command for POSIX conformance.)3.362 F .447(When used with the)144 268.8 R F1([[)2.946 E F0 .446 (command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .746 -.15(ve \()-.15 H F1(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 280.8 Q F0(\).)A F2 (string1)108 297.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 309.6 S (ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 326.4 Q F1(<)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 338.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts before)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F2(string1)108 355.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 (Tr)144 367.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F2 (string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F2(ar)108.33 384 Q(g1)-.37 E F1(OP)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF (OP)144 396 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.634 F F1(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F1 (\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F1(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385 (.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F2 (ar)2.885 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\ s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 408 R F2(ar)144 420 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly) .15 E(.)-.65 E F2(Ar)6.01 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(g2)-.37 E F0(may be positi)2.52 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.5(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15 (eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 436.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .613(When a simple command is e)108 448.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 (cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614(wing e)-.25 F .614 (xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.) 108 460.8 Q(1.)108 477.6 Q 1.849(The w)144 477.6 R 1.849 (ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848 (ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F (name\) and redirections are sa)144 489.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G (or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 506.4 Q 1.163(The w)144 506.4 R 1.163(ords that are not v)-.1 F 1.164 (ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.664(xpanded. If)-.15 F(an)3.664 E 3.664(yw)-.15 G 1.164(ords remain)-3.764 F .776(after e)144 518.4 R .776(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .776(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 (en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F(ords)-.1 E (are the ar)144 530.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 547.2 Q (Redirections are performed as described abo)144 547.2 Q .3 -.15(ve u) -.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.) 108 564 Q .716(The te)144 564 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F1(=)3.217 E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 (goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 576 R .339 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 (efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 588 Q .332 (If no command name results, the v)108 604.8 R .332 (ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.833(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.833 E -.25(va)108 616.8 S .757 (riables are added to the en).25 F .757(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757 (fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.176(ronment. If)108 628.8 R(an)3.176 E 3.176(yo)-.15 G 3.176(ft)-3.176 G .677 (he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.176 F .677 (alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .677(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F (the command e)108 640.8 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15 (If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 657.6 R .149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649 (vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 669.6 Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 (If there is a command name left after e)108 686.4 R 1.064(xpansion, e) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F 4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108 698.4 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069 (xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068 (xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 710.4 R .466 (xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467 (If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 722.4 Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29) 148.175 E(32)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 33 33 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 84 Q F0 .547 (After a command has been split into w)108 96 R .546 (ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 108 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E(en.) -.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts \ to locate it.)108 124.8 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 (xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) 108 136.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G .246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E/F2 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.746 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .246 (If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F (tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 148.8 Q 2.5 (uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E (uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .309 (If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 165.6 R .31 (uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.81 E F0 .31(searches each element of)2.81 F(the)108 177.6 Q F2 -.666(PA) 3.163 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.913 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F4(Bash)5.662 E F0 .662(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.914 (the full pathnames of e)108 189.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915 (cutable \214les \(see).15 F F4(hash)4.415 E F0(under)4.415 E F2 1.915 (SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.915(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.165 E 4.415(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.415 E .72(search of the directories in)108 201.6 R F2 -.666(PA)3.22 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .719 (is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.97 F .719(If the)5.719 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ a de\214ned shell function named)108 213.6 R F4(command_not_f)3.456 E (ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 225.6 Q F0 5.278(.I)C 2.778(ft)-5.278 G .278 (hat function e)-2.778 F .278(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G 2.778(dw).1 G .277 (ith the original command and the original command')-2.778 F 2.777(sa) -.55 G -.18(rg)-2.777 G(uments).18 E .775(as its ar)108 237.6 R .775 (guments, and the function')-.18 F 3.275(se)-.55 G .775 (xit status becomes the e)-3.425 F .775(xit status of the shell.)-.15 F .776(If that function is not)5.776 F (de\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)108 249.6 Q(xit status of 127.)-.15 E 1.089(If the search is successful, or if th\ e command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 266.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.089(cutes the).15 F .197(named program in a separate e) 108 278.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .197(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .198 (n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 290.4 Q (guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 307.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809(cution f).15 F 1.809 (ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809 (cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 4.309(,i)-.65 G 4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E .677(assumed to be a)108 319.2 R/F5 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF .678(shell script)3.177 F F0 3.178(,a\214)C .678 (le containing shell commands.)-3.178 F 3.178(As)5.678 G .678 (ubshell is spa)-3.178 F .678(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678 (cute it.).15 F(This)5.678 E .33 (subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 331.2 R .33 (fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.829(ws)-.25 G .329(hell had been in)-2.829 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.829(dt).1 G 2.829(oh)-2.829 G .329 (andle the script, with)-2.829 F 1.219(the e)108 343.2 R 1.219 (xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see) -.15 F F4(hash)3.719 E F0(belo)3.719 E 3.719(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.719 E F2 (SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 355.2 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F3(\))A F0(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .348(If the program is a \214le be) 108 372 R .348(ginning with)-.15 F F4(#!)2.848 E F0 2.848(,t)C .347(he \ remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-) -2.848 F 3.178(gram. The)108 384 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating systems that do not\ handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable).15 E 1.193(format themselv) 108 396 R 3.693(es. The)-.15 F(ar)3.693 E 1.193 (guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F 1.192 (gument follo)-.18 F 1.192(wing the)-.25 F 1.13 (interpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 408 R 1.131(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F 1.131(wed by the)-.25 F(command ar)108 420 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G F1 (COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 436.8 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0(The shell has an) 108 448.8 Q F5 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 2.5(,w)C(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E<83>108 465.6 Q 1.406(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 465.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.405(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F4 (exec)3.905 E F0 -.2(bu)144 477.6 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 494.4 Q (the current w)144 494.4 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F4(cd)2.5 E F0(,)A F4(pushd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F4(popd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5 (ri)-2.5 G(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E <83>108 511.2 Q(the \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 511.2 Q F4 (umask)2.5 E F0(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent) -2.5 E<83>108 528 Q(current traps set by)144 528 Q F4(trap)2.5 E F0<83> 108 544.8 Q .256(shell parameters that are set by v)144 544.8 R .256 (ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F4(set)2.756 E F0 .257 (or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.757(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.757 E (in the en)144 556.8 Q(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 573.6 Q (shell functions de\214ned during e)144 573.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cution or inherited from the shell').15 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G (arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 590.4 Q (options enabled at in)144 590.4 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def) .2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F4(set) 2.5 E F0<83>108 607.2 Q(options enabled by)144 607.2 Q F4(shopt)2.5 E F0 <83>108 624 Q(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 624 Q F4(alias)2.5 E F0 <83>108 640.8 Q -.25(va)144 640.8 S (rious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v).25 E (alue of)-.25 E F4($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(PPID)2.5 E F0 .427(When a simple command other than a b)108 657.6 R .426(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .426 (cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.926(di).1 G 2.926(nas) -2.926 G(eparate)-2.926 E -.15(exe)108 669.6 S .133(cution en).15 F .133 (vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F .134(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .134(alues are inherited from)-.25 F (the shell.)108 681.6 Q<83>108 698.4 Q 1.056(the shell')144 698.4 R 3.556(so)-.55 G 1.056(pen \214les, plus an)-3.556 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G 1.056 (odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) -3.556 F(mand)144 710.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E (33)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 34 34 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E<83>108 84 Q (the current w)144 84 Q(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 100.8 Q (the \214le creation mode mask)144 100.8 Q<83>108 117.6 Q .856(shell v) 144 117.6 R .857(ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857(xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 (xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 129.6 Q(vironment) -.4 E<83>108 146.4 Q .307(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v) 144 146.4 R .306(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.806(sp)-.55 G .306(arent, and traps ignored)-2.806 F(by the shell are ignored)144 158.4 Q 2.5(Ac)108 175.2 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5 (di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E (fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E (vironment.)-.4 E .577(Command substitution, commands grouped with pare\ ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 192 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) .2 G 3.078(di).1 G(n)-3.078 E 2.745(as)108 204 S .245(ubshell en)-2.745 F .245(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .244 (vironment, e)-.4 F .244(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F .358(reset to the v)108 216 R .358 (alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .359(commands that are in)2.859 F -.2(vo) -.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .857(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 228 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.356 (vironment. Changes)-.4 F .856(made to the subshell en)3.356 F(viron-) -.4 E(ment cannot af)108 240 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15 (xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.376(Subshells spa)108 256.8 R 1.376(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 (cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F /F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.877 E F0 1.377(option from the parent) 3.877 F 2.5(shell. When)108 268.8 R(not in)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (posix)2.5 E F0(mode,)2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F1 2.5 E F0(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .405(If a command is follo)108 285.6 R .405(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.905 E F0 .404 (and job control is not acti)2.905 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.904(,t).15 G .404 (he def)-2.904 F .404(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .197 (is the empty \214le)108 297.6 R F2(/de)2.697 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.197 (.O)C .197(therwise, the in)-5.197 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.697(dc) .1 G .198(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell) -2.697 F(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 309.6 Q/F3 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(ENVIR)72 326.4 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.354 (When a program is in)108 338.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G 4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg)-4.853 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na) .25 G 4.853(na)-4.853 G 2.353(rray of strings called the)-4.853 F F2(en) 4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.353 (his is a list of)-7.353 F F2(name)108 350.4 Q F0A F2(value)A F0 (pairs, of the form)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F2(value)A F0(.).18 E 1.485(The shell pro)108 367.2 R 1.485(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.485(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 3.985 (vironment. On)-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.486 (cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 379.2 Q .144(viron\ ment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking\ it for)-.4 F F2 -.2(ex)2.643 G(port).2 E F0 .143(to child pro-)3.323 F 2.703(cesses. Ex)108 391.2 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F 2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar) 2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.704 (wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.704 E 1.153 (eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 403.2 R 3.653(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.153 (alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 415.2 Q .64 (vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.14(wv)-.25 G .64 (alue becomes part of the en)-3.39 F .64(vironment, replacing the old.) -.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 427.2 R 3.08(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.23 G .58 (cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58 (nitial en)-3.08 F .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .58(alues may be)-.25 F .3(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 439.2 R 2.8(yp)-.15 G .3 (airs remo)-2.8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(db).15 G 2.801(yt)-2.8 G(he)-2.801 E F1(unset)2.801 E F0 .301(command, plus an)2.801 F 2.801(ya)-.15 G .301 (dditions via the)-2.801 F F1(export)2.801 E F0(and)2.801 E F1(declar) 108 451.2 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .563(The en)108 468 R .563(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F2 .563(simple command)3.403 F F0 .562 (or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F .202(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 480 R .502 -.15(ve i) -.15 H(n).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F .203(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 492 Q(vironment seen by that command.) -.4 E .81(If the)108 508.8 R F13.31 E F0 .81 (option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81 (iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.64 E F0 .81 (parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 520.8 Q (vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.) -.4 E(When)108 537.6 Q F1(bash)3.585 E F0(in)3.585 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G 3.585(sa).1 G 3.585(ne)-3.585 G 1.085(xternal command, the v) -3.735 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.585 E F0 1.086 (is set to the full \214lename of the command and)3.586 F (passed to that command in its en)108 549.6 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F3 (EXIT ST)72 566.4 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .151(The e)108 578.4 R .151(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .151 (cuted command is the v).15 F .15(alue returned by the)-.25 F F2 (waitpid)2.65 E F0 .15(system call or equi)2.65 F -.25(va)-.25 G .15 (lent func-).25 F 2.847(tion. Exit)108 590.4 R .347(statuses f)2.847 F .347(all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F 1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .348(alues abo)-.25 F .648 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 602.4 Q 5.507(.E)-.65 G .507(xit statuses from shell b)-5.507 F .507 (uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range.)-.2 F (Under)5.506 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 614.4 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15 (Fo)108 631.2 S 3.372(rt).15 G .872(he shell')-3.372 F 3.372(sp)-.55 G .873(urposes, a command which e)-3.372 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873(xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .873(An e)5.873 F .873 (xit status of)-.15 F .049(zero indicates success.)108 643.2 R 2.549(An) 5.049 G .049(on-zero e)-2.549 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 (ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .048(ommand terminates on a f) -2.549 F .048(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 655.2 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F1(bash) 2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E (xit status.)-.15 E .404 (If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 672 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .405 (If a command is)5.405 F(found b)108 684 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) -.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 700.8 Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E (xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.) -.15 E .081(Shell b)108 717.6 R .081 (uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C 2.581(fs)-2.581 G .08(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F2(false)A F0 2.58(\)i)C 2.58(fa)-2.58 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G .08(rror occurs while)-2.58 F (the)108 729.6 Q 2.967(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.117 G 2.967(cute. All).15 F -.2(bu)2.967 G .467(iltins return an e).2 F .468 (xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in)-.15 F -.25 (va)-.4 G .468(lid options or).25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29) 148.175 E(34)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 35 35 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(missing ar)108 84 Q(guments.)-.18 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash)108 100.8 Q F0 .202 (itself returns the e)2.702 F .202(xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .201 (cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 112.8 Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F1 (exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGN)72 129.6 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 141.6 Q F1 (bash)3.182 E F0 .682(is interacti)3.182 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.182(,i).15 G 3.182(nt)-3.182 G .682(he absence of an)-3.182 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683 (raps, it ignores)-3.183 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .683 (\(so that)2.933 F F1 .683(kill 0)3.183 F F0 .683(does not kill an)3.183 F(interacti)108 153.6 Q .758 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .458(hell\), and).15 F F3 (SIGINT)2.958 E F0 .458(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.708 F F1 (wait)2.958 E F0 -.2(bu)2.958 G .457(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .457 (In all cases,)5.457 F F1(bash)108 165.6 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F3(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If job control is in ef)4.5 E (fect,)-.25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 E F3(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F4(,)A F3 (SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F4(.)A F0 (Non-b)108 182.4 Q 1.064(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F1(bash)3.564 E F0 (ha)3.564 E 1.365 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.065(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.248(parent. When) 108 194.4 R .748(job control is not in ef)3.248 F .747 (fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F3(SIGINT)3.247 E F0(and) 2.997 E F3(SIGQ)3.247 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .747(in addi-)2.997 F .652 (tion to these inherited handlers.)108 206.4 R .653 (Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.652 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 218.4 Q F3 (SIGTTIN)2.5 E F4(,)A F3(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3 (SIGTSTP)2.5 E F4(.)A F0 2.046(The shell e)108 235.2 R 2.046 (xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F3(SIGHUP)4.545 E F4(.)A F0 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.345 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.045(hell resends the).15 F F3(SIGHUP)108 247.2 Q F0 1.004(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.254 F 1.004 (Stopped jobs are sent)6.004 F F3(SIGCONT)3.505 E F0 1.005 (to ensure that the)3.255 F 3.505(yr)-.15 G(ecei)-3.505 E 1.305 -.15 (ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F3(SIGHUP)108 259.2 Q F4(.)A F0 2.53 -.8(To p)5.43 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell from sending the signal to a \ particular job, it should be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.429(df).15 G .929(rom the)-3.429 F 1.356(jobs table with the)108 271.2 R F1(diso) 3.856 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.856 G 1.356(iltin \(see).2 F F3 1.356 (SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.607 E 1.357(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.357(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F3 (SIGHUP)108 283.2 Q F0(using)2.25 E F1(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A .166(If the)108 300 R F1(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166 (shell option has been set with)2.666 F F1(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(bash) 2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F3(SIGHUP)2.666 E F0 .166 (to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(login shell e)108 312 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 328.8 Q F1(bash)3.046 E F0 .546(is w)3.046 F .546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046(sas).15 G .546(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap) -3.046 F .663(will not be e)108 340.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .663 (cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F1(bash)3.163 E F0 .662(is w)3.163 F .662(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99 (via the)108 352.8 R F1(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\ eption of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F1 (wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin to).2 F (return immediately with an e)108 364.8 Q (xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F2(JOB CONTR)72 381.6 Q(OL)-.329 E/F5 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 393.6 S 4.568(bc).25 G(ontr)-4.568 E(ol) -.45 E F0 2.068(refers to the ability to selecti)5.078 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067(ly stop \().15 F F5(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t)C 2.067(he e)-4.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.067(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 405.6 Q F5 -.37(re)C(sume).37 E F0 3.201(\)t)C .701(heir e)-3.201 F -.15(xe) -.15 G .702(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 (ser typically emplo)-3.202 F .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702 (acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.002 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace) -.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 417.6 Q(ernel')-.1 E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .785(The shell associates a)108 434.4 R F5(job) 5.025 E F0 .785(with each pipeline.)3.515 F .784(It k)5.785 F .784 (eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .784 (cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .34(listed with the)108 446.4 R F1 (jobs)2.84 E F0 2.84(command. When)2.84 F F1(bash)2.84 E F0 .341 (starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.84 F F5(bac)2.841 E(kgr)-.2 E (ound)-.45 E F0 .341(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 458.4 Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 475.2 Q .241(indicating that this job is job n\ umber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline ass\ ociated)108 492 R .732(with this job is 25647.)108 504 R .733 (All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) 5.732 F(.)-.4 E F1(Bash)5.733 E F0(uses)3.233 E(the)108 516 Q F5(job) 4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.063 -.8 (To f)108 532.8 T 1.463(acilitate the implementation of the user interf) .7 F 1.462(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F .87(notion of a)108 544.8 R F5(curr)3.37 E .87(ent terminal pr)-.37 F .871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .871 (embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F .023 (group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 556.8 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 (board-generated signals such as).15 F F3(SIG-)2.522 E(INT)108 568.8 Q F4(.)A F0 1.346(These processes are said to be in the)5.846 F F5(for) 3.847 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F5(Bac)6.927 E (kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 1.347(processes are those whose process)4.617 F .146(group ID dif)108 580.8 R .146(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 (s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .145 (board-generated signals.).15 F .145(Only fore-)5.145 F .16 (ground processes are allo)108 592.8 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F 2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6 10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) -2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.052(minal. Background)108 604.8 R .551 (processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.052 F F6 .551 (stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .551(is in ef)3.051 F .551(fect\) the)-.25 F .717(terminal are sent a)108 616.8 R F3 .717(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.217 F (OU\))-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.967 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.218(st)-.55 G .718(erminal dri)-3.218 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.518 -.4(r, w).15 H .718 (hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 628.8 Q 1.088 (If the operating system on which)108 645.6 R F1(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088 (is running supports job control,)3.588 F F1(bash)3.587 E F0 1.087 (contains f)3.587 F 1.087(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 657.6 S .301(ping the).8 F F5(suspend)3.141 E F0 .301(character \(typically) 3.571 F F1(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 (ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801 F 2.143(stopped and returns control to)108 669.6 R F1(bash)4.642 E F0 7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F5 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 2.142(character \(typically)5.412 F F1(^Y)4.642 E F0 4.642(,C)C (ontrol-Y\))-4.642 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 681.6 R(to)108 693.6 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 (he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F F1(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .894 (background, the)108 705.6 R F1(fg)3.394 E F0 .895 (command to continue it in the fore)3.394 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F F1(kill)3.395 E F0 .895(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.895 E F1(^Z) 3.395 E F0(tak)3.395 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 717.6 Q .949(fect immediately) -.25 F 3.449(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.449 F .948 (fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.) 108 729.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(35)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 36 36 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .777 (There are a number of w)108 84 R .777 (ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation) 3.277 F(\()108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)A F0 3.458(\). Job)B (number)3.458 E F2(n)3.818 E F0 .957(may be referred to as)3.697 F F1 (%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 (job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\ ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) 108 108 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F1(%ce)3.09 E F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 120 Q F1(ce)3.464 E F0(job)3.464 E 5.964(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.964 G .963 (re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F1(bash)3.463 E F0 .963 (reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F1(%?ce)3.463 E F0 3.463(,o)C 3.463(nt)-3.463 G .963(he other)-3.463 F .086 (hand, refers to an)108 132 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087 (ob containing the string)-2.587 F F1(ce)2.587 E F0 .087 (in its command line.)2.587 F .087 (If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 144 Q F1(bash) 2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018 (he symbols)-5.018 F F1(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F1(%+)2.518 E F0 .018 (refer to the shell')2.518 F 2.518(sn)-.55 G .018(otion of the)-2.518 F F2(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is) -2.518 F .494(the last job stopped while it w)108 156 R .495 (as in the fore)-.1 F .495(ground or started in the background.)-.15 F (The)5.495 E F2(pr)4.245 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .495(ious job).15 F F0 .495 (may be)3.225 F .788(referenced using)108 168 R F1<25ad>3.288 E F0 5.788 (.I)C 3.288(ft)-5.788 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.288 F F1(%+) 3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F1<25ad>3.287 E F0 .787 (can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.787(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.787 E .256(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 180 R F1 (jobs)2.756 E F0 .256(command\), the current job is al)2.756 F -.1(wa) -.1 G .257(ys \215agged with a).1 F F1(+)2.757 E F0(,)A .411 (and the pre)108 192 R .411(vious job with a)-.25 F F12.911 E F0 5.411(.A)C .411(single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .41 (ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to the cur)-.15 F(-)-.2 E (rent job)108 204 Q(.)-.4 E .443 (Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 220.8 R (ground:)-.15 E F1(%1)2.944 E F0 .444(is a synon)2.944 F .444(ym for) -.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.944 G .444(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.944(,b)C (ringing)-2.944 E 1.473(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 232.8 R 3.973(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.972 G 1.472 (%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.472(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.972 F (equi)108 244.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') .63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .13(The shell learns immediately whene)108 261.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.63(raj).15 G .13(ob changes state.)-2.63 F(Normally) 5.131 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.631 G .131 (its until it is about to print a).1 F .158 (prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 273.6 R 2.658(ss)-.55 G .158(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.658 F 2.657(yo)-.15 G .157 (ther output.)-2.657 F .157(If the)5.157 F F12.657 E F0 .157 (option to)2.657 F(the)108 285.6 Q F1(set)2.647 E F0 -.2(bu)2.647 G .147 (iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)2.647 E F0 .148 (reports such changes immediately)2.648 F 5.148(.A)-.65 G .448 -.15 (ny t)-5.148 H .148(rap on).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCHLD)2.648 E F0 .148(is e)2.398 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108 297.6 Q(xits.)-.15 E .033(If an attempt to e)108 314.4 R(xit)-.15 E F1 (bash)2.533 E F0 .033(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.533 F 2.532 (,i)-.4 G 2.532(ft)-2.532 G(he)-2.532 E F1(checkjobs)2.532 E F0 .032 (shell option has been enabled)2.532 F 2.019(using the)108 326.4 R F1 (shopt)4.519 E F0 -.2(bu)4.519 G 2.019 (iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.02 (arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)4.52 E F0 2.02 (option is)4.52 F .459(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108 338.4 R(The)5.459 E F1(jobs)2.959 E F0 .458 (command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .458(If a) 5.458 F .603(second attempt to e)108 350.4 R .604 (xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604 (ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E (and an)108 362.4 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 379.2 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .645(When e)108 391.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .645(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.145 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F F3(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .314 (and the secondary prompt)108 403.2 R F3(PS2)2.814 E F0 .315 (when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.564 F F1(Bash)5.315 E F0(displays)2.815 E F1(PS0)2.815 E F0(after)2.815 E .05 (it reads a command b)108 415.2 R .05(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .05(cuting it.).15 F F1(Bash)5.049 E F0(allo)2.549 E .049 (ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting)-.25 F 2.5(an)108 427.2 S(umber of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded \ as follo)-2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 439.2 Q F0 (an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 439.2 Q F1(\\d)144 451.2 Q F0 (the date in "W)180 451.2 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E (ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 463.2 Q F2(format)A F1(})A F0(the)180 475.2 Q F2(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to)3.926 F F2(strftime) 3.926 E F0 1.427 (\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180 487.2 Q F2(format)2.5 E F0 (results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E (The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 499.2 Q F0 (an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 499.2 Q F1(\\h)144 511.2 Q F0 (the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 511.2 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 523.2 Q F0(the hostname)180 523.2 Q F1(\\j)144 535.2 Q F0 (the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 535.2 Q F1(\\l) 144 547.2 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 547.2 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G (erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 559.2 Q F0(ne)180 559.2 Q (wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 571.2 Q F0(carriage return)180 571.2 Q F1(\\s) 144 583.2 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 583.2 Q F1($0) 2.5 E F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1 (\\t)144 595.2 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 595.2 Q F1(\\T)144 607.2 Q F0 (the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 607.2 Q F1(\\@)144 619.2 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 619.2 Q F1(\\A) 144 631.2 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 631.2 Q F1 (\\u)144 643.2 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 643.2 Q F1(\\v) 144 655.2 Q F0(the v)180 655.2 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 667.2 Q F0(the release of)180 667.2 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 679.2 Q F0 .116 (the current w)180 679.2 R .116(orking directory)-.1 F 2.616(,w)-.65 G (ith)-2.616 E F3($HOME)2.616 E F0(abbre)2.366 E .115 (viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .115(alue of the)-.25 F F3(PR) 180 691.2 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E F1(\\W)144 703.2 Q F0(the basename of the current w)180 703.2 Q (orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F3($HOME)2.5 E F0 (abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 715.2 Q F0 (the history number of this command)180 715.2 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2016 May 29)148.175 E(36)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 37 37 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\#)144 84 Q F0(the command number of this command)180 84 Q F1(\\$) 144 96 Q F0(if the ef)180 96 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H (ID is 0, a).15 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E (\\)144 108 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 (the character corresponding to the octal number)180 108 Q F2(nnn)2.5 E F1(\\\\)144 120 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 120 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 132 Q F0(be)180 132 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \ could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F (control sequence into the prompt)180 144 Q F1(\\])144 156 Q F0 (end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 156 Q .12 (The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 172.8 R .119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positi\ on in the history list, which may include commands restored from the hi\ story \214le \(see)108 184.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)4.085 E(OR) -.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)108 196.8 Q .541(w\), while the command numbe\ r is the position in the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .54(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 208.8 R .546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546 (xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F .352(tion, arithmetic e)108 220.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1 (pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .351(shell option \(see the)2.852 F(description of the)108 232.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) -.25 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 249.6 Q F0 .15 (This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) 108 261.6 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F F1 (\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E 1.209(is gi)108 273.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.709(na).15 G 3.709(ts)-3.709 G 1.209(hell in)-3.709 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 3.709(cation. Line).2 F 1.208 (editing is also used when using the)3.709 F F13.708 E F0 1.208 (option to the)3.708 F F1 -.18(re)3.708 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.708 G 3.708(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 285.6 Q .851 (ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.)-.1 F 3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .852 (ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 297.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 (editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) -3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 .85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E (\(see)108 309.6 Q F3 .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E .762(TIN COMMANDS) -.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) -3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 (ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.263 E (emacs)108 321.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 (set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 338.4 Q F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k) 108 350.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) 2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F2 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 362.4 R(Similarly)6.152 E(,) -.65 E F2(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) -.05 F F2 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653(oM)-3.653 G 1.153 (\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke)108 374.4 S .831 (yboards without a)-.05 F F2(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke)3.591 G 2.131 -.65 (y, M)-.05 H.65 E F2(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F F2(x)3.331 E F0 3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .83 (hen the).15 F F2(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65(y. T)-.05 H .83 (his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 386.4 R F2 .599(meta pr)3.099 F (e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F2 (x)A F0 .599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F2(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099 (rp)-3.099 G .6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6 (hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 398.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H (hile pressing the).15 E F2(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) .65 E .62(Readline commands may be gi)108 415.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119 (nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F2(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G .619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.619 E (ho)108 427.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti) .4 G 3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 (gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) .15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 (ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 439.2 R 1.018 (ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C 1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018 (ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 451.2 Q (vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) -.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 468 R F2 (killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 (xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812 (or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F2 (yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 480 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F2 .029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H .029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) -.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 492 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 (Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 (xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) 108 504 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 520.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 532.8 R F2(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091 (name of this \214le)2.591 F .196(is tak)108 544.8 R .196(en from the v) -.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F3(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G 2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196 (ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F2(~/.inputr)2.696 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .197(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\ es the readline library starts up, the initialization \214le is read, a\ nd the k)108 556.8 R 1.334 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.034(indings and).15 F -.25 (va)108 568.8 S 1.149(riables are set.).25 F 1.149(There are only a fe) 6.149 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.15 (wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.15 E .737 (lines are ignored.)108 580.8 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737 (ginning with a)-.15 F F1(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737 (Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .736 (indicate conditional)3.236 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 592.8 R (lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E (ariable settings.)-.25 E .986(The def)108 609.6 R .986(ault k)-.1 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F2(inputr) 3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987 (programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 621.6 Q (wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 638.4 S 2.5(re).15 G (xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 655.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 667.2 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 679.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 691.2 Q F2(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G (\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F2 (univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.261(The follo) 108 708 R 1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F2 -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F2(ESC) 3.761 E F0(,).72 E F2(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F2(NEWLINE)3.76 E F0(,).73 E F2(RET)3.76 E F0(,)1.27 E F2(RETURN)108 720 Q F0(,)1.1 E F2(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F2(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F2 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(37)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 38 38 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .209 (In addition to command names, readline allo)108 84 R .209(ws k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209 (ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i) -.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(macr)2.5 E(o) -.45 E F0(\).)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline K)87 112.8 Q(ey Bindings) -.25 E F0 .366(The syntax for controlling k)108 124.8 R .666 -.15(ey b) -.1 H .366(indings in the).15 F F1(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366 (\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the) 5.366 F .263(command or the te)108 136.8 R .264(xt of a macro and a k) -.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264(equence to which it should be bound.) .15 F .264(The name may be speci-)5.264 F .853(\214ed in one of tw)108 148.8 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15 (ey n)-.1 H .853(ame, possibly with).15 F F1(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or) 3.353 E F1(Contr)3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853 (es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 160.8 Q .16 (When using the form)108 177.6 R F2 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F1 (function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.66 E F1(macr)2.66 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname)-.2 E F0 .161(is the name of a k)2.84 F .461 -.15 (ey s)-.1 H .161(pelled out in Eng-).15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 189.6 R(or e) -.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni)144 213.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G (rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 225.6 Q (ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E(Control-o: "> output")144 237.6 Q .699 (In the abo)108 254.4 R .998 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F1(C\255u) 3.038 E F0 .698(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve) -.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 (is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 266.4 Q F2 (backward\255kill\255w)2.758 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.758(,a)C(nd)-2.758 E F1 (C\255o)2.598 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.938 F .259 (xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 278.4 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 (into the line\).)2.5 E .056(In the second form,)108 295.2 R F2("k)2.556 E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.556 E F1(macr) 2.556 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.555 E .055 (fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.555 E .355 -.15 (ve i)-.15 H 2.555(nt).15 G .055(hat strings)-2.555 F 1.284 (denoting an entire k)108 307.2 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F (Some)6.284 E .386(GNU Emacs style k)108 319.2 R .686 -.15(ey e)-.1 H .385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .385 (xample, b)-.15 F .385(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F (are not recognized.)108 331.2 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 355.2 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E ("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 367.2 Q ("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 379.2 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .314 (In this e)108 396 R(xample,)-.15 E F1(C\255u)2.654 E F0 .314(is ag) 3.064 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F2(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 .315(is bound to the func-)3.545 F(tion)108 408 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G .18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1(ESC [ 1 1 ~) 3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3(Function Key 1) 2.5 E F0(.)A(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 424.8 Q F2<5c43ad>144 436.8 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 436.8 Q F2<5c4dad> 144 448.8 Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 448.8 Q F2(\\e)144 460.8 Q F0 (an escape character)180 460.8 Q F2(\\\\)144 472.8 Q F0(backslash)180 472.8 Q F2(\\")144 484.8 Q F0(literal ")180 484.8 Q F2<5c08>144 496.8 Q F0(literal \010)180 496.8 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape s\ equences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 513.6 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 525.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 525.6 Q F2(\\b) 144 537.6 Q F0(backspace)180 537.6 Q F2(\\d)144 549.6 Q F0(delete)180 549.6 Q F2(\\f)144 561.6 Q F0(form feed)180 561.6 Q F2(\\n)144 573.6 Q F0(ne)180 573.6 Q(wline)-.25 E F2(\\r)144 585.6 Q F0(carriage return)180 585.6 Q F2(\\t)144 597.6 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 597.6 Q F2(\\v)144 609.6 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 609.6 S(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\)144 621.6 Q F1 (nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 621.6 Q (alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0 (\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)144 633.6 Q F1(HH)A F0 (the eight-bit character whose v)180 633.6 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E (xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) -.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.142(When entering the te)108 650.4 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to in\ dicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .089(Unquoted te)108 662.4 R .089 (xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F .09(In the macro body)5.089 F 2.59(,t)-.65 G .09(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.59 F -.15(ve) -.15 G(are e)108 674.4 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E (xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E F2(Bash)108 691.2 Q F0(allo)2.93 E .43 (ws the current readline k)-.25 F .73 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 (indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F2(bind)2.929 E F0 -.2(bu)2.929 G .429(iltin command.).2 F .045 (The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 703.2 R .345 -.15 (ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F22.546 E F0 .046 (option to the)2.546 F F2(set)2.546 E F0 -.2(bu)2.546 G .046 (iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 715.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(38)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 39 39 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline V)87 84 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .044(Readline has v)108 96 R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F (vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 (riable may be set in the).25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inpu-)2.553 E (tr)108 108 Q(c)-.37 E F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1 (set)144 124.8 Q F2(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79 (Except where noted, readline v)108 141.6 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues)-.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1 (Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).) .05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .449(nized v)108 153.6 R .448 (ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v) -.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448 (alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 165.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .467 (\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On) 2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .468 (he v)-5.468 F .468(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 177.6 S(lues are:).25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 194.4 Q F0 .011 (Controls what happens when readline w)144 206.4 R .011 (ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .01(If set to)5.01 F F1(none)2.51 E F0 2.51(,r)C .01(eadline ne)-2.51 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94 (rings the bell.)144 218.4 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va) -.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A (readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 230.4 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.) -2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 242.4 Q F0 .056 (If set to)144 254.4 R F1(On)2.556 E F0 2.556(,r)C .056(eadline attempt\ s to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.556 F (ernel')-.1 E 2.555(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.555 E(nal dri)144 266.4 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va) -.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 278.4 Q(en \(Off\)) -.18 E F0 .21(If set to)144 290.4 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21 (eadline attempts to brie\215y mo)-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21 (he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F (parenthesis is inserted.)144 302.4 Q F1(color)108 314.4 Q (ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to) 144 326.4 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, r\ eadline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F 2.935(completions using a dif)144 338.4 R 2.935(ferent color)-.25 F 7.936(.T)-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.936 (en from the v)-.1 F 2.936(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 350.4 Q F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(color)108 362.4 Q (ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.58(If set to)144 374.4 R F1(On)4.08 E F0 4.08(,r)C 1.579(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.08 F 1.579(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 386.4 R(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E (alue of the)-.25 E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E (ariable.)-.25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 398.4 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .884(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 410.4 R F1 (insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .885(command is e)3.385 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.385(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.385 E(mand is bound to)144 422.4 Q F1 (M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 (in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255display\255width \(-1\))108 434.4 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possible \ matches when performing completion.)144 446.4 R .193(The v)144 458.4 R .193(alue is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal \ screen width.)-.25 F 2.694(Av)5.194 G .194(alue of 0 will)-2.944 F (cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 470.4 Q(The def)5 E (ault v)-.1 E(alue is -1.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 482.4 Q (e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 494.4 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5 (,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255\ insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1 (completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 506.4 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 518.4 R F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor) 2.593 E(e\255case)-.18 E F0 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F .093(yphens \()-.05 F F2A F0 2.593(\)a)C .093(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 530.4 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G(qui)-2.5 E -.25(va) -.25 G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E .3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 H(lename matching and completion.).15 E F1(completion\255pr)108 542.4 Q (e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length in charact\ ers of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions that is di\ splayed)144 554.4 R 1.275(without modi\214cation.)144 566.4 R 1.275 (When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x) -.25 F 1.274(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 578.4 S(lue are rep\ laced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1 (completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 590.4 Q F0 .529 (This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 602.4 R .53 (wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the) 144 614.4 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It) 3.061 F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56 (ger v)-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 626.4 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or e\ qual to the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 638.4 S .237 (riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie) -.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G .237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 650.4 Q F1(con)108 662.4 Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 674.4 R F1(On)3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541 (stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) 144 686.4 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 698.4 Q F0 2.5(\). The)B(def)2.5 E(ault is)-.1 E F2 (On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut readline will set it to)-2.7 E F2(Of)2.5 E(f) -.18 E F0(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)2.5 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(39)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 40 40 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 84 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 96 R F1 (On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 (ord completion.)-.1 F .038 (Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) 144 108 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 (.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 120 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.211 (When set to)144 132 R F1(On)3.711 E F0 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711 G 1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.711 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.21 (upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F (corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 144 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G (board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 156 Q F0 .141 (Controls whether readline be)144 168 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F .441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Emacs)2.642 E F0(or)2.642 E F2(vi)2.642 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode) 5.142 E F0(can be set to either)144 180 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 (vi)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(enable\255brack)108 192 Q(eted\255paste \(Off\))-.1 E F0 1.222(When set to)144 204 R F1(On)3.721 E F0 3.721(,r)C 1.221 (eadline will con\214gure the terminal in a w)-3.721 F 1.221 (ay that will enable it to insert each)-.1 F .353 (paste into the editing b)144 216 R(uf)-.2 E .353(fer as a single strin\ g of characters, instead of treating each character as if)-.25 F .544 (it had been read from the k)144 228 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.043(board. This) .15 F .543(can pre)3.043 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .543 (nt pasted characters from being interpreted as).15 F(editing commands.) 144 240 Q F1(enable\255k)108 252 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892 (When set to)144 264 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 (eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F (tems need this to enable the arro)144 276 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 288 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 (When set to)144 300 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 (eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 (eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 (he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 312 Q (On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1 (expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 324 Q F0(If set to)144 336 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) -.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 348 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 (ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.338(If set to)144 360 R F1(On) 3.838 E F0 3.838(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \ the same location on each history line)-3.838 F(retrie)144 372 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G (ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 (history\255size \(unset\))108 384 Q F0 .949 (Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 396 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.)-3.448 F .948 (If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.448(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.598 E .482 (history entries are deleted and no ne)144 408 R 2.982(we)-.25 G .483 (ntries are sa)-2.982 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .483(set to a v) 2.983 F .483(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .278 (ber of history entries is not limited.)144 420 R .277(By def)5.278 F .277(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .277 (alue of)-.25 F(the)144 432 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.41 E F0 .91(shell v)3.41 F 3.41(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.41 F F2 (history\255size)3.411 E F0 .911(to a non-numeric v)3.411 F(alue,)-.25 E (the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 444 Q F1 (horizontal\255scr)108 456 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449 (When set to)144 468 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448 (es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448 (crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ ne)144 480 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 492 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 504 Q F0 1.062(If set to)144 516 R F1(On)3.562 E F0 3.562(,r)C 1.061(eadlin\ e will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the eighth b\ it from the)-3.562 F .335(characters it reads\), re)144 528 R -.05(ga) -.15 G .335(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F .336(The name)5.336 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.836 E F0(is)2.836 E 2.865(as) 144 540 S(ynon)-2.865 E .365(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The) -.25 F(def)2.864 E .364(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)2.864 E(f)-.18 E F0 2.864 (,b)C .364(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .364 (if the locale contains)2.864 F(eight-bit characters.)144 552 Q F1 (isear)108 564 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) -.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that should terminate an increm\ ental search without subsequently e)144 576 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E .935(ing the character as a command.)144 588 R .935(If this v)5.935 F .935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934 (alue, the characters)-3.684 F F2(ESC)3.434 E F0(and)144 600 Q F2 (C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke) 108 612 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02(Set the current readline k)144 624 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 (alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.021 (emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E .069 (emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 636 R F0 2.568(,a)C (nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068 (is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) 2.568 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.568 E F0 1.543(is equi)144 648 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.543(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C 1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) 4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1 (editing\255mode)4.044 E F0(also)4.044 E(af)144 660 Q(fects the def)-.25 E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 (emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 672 Q F0 .051(This string is display\ ed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs ed\ iting)144 684 R .292(mode is acti)144 696 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.292(.T).15 G .292(he v)-5.292 F .293(alue is e)-.25 F .293(xpanded lik)-.15 F 2.793 (eak)-.1 G .593 -.15(ey b)-2.893 H .293 (inding, so the standard set of meta- and control).15 F(pre\214x)144 708 Q .602(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.101 (ilable. Use).25 F .601(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)3.101 F .601 (gin and end)-.15 F .019(sequences of non-printing characters, which ca\ n be used to embed a terminal control sequence into)144 720 R (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(40)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 41 41 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the mode string.) 144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.1(ke)108 96 S(yseq\255timeout \(500\)) .1 E F0 .368(Speci\214es the duration)144 108 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 (ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .667 -.15(ey s) -.1 H(equence).15 E 1.356(\(one that can form a complete k)144 120 R 1.656 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.356(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar) -.1 E 3.856(,o)-.4 G 3.856(rc)-3.856 G 1.356(an tak)-3.856 F 3.856(ea) -.1 G(dditional)-3.856 E .32(input to complete a longer k)144 132 R .62 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.82(equence\). If).15 F .32(no input is recei)2.82 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(dw).15 G .32(ithin the timeout,)-2.82 F F2 -.37(re) 2.82 G(adline).37 E F0(will)2.82 E .906(use the shorter b)144 144 R .907 (ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407(equence. The).15 F -.25 (va)3.407 G .907(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .907 (alue of)-.25 F .05(1000 means that)144 156 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline) .37 E F0 .05(will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F .05(If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051 (less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 168 R(alue,)-.25 E F2 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051 (ait until another k)-.1 F .352 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.552(sp).15 G(ressed) -2.552 E(to decide which k)144 180 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H (equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 192 Q(ectories \(On\)) -.18 E F0(If set to)144 204 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C (ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) .15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 216 Q F0(If set to)144 228 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) -.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1 (*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 240 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E (ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 252 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 2.675(,c)C .175 (ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 264 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1 (match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 276 Q F0 .192(This v)144 288 R .192(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.692 E F0 2.692(,c)C .192 (auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.692 F .193 (gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.693('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.693 E .457 (\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 300 R .456 (If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) -2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .456(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F (user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 312 Q F1 (menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 324 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.585(If set to)144 336 R F1(On)4.085 E F0 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) -4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 348 Q (ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 360 Q F0 .507(If set to)144 372 R F1(On)3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will \ display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\ ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 384 Q .884(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 (The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)3.384 E(f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C .884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F2(On)3.384 E F0 .885 (if the locale contains)3.384 F(eight-bit characters.)144 396 Q F1 (page\255completions \(On\))108 408 Q F0 .809(If set to)144 420 R F1(On) 3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor) 3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 (ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F (tions at a time.)144 432 Q F1 (print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 444 Q F0 1.318 (If set to)144 456 R F1(On)3.818 E F0 3.818(,r)C 1.319(eadline will dis\ play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.818 F(order)144 468 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 480 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E F0 .699(If set to)144 492 R F1(On)3.199 E F0 3.199(,r)C .699 (eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) -3.199 F F1(accept\255line)3.198 E F0(is)3.198 E -.15(exe)144 504 S 2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 (ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 (vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 516 S(adline) .18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 528 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .304(This alters the def)144 540 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304 (vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On) 2.804 E F0 2.803(,w)C .303(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H (ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\ isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 552 R(bell.)144 564 Q F1 (sho)108 576 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.346 (This alters the def)144 588 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 (vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to) -.1 F F1(sho)144 600 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.69(.I)C 4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 (ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 (ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 612 R 3.54 (yp)-.15 G 1.039 (ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F 3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\ es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 624 Q F1 (sho)108 636 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.018 (If set to)144 648 R F1(On)3.518 E F0 3.518(,a)C 1.018 (dd a character to the be)-3.518 F 1.018 (ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs)-.15 F (\(@\), vi command \(:\) or vi insertion \(+\).)144 660 Q F1 (skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 672 Q F0 .095(If set to)144 684 R F1(On)2.595 E F0 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095 (ault completion beha)-.1 F .094 (vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 696 Q 2.545(so)-.55 G .045(nly acti)-2.545 F .345 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 (hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.546(ord. If)-.1 F .046(enabled, readline does not)2.546 F 1.394(insert characters from \ the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 708 R 1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 720 Q (ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(41)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 42 42 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 84 Q F0 1.198(This strin\ g is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt w\ hen vi editing)144 96 R .522(mode is acti)144 108 R .822 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .522(nd in command mode.).15 F .522(The v)5.522 F .522(alue is e)-.25 F .522(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.022(eak)-.1 G .821 -.15(ey b)-3.122 H .521 (inding, so the standard).15 F .869(set of meta- and control pre\214x) 144 120 R .869(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.37(ilable. Use).25 F .87(the \\1 and \\2)3.37 F .387(escapes to be) 144 132 R .386(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which \ can be used to embed a ter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E (minal control sequence into the mode string.)144 144 Q F1 (vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 156 Q F0 1.198(This string\ is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt wh\ en vi editing)144 168 R .783(mode is acti)144 180 R 1.083 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .783(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .783(The v)5.783 F .783(alue is e) -.25 F .783(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.283(eak)-.1 G 1.083 -.15(ey b)-3.383 H .783(inding, so the standard).15 F .869 (set of meta- and control pre\214x)144 192 R .869 (es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.37 (ilable. Use).25 F .87(the \\1 and \\2)3.37 F .387(escapes to be)144 204 R .386(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can be u\ sed to embed a ter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E (minal control sequence into the mode string.)144 216 Q F1 (visible\255stats \(Off\))108 228 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 240 R F1(On) 3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346 (st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (stat)3.346 E F0 .846(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B (when listing possible completions.)144 252 Q F1 (Readline Conditional Constructs)87 268.8 Q F0 .05 (Readline implements a f)108 280.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096 (which allo)108 292.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 (indings and v).15 F .096 (ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097 (There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 304.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 321.6 Q F0(The)144 321.6 Q F1($if)2.963 E F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on t\ he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .477 (or the application using readline.)144 333.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477 (xt of the test e)-.15 F .477 (xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F (are required to isolate it.)144 345.6 Q F1(mode)144 362.4 Q F0(The)180 362.4 Q F1(mode=)3.712 E F0 1.212(form of the)3.712 F F1($if)3.711 E F0 (directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211 (sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065 (mode. This)180 374.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to) 3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 386.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E (d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735 (ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 398.4 Q F1(term)144 415.2 Q F0(The)180 415.2 Q F1(term=)3.196 E F0 .696 (form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.196 F .996 -.15 (ey b)-.1 H .697(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 427.2 R .954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 (sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 (wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 439.2 Q F1(=)3.231 E F0 .731(is tested ag)3.231 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180 451.2 Q F12.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 (to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 468 Q F0(The)180 480 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503 (construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F .503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 492 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 (nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .501(particular v) 180 504 R 3.001(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3.001 F .801 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .5(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .396(ci\214c program.)180 516 R -.15(Fo)5.396 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 (nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 (ey s)-.1 H .397(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 528 Q (vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 552 Q F0 (Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 564 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 576 Q F1($endif)180 588 Q ($endif)108 604.8 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)144 604.8 Q (vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.) 2.5 E F1($else)108 621.6 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)144 621.6 Q F1($if)2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 638.4 Q F0 .357(This directi)144 650.4 R .657 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .357 (es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .356 (gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) 144 662.4 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1 ($include)144 686.4 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F1(Sear)87 703.2 Q (ching)-.18 E F0 .834(Readline pro)108 715.2 R .834 (vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F /F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.335 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.085 E .835(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 727.2 Q (There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E (emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(42)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 43 43 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .698 (Incremental searches be)108 84 R .698 (gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F .697(As each character of the)5.697 F .112 (search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 96 R .112 (xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.113(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.113 E .542 (incremental search requires only as man)108 108 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542 (haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F 5.541 (.T)-.65 G .541(he char)-5.541 F(-)-.2 E .224(acters present in the v) 108 120 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(isear)2.724 E (ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 (riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 (If that v)108 132 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 (alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 F .096(mental search.)108 144 R .096(Control-G will abort an incrementa\ l search and restore the original line.)5.096 F .097(When the search is) 5.097 F(terminated, the history entry containing the search string beco\ mes the current line.)108 156 Q 2.939 -.8(To \214)108 172.8 T 1.339(nd \ other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or Control-R\ as appropriate.).8 F 1.338(This will)6.338 F .674(search backw)108 184.8 R .674(ard or forw)-.1 F .674(ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .675(xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.675(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.675 G .175(other k)108 196.8 R .475 -.15 (ey s)-.1 H .174 (equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .174(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.174 G(r).15 E .54(instance, a)108 208.8 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ne)3.04 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541(will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.04 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.) 108 220.8 Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.) 108 237.6 R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653 (ontrol-Rs are typed without an)-3.153 F 3.152(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.152 E (en-)-.15 E(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 249.6 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G (earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.) -2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\ re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 266.4 R(The searc\ h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\ rent line.)108 278.4 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 295.2 Q F0 1.392 (The follo)108 307.2 R 1.391 (wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 (ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F 3.891(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.891 E 2.621(bound. Command)108 319.2 R .121 (names without an accompan)2.621 F .121(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .122(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.622(ault. In)-.1 F .122 (the follo)2.622 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 331.2 Q F2(point)3.411 E F0 .911(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.411 F F2(mark) 3.411 E F0 .91(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.41 (db).15 G 3.41(yt)-3.41 G(he)-3.41 E F1(set\255mark)108 343.2 Q F0 2.5 (command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E (xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re) 2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 360 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 E (beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 372 Q F0(Mo)144 384 Q .3 -.15 (ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 (end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 396 Q F0(Mo)144 408 Q .3 -.15(ve t) -.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 420 S (rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 432 Q .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) .15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 444 Q F0(Mo)144 456 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 468 S(rward\255w).25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 480 Q .822 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw).15 E .522(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W)-.1 F .523 (ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F (ters and digits\).)144 492 Q F1(backward\255w)108 504 Q(ord \(M\255b\)) -.1 E F0(Mo)144 516 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F (characters \(letters and digits\).)144 528 Q F1(shell\255f)108 540 Q (orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 552 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) .15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984(ord. W) -.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-)-.8 F (ters.)144 564 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 576 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 588 Q .909 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre) .15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .608 (ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 600 Q F1(clear\255scr)108 612 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993 (Clear the screen lea)144 624 R .993 (ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G .993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F (current line without clearing the screen.)144 636 Q F1 -.18(re)108 648 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144 660 Q F1(Commands f)87 676.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E (accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 688.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159 (Accept the line re)144 700.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159 (rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158(If this line is non-empty) 5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699 (according to the state of the)144 712.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF (HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F (restore the history line to its original state.)144 724.8 Q (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(43)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 44 44 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pr)108 84 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 (Fetch the pre)144 96 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 E (ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 108 Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 120 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 E (ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 (beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 132 Q F0(Mo)144 144 Q .3 -.15 (ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 156 Q F0(Mo)144 168 Q .3 -.15 (ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 180 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.471 (Search backw)144 192 R 1.471(ard starting at the current line and mo) -.1 F 1.47(ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E (This is an incremental search.)144 204 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 216 S (rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131 (Search forw)144 228 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary)-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 240 Q F1(non\255incr)108 252 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H(rse\255sear).15 E (ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw)144 264 R .164(ar\ d through the history starting at the current line using a non-incremen\ tal search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 276 S(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E (.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 288 Q(emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear) -.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 300 R 1.354(ard through the history using a non-incremental search for a stri\ ng supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 312 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 324 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E F0 .249(Search forw)144 336 R .249(a\ rd through the history for the string of characters between the start o\ f the current line)-.1 F(and the point.)144 348 Q (This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255sear)108 360 Q (ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw)144 372 R .951(ard through t\ he history for the string of characters between the start of the curren\ t)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 384 Q(This is a non-incremental search.) 5 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 396 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 408 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 (vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .794(at point.)144 420 R -.4(Wi)5.794 G .794 (th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.294 E F0 3.294 (,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F F2(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794 (ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .795 (ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 432 Q .292(vious command be)-.25 F .292 (gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a) -2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291 (ument inserts the).18 F F2(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .291 (ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 444 R .281(vious command.) -.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F2(n)2.781 E F0 .281 (is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282 (xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F2(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 456 Q (xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 468 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.308 (Insert the last ar)144 480 R 1.308(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 (vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.307(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307 (vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 492 S .203(th a numeric ar).4 F .203(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F(e) -.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.204(.S)C(uccessi)-5.204 E .504 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .204(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.704 E (g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 504 Q .807 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 (ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 (ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E 1.396(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 516 R(An)6.396 E 3.896(yn)-.15 G 1.396(umeric ar)-3.896 F 1.397 (gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F 1.697 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls) .15 E .492(determines the direction to mo)144 528 R .792 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .492(hrough the history).15 F 5.491(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G (ti).05 E .791 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .491 (ument switches the direction).18 F .494 (through the history \(back or forw)144 540 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F .494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 (acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 552 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) -.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 564 Q F0 .623 (Expand the line as the shell does.)144 576 R .622 (This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .622 (xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 588 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 (xpansions. See)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25 (YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G (or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 (history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 600 Q F0 .938 (Perform history e)144 612 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.939 E F3(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E (ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-) -3.439 F(tion of history e)144 624 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) 108 636 Q F0 1.627(Perform history e)144 648 R 1.627 (xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.626 E F3 (HIST)4.126 E(OR)-.162 E 3.876(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.876 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 (belo)144 660 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E (xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 672 Q F0 .394 (Perform alias e)144 684 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.395 E F3(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 696 Q (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(44)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 45 45 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 84 Q F0 (Perform history and alias e)144 96 Q(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 108 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M).833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 120 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for)-.15 E F1 (yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 (operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 132 Q F0 .948 (Accept the current line for e)144 144 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 (cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15 (ve t)-.25 H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)-3.447 F (history for editing.)144 156 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G (ument is ignored.).18 E F1 (edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 168 Q F0(In)144 180 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026 (ditor on the current command line, and e)-3.526 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.026 (cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)6.026 E F0 (attempts to in)144 192 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF ($VISU)2.6 E(AL)-.54 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2($EDIT)2.25 E(OR) -.162 E F3(,)A F0(and)2.25 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(emacs)2.5 E F0 (as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 208.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F4 (end\255of\255\214le)108 220.8 Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F0 .799 (The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 232.8 R .799 (xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C 3.298 (ft)-5.799 G .798(his character is read when)-3.298 F .592 (there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 244.8 R .593(ginning of the line, Readline interprets it)-.15 F (as the end of input and returns)144 256.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1 (delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 268.8 Q F0 .442 (Delete the character at point.)144 280.8 R .442 (If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.442 F F1 (EOF)2.941 E F0(char)2.941 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 292.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) -2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H (or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\)) 108 304.8 Q F0 .552(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 316.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553 (umeric ar)-3.053 F .553(gument, sa)-.18 F .853 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .553 (he deleted te).15 F .553(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 328.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 340.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .474 (Delete the character under the cursor)144 352.8 R 2.974(,u)-.4 G .474 (nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.974 F (character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 364.8 Q F1 (quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 376.8 Q F0 .778(Add the ne)144 388.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 (erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.279 E F0 3.279 (,f)C(or)-3.279 E -.15(ex)144 400.8 S(ample.).15 E F1 (tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 412.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 (Insert a tab character)144 424.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 (self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 436.8 Q F0 (Insert the character typed.)144 448.8 Q F1 (transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 460.8 Q F0 .322 (Drag the character before point forw)144 472.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .321 (ving point forw)-.15 F .321(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182 (If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 484.8 R 3.683(oc)-.1 G 1.183(haracters before point.)-3.683 F(Ne)6.183 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 496.8 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 (transpose\255w)108 508.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .024(Drag the w)144 520.8 R .024(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) -.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.523(rt).15 G .023(hat w) -2.523 F .023(ord as well.)-.1 F .023(If point)5.023 F (is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 532.8 Q 2.5 (ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 544.8 Q (ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.698(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 556.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.999 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.699 (ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 568.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 580.8 Q (wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 592.8 Q 1.648 (wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.648(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.148 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.647(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.947 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.647(ument, lo).18 F 1.647(wercase the pre) -.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 604.8 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 616.8 Q (ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.974(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 628.8 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.975 (ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 640.8 S(rd, b) .1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 652.8 S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 664.8 S .438(ggle o).8 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.438 G .438(th an e).4 F .438 (xplicit positi)-.15 F .737 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .437(umeric ar).15 F .437 (gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 (Wi)144 676.8 S .78(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781 (gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .781(This command af)5.781 F (fects)-.25 E(only)144 688.8 Q F1(emacs)4.395 E F0(mode;)4.395 E F1(vi) 4.395 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F F4 -.37(re) 4.394 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.894(starts in insert)4.394 F 3.968 (mode. In)144 700.8 R -.15(ove)3.968 G 1.468 (rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.469(replace the te)3.969 F 1.469(xt at point rather than)-.15 F .958 (pushing the te)144 712.8 R .958(xt to the right.)-.15 F .957 (Characters bound to)5.958 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.457 E F0 .957(replace the character)3.457 F(before point with a space.)144 724.8 Q(By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2016 May 29)148.175 E(45)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 46 46 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Killing and Y)87 84 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 96 Q F0(Kill the te)144 108 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 (backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 120 Q F0(Kill backw)144 132 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 (unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 144 Q F0(Kill backw)144 156 Q (ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E (The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) -2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 168 Q F0 (Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 180 Q F1(kill\255w)108 192 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .728 (Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 204 R .729 (ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .729 (xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 216 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G (rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 228 Q (ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 240 Q(ord behind point.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 (backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 252 Q (ord)-.1 E F0 .729(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 264 R .728(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 276 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E (orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) 108 288 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 300 R 3.025 (ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) 5.525 E(ward\255w)144 312 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 324 Q (ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .365(Kill the w)144 336 R .365 (ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .364(ord boundary)-.1 F 5.364(.T)-.65 G .364(he killed te)-5.364 F .364(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.864(do).15 G 2.864(nt)-2.864 G(he)-2.864 E(kill-ring.)144 348 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 360 Q F0 .166(Kill the w)144 372 R .166 (ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) -.1 F .167(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.167 E(killed te)144 384 Q (xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) -2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 396 Q F0 (Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 408 Q F1(kill\255r)108 420 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 432 Q(xt in the current re)-.15 E (gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 444 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop) 144 456 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E (gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1 (copy\255backward\255w)108 468 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 480 Q 4.801(yt)-.1 G 2.301(he w)-4.801 F 2.301(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.3 (ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.8 E(ward\255w)144 492 Q (ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 504 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0 (Cop)144 516 Q 4.507(yt)-.1 G 2.007(he w)-4.507 F 2.007(ord follo)-.1 F 2.007(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.008(.T)-.55 G 2.008(he w)-7.008 F 2.008(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25 (fo)4.508 G -.37(r-).25 G(ward\255w)144 528 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 (yank \(C\255y\))108 540 Q F0 -1(Ya)144 552 S (nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 564 Q F0 (Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 576 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 (op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 592.8 Q (guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 604.8 Q (gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367 (Add this digit to the ar)144 616.8 R .367 (gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18 (rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .366(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 (ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 628.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G (ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 640.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0 .778(This is another w)144 652.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .779 (wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 (optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 664.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 676.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) 3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17 (ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) -.2 F(-)-.2 E .899(wise ignored.)144 688.8 R .898 (As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.899 F .898 (wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23 (neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 700.8 R 1.23 (gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four) -.15 F(.)-.55 E .823(The ar)144 712.8 R .823 (gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823 (cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .822(es the ar)-.1 F (gument)-.18 E(count four)144 724.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 4.4) 72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(46)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 47 47 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Completing)87 84 Q(complete \(T)108 96 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 (Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 108 R 1.137 (xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 (attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 120 Q .533(xt as a v) -.15 F .533(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) -.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .532(xt be)-.15 F .532(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.032 E F0 .532(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) 144 132 Q .701(xt be)-.15 F .701(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.201 E F0 .701 (\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .702 (If none of these pro-)5.701 F (duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 144 Q F1 (possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 156 Q F0 (List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q(xt before point.)-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 180 Q F0 .783 (Insert all completions of the te)144 192 R .783(xt before point that w) -.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .783(een generated by) .15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.282 E(pletions)144 204 Q F0(.)A F1 (menu\255complete)108 216 Q F0 .928(Similar to)144 228 R F1(complete) 3.428 E F0 3.428(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.628 F .929 (ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F 1.194 (possible completions.)144 240 R 1.194(Repeated e)6.194 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.194(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.193 (steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .828 (completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 252 R .828 (At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 (\(subject to the setting of)144 264 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227 (\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727 (An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.227 E F0 1.73 (positions forw)144 276 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73 (ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 E(through the list.)144 288 Q(This command is intended to be bound to)5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E(ault.) -.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 300 Q F0 .82(Identical to)144 312 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82(ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve) -.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 (ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 (menu\255complete)144 324 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(nan) .15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 (delete\255char\255or\255list)108 336 Q F0 .234 (Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 348 R .234 (ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char)2.735 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 360 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1(possible\255completions) 2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 372 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 384 Q F0 (Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 396 Q(xt before point.)-.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 408 Q F0 (List the possible completions of the te)144 420 Q (xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 (complete\255user)108 432 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 (Attempt completion on the te)144 444 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) 108 456 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 (List the possible completions of the te)144 468 Q (xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 480 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 492 Q (xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 (possible\255v)108 504 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 (List the possible completions of the te)144 516 Q (xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 (complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 528 Q F0 (Attempt completion on the te)144 540 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 (possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 552 Q F0 (List the possible completions of the te)144 564 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 (complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 576 Q F0 .58 (Attempt completion on the te)144 588 R .581 (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .581 (Command comple-)5.581 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 600 R .715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F .715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F (\214nally e)144 612 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 (possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 624 Q F0 (List the possible completions of the te)144 636 Q (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 (dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 648 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .424 (Attempt completion on the te)144 660 R .425 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .425 (ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F (for possible completion matches.)144 672 Q F1(dab)108 684 Q(br)-.1 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .611 (Attempt menu completion on the te)144 696 R .611 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .61(xt ag)-.15 F .61 (ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F (tory list for possible completion matches.)144 708 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(47)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 48 48 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 84 Q F0 .4(Perform \214len\ ame completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed wit\ hin braces so)144 96 R(the list is a)144 108 Q -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 124.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 136.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) .833 E F0(Be)144 148.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 160.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G (C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 172.8 Q (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 (call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 184.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 E F0(Re-e)144 196.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 1(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro app\ ear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 208.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 E F1 (print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 220.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E F0 (Print the last k)144 232.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1 (Miscellaneous)87 249.6 Q -.18(re)108 261.6 S.18 E (ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.776 (Read in the contents of the)144 273.6 R F2(inputr)4.276 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.777(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.277(yb)-.15 G 1.777 (indings or v)-4.277 F 1.777(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 285.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 297.6 Q F0 3.249 (Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 309.6 R 5.748(sb)-.55 G 3.248(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.748 F F1 (bell\255style)144 321.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 333.6 Q (case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.) C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.755(If the meta\214ed character)144 345.6 R F2(x) 4.255 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.255 F 1.756 (wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F (uppercase character)144 357.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 369.6 Q (e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 381.6 Q (xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0 (is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 (undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 393.6 Q F0 (Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 405.6 Q F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 417.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 (Undo all changes made to this line.)144 429.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 F 3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F (return the line to its initial state.)144 441.6 Q F1 (tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 453.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 465.6 Q (xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1 (set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255\))108 477.6 Q F0 (Set the mark to the point.)144 489.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E (gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 (exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 501.6 Q F0(Sw) 144 513.6 Q .282(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 (The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.783(dp).15 G .283(osition, and the old)-2.783 F(cursor position is sa) 144 525.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 (character\255sear)108 537.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.036(Ac)144 549.6 S .536(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.036 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535 (xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.535(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .835 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre) 144 561.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 573.6 Q (ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.543(Ac)144 585.6 S 1.043 (haracter is read and point is mo)-3.543 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G 3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044 (vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.044(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 597.6 Q F1 (skip\255csi\255sequence)108 609.6 Q F0 1.827 (Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 621.6 R 2.126 -.15 (ey s)-.1 H 1.826(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey) -.1 G 4.326(sl).15 G(ik)-4.326 E(e)-.1 E .79(Home and End.)144 633.6 R .791(Such sequences be)5.79 F .791 (gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F .332(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 645.6 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831(sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .631 -.15 (ve n)-.2 H 2.831(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.831 G .331(ect unless e).25 F (xplic-)-.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of insert\ ing stray characters into the editing b)144 657.6 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T)-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 669.6 Q(ault, b)-.1 E (ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 681.6 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 693.6 S .481(thout a numeric ar).4 F .481 (gument, the v)-.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1 (comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 -.25(va)2.981 G .48 (riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 705.6 Q .244 (ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.244 F .245 (gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .322 (the characters at the be)144 717.6 R .321 (ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1 (comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.821(,t)C .321(he v)-2.821 F .321(alue is) -.25 F .831(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 729.6 R F1 (comment\255begin)3.331 E F0 .832(are deleted from the be)3.331 F .832 (ginning of the line.)-.15 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E (48)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 49 49 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.469 (In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 84 R 1.468 (wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.468(The def)6.468 F 1.468(ault v)-.1 F 1.468(alue of)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(com-)3.968 E(ment\255begin) 144 96 Q F0 .839(causes this command to mak)3.339 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 (he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .84(If a numeric ar)5.84 F (gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 108 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 120 Q (ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .792(The w)144 132 R .791 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .791 (xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 144 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for possib\ le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 156 Q(ord \(C\255x *\)) -.1 E F0 .175(The w)144 168 R .176 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176 (xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516 (names is inserted, replacing the w)144 180 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 (an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) 144 192 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) 108 204 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 216 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F .923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1 (glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F .872(the line is redra)144 228 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G .872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 (ex)144 240 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 252 Q F0 .626 (Print all of the functions and their k)144 264 R .926 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .627(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .627(If a numeric ar) 5.627 F(gu-)-.18 E (ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 276 Q (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) 2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 288 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 1.8(Print all of the settable readline v)144 300 R 1.799 (ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.799(alues to the readline output stream.) -.25 F 1.799(If a)6.799 F .304(numeric ar)144 312 R .304 (gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304 (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 324 Q(c)-.37 E F0 (\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 336 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .593 (Print all of the readline k)144 348 R .893 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 (equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.092(yo)-.15 G 3.092(utput. If)-3.092 F 3.092(an)3.092 G(umeric)-3.092 E(ar)144 360 Q .528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.028 E(c)-.37 E F0 (\214le.)144 372 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 384 Q (ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 396 Q (ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 412.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .147(When w)108 424.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 (gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F F2(compspec)108 436.8 Q F0 3.828(\)h)C 1.329 (as been de\214ned using the)-3.828 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.329(w\), the) -.25 F(programmable completion f)108 448.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .498 (First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 465.6 R .498 (If the command w)5.498 F .497 (ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .233(the be)108 477.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 (ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F12.733 E F0 .233(option to) 2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .234(If a comp-) 5.234 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ used to generate the list of possible completions)108 489.6 R .822 (for the w)108 501.6 R 3.322(ord. If)-.1 F .822(the command w)3.322 F .823(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ ed for)-.1 F 2.867(\214rst. If)108 513.6 R .366(no compspec is found fo\ r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ rtion)2.867 F(follo)108 525.6 Q .298(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 (If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.298 F 2.799(yc)-.15 G .299(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.799 F F12.799 E F0(option to) 108 537.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E .817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of\ matching w)108 554.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 (ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 566.4 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) 2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .463 (First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 583.2 R .464(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .464(ed by the w)-.15 F .464(ord being)-.1 F .596(completed are returned.)108 595.2 R .596 (When the)5.596 F F13.096 E F0(or)3.095 E F13.095 E F0 .595 (option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F (shell v)108 607.2 Q(ariable)-.25 E F3(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 (is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 624 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 (xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F14.084 E F0 1.584 (option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 636 S .555(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .554 (ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.554 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.054 E F0 .554 (shell v)2.804 F(ari-)-.25 E (able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 648 Q(ut the)-.2 E F3 (FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 664.8 Q .32(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .32(gument to the)-.18 F F12.82 E F0 .321(option is considered.)2.821 F .321 (The string is \214rst split using the)5.321 F .413(characters in the) 108 676.8 R F3(IFS)2.913 E F0 .412(special v)2.663 F .412 (ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F .412(Each w)5.412 F .412(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .091 (using brace e)108 688.8 R .091(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .092 (xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.397(metic e)108 700.8 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H (nder).15 E F3(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 712.8 Q .509 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.709 G .209 (rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.209(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.209 F .209 (xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .21(ainst the w)-.05 F .21 (ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 724.8 Q (ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2016 May 29)148.175 E(49)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 50 50 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.238 (After these matches ha)108 84 R 1.538 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.238 (een generated, an).15 F 3.738(ys)-.15 G 1.237 (hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.738 F/F1 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF3.737 E F0(and)3.737 E F13.737 E F0 3.375 (options is in)108 96 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375(the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375(d, the).1 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_LINE)5.876 E/F3 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2(COMP_POINT)5.626 E F3(,)A F2(COMP_KEY)108 108 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.408 E F2(COMP_TYPE)2.658 E F0 -.25(va)2.408 G .157 (riables are assigned v).25 F .157(alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .157(Shell V)2.657 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.157(.I)C(f)-5.157 E 3.485(as)108 120 S .986(hell function is being in) -3.485 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .986(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_W)3.486 E (ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F2(COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va) 3.236 G .986(riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.986 E .347 (the function or command is in)108 132 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .347 (d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.846(\)i)C 2.846(st)-2.846 G .346(he name of the command whose ar)-2.846 F(guments) -.18 E .263(are being completed, the second ar)108 144 R .263(gument \() -.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.763(\)i)C 2.763(st)-2.763 G .264(he w)-2.763 F .264 (ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .264(gument \()-.18 F F1 ($3)A F0 2.764(\)i)C(s)-2.764 E .629(the w)108 156 R .629 (ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 (ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .628 (No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .714(completions ag)108 168 R .714(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\ tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.) 108 180 Q(An)108 196.8 Q 2.938(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with) -2.938 F F12.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .437 (acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 208.8 Q F1(compgen)2.956 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.956 G .456(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956 (og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .457 (It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108 220.8 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne)108 237.6 Q .081(xt, an)-.15 F 2.581(yc)-.15 G .081 (ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.581 F F12.581 E F0 .081 (option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.58(na) -2.581 G 2.58(ne)-2.58 G -.4(nv)-2.58 G .08(ironment equi).4 F -.25(va) -.25 G .08(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.858(stitution. It)108 249.6 R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard \ output.)2.858 F .359(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 261.6 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .377 (After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 278.4 R 2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F12.876 E F0 .376(option is applied to the)2.876 F 3.181(list. The)108 290.4 R .681(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.181 F .681 (xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .682 (in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.182 F .682(xt of)-.15 F .523 (the w)108 302.4 R .523(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.023(Al)5.523 G (iteral)-3.023 E F1(&)3.023 E F0 .522 (may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) -.15 G 3.022(db).15 G(efore)-3.022 E .849(attempting a match.)108 314.4 R(An)5.849 E 3.349(yc)-.15 G .849 (ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.349 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.35(df).15 G .85(rom the list.)-3.35 F 3.35(Al)5.85 G(eading)-3.35 E F1 (!)3.35 E F0(ne)108 326.4 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 (tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764 (ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.264 E F1(nocase-)3.264 E(match)108 338.4 Q F0 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05 (ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108 355.2 Q 3.086(,a)-.65 G .886 -.15(ny p)-3.086 H .586(re\214x and suf).15 F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F13.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F13.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-) 3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\ tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 367.2 Q .247 (If the pre)108 384 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an) -.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir) 2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .246(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)108 396 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E (as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .461 (If the)108 412.8 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.961 F F0 .462(option w) 2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 (when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 F(pletion is attempted and an)108 424.8 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G (atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .56 (By def)108 441.6 R .56(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.06(ri).15 G 3.06(tg)-3.06 G .559 (enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.06 F .631(of possible completions.)108 453.6 R .631(The def)5.631 F(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)3.131 E F0 .631 (completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .632 (ault of \214le-)-.1 F .559(name completion is disabled.)108 465.6 R .559(If the)5.559 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) 3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.058 E F0 .558 (when the compspec)3.058 F -.1(wa)108 477.6 S 3.171(sd).1 G .671 (e\214ned, the)-3.171 F F1(bash)3.171 E F0(def)3.171 E .671 (ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) -.1 F .672(If the)5.672 F F13.172 E(default)108 489.6 Q F0 1.207 (option w)3.707 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0 1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F 3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.206(ault completion)-.1 F (will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 501.6 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) 2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \ desired, the programmable completion func-)108 518.4 R .633(tions force\ readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\ to directories, subject)108 530.4 R 2.761(to the v)108 542.4 R 2.761 (alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.261 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 (readline v)5.261 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.762 (rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.262 E(link)108 554.4 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E .191(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 571.2 R .19(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.33 (tion with a def)108 583.2 R 1.33(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F F1 1.33(complete -D)3.83 F F0 6.33(.I)C(t')-6.33 E 3.83(sp)-.55 G 1.33 (ossible for shell functions e)-3.83 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.33(cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried\ by returning an e)108 595.2 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 F .93(If a) 5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compspec associat\ ed with the command on which completion is)108 607.2 R .666 (being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 619.2 R .665 (gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .665 (cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .083(restarts from the be)108 631.2 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc) -.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .084(This allo)5.084 F .084(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 643.2 Q(uilt dynamicall\ y as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 E -.15(Fo)108 660 S 2.637(ri).15 G .137 (nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.637 F .137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F (the command, the follo)108 672 Q(wing def)-.25 E (ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 688.8 Q({)108 700.8 Q 6 (.")144 712.8 S (/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108 724.8 Q F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(50)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 51 51 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF (complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 84 Q/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 112.8 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 .371 (When the)108 124.8 R/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF .371(\255o history)2.871 F F0 .371(option to the)2.871 F F3(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 (iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .372(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .372(command history)2.872 F F0(,)A .305 (the list of commands pre)108 136.8 R .305(viously typed.)-.25 F .305 (The v)5.305 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE) 2.804 E F0 -.25(va)2.554 G .304(riable is used as the number of com-).25 F .429(mands to sa)108 148.8 R .729 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.929(nah).15 G .429 (istory list.)-2.929 F .429(The te)5.429 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F5 (HISTSIZE)2.93 E F0 .43(commands \(def)2.68 F .43(ault 500\) is sa)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.93(d. The).15 F(shell)2.93 E .287 (stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 160.8 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E (ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 172.8 S 4.065(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.065 F 1.565 (xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565 (alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0 (and)3.816 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 184.8 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) A F0 .082 (On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) 108 201.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.582 E F0(\(def)2.332 E(ault)-.1 E F4(~/.bash_history)2.582 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108 213.6 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 (is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G .315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .659 (lines speci\214ed by the v)108 225.6 R .659(alue of)-.25 F F5 (HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F6(.)A F0(If)5.158 E F3(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 .658(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 237.6 S .142(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142 (alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142 (When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 249.6 Q 1.605 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604 (wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .098 (stamps for the preceding history line.)108 261.6 R .098 (These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.098 F .098(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 273.6 Q F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.559 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059 (hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F5 ($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.058(lines are)3.309 F .158 (copied from the history list to)108 285.6 R F5($HISTFILE)2.658 E F6(.)A F0 .158(If the)4.658 F F3(histappend)2.658 E F0 .159 (shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.659 F F3(shopt)108 297.6 Q F0(under)2.582 E F5 .082(SHELL B)2.582 F(UIL)-.09 E .082 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.332 E .082 (w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the)-.25 F .196(history \214le is o)108 309.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(rwritten. If) .15 F F5(HISTFILE)2.696 E F0 .197(is unset, or if the history \214le is\ unwritable, the history is not sa)2.446 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .584 (If the)108 321.6 R F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.084 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 G .584 (riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25 F .583(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.147(tory comment character)108 333.6 R 3.647(,s)-.4 G 3.647(ot)-3.647 G(he)-3.647 E 3.647(ym)-.15 G 1.147 (ay be preserv)-3.647 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.148 (This uses the history comment)6.148 F 1.377 (character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 345.6 R 1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.876(,t)-.65 G 1.376(he history \214le is)-3.876 F .756 (truncated to contain no more than)108 357.6 R F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757 (is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 369.6 Q (alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E (alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .299 (The b)108 386.4 R .299(uiltin command)-.2 F F3(fc)2.799 E F0(\(see) 2.799 E F5 .299(SHELL B)2.799 F(UIL)-.09 E .299(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 (belo)2.549 E .298(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .471(cute a portion of the history list.)108 398.4 R (The)5.471 E F3(history)2.971 E F0 -.2(bu)2.971 G .472 (iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .002 (manipulate the history \214le.)108 410.4 R .001 (When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.002 F -.25(va) -.2 G .001(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 422.4 Q (vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.485(The shell allo)108 439.2 R 1.485(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 (hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) -3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.486 E F5(HISTCONTR)3.986 E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.736 E F5(HISTIGNORE)108 451.2 Q F0 -.25(va)2.708 G .458(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .757 -.15(ve o) -.2 H .457(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.457 E F3 (cmdhist)108 463.2 Q F0 .75 (shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 (the same history entry)108 475.2 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 (dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G 1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F3(lithist)3.576 E F0 .373(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 487.2 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .374 (wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .374(See the)5.374 F .319 (description of the)108 499.2 R F3(shopt)2.819 E F0 -.2(bu)2.819 G .318 (iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F5 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F (UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .318 (for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 511.2 Q F2(HIST)72 528 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION) -.81 E F0 .61(The shell supports a history e)108 540 R .611 (xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .611 (xpansion in)-.15 F F3(csh.)3.111 E F0 .611(This section)5.611 F .871 (describes what syntax features are a)108 552 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 (ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .87 (ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.17 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .87(hells, and).15 F 2.013(can be disabled using the)108 564 R F3(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014 (option to the)4.514 F F3(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014 (iltin command \(see).2 F F5 2.014(SHELL B)4.514 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.014 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 576 Q 2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def) -.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.306(History e)108 592.8 R 1.306 (xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history list into the\ input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .209 (commands, insert the ar)108 604.8 R .209(guments to a pre)-.18 F .21 (vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25 F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 616.8 Q(.)-.65 E 1.164(History e)108 633.6 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 645.6 S 3.2 (rds. It).1 F(tak)3.2 E .7(es place in tw)-.1 F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2 (arts. The)-3.2 F .7 (\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during) 3.2 F 4.368(substitution. The)108 657.6 R 1.868(second is to select por\ tions of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.368 F 1.867 (The line)6.867 F .662(selected from the history is the)108 669.6 R F4 -.15(ev)3.162 G(ent).15 E F0 3.162(,a)C .663 (nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.162 F F4(wor) 3.163 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.663(.V)C(arious)-6.773 E F4(modi\214er)108 681.6 Q(s)-.1 E F0 .227(are a)2.727 F -.25(va)-.2 G .227 (ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.727(ords. The)-.1 F .226 (line is brok)2.726 F .226(en into w)-.1 F .226(ords in the same f)-.1 F (ashion)-.1 E .351(as when reading input, so that se)108 693.6 R -.15 (ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F4(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .352 (-separated w)B .352(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .625 (one w)108 705.6 R 3.125(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.125 G .624 (pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .624 (xpansion character)-.15 F 3.124(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.124 E(is)108 717.6 Q F3(!)3.51 E F0 .177(by def)3.51 F 2.677(ault. Only)-.1 F .177 (backslash \()2.677 F F3(\\).833 E F0 2.678(\)a).833 G .178 (nd single quotes can quote the history e)-2.678 F .178 (xpansion character)-.15 F 2.678(,b)-.4 G .178(ut the his-)-2.878 F .67 (tory e)108 729.6 R .67(xpansion character is also treated as quoted if\ it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a)-.15 F (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(51)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 52 52 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E (double-quoted string.)108 84 Q(Se)108 100.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 (ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 (xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 112.8 T 3.163(ni).25 G 3.163(fi)-3.163 G 3.162(ti)-3.163 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G .662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and) -.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G (he)-3.162 E F1(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F1(\()3.162 E F0(will also inhibit e)108 124.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 141.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F1 (shopt)2.609 E F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11 (iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11(vior of history e)-.2 F (xpansion.)-.15 E 1.143(If the)108 153.6 R F1(histv)3.643 E(erify)-.1 E F0 1.143(shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.643 F F1 (shopt)3.643 E F0 -.2(bu)3.643 G 1.143(iltin belo).2 F 1.143(w\), and) -.25 F F1 -.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.642 E .461(being used, h\ istory substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 165.6 R 5.461(.I)-.55 G .461(nstead, the e)-5.461 F .461(xpanded line) -.15 F 1.516(is reloaded into the)108 177.6 R F1 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline) .18 E F0 1.516(editing b)4.016 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516 (fer for further modi\214cation.)-.25 F(If)6.516 E F1 -.18(re)4.015 G (adline).18 E F0 1.515(is being used, and the)4.015 F F1(histr)108 189.6 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 (ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re) 3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 201.6 S -.25(ff).2 G 1.161(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.161 E F13.661 E F0 1.161 (option to the)3.661 F F1(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16 (iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 213.6 S .055(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.055 E F12.555 E F0 .055(option to the)2.555 F F1(history)2.556 E F0 -.2(bu)2.556 G .056(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F (end of the history list without actually e)108 225.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 242.4 R 2.2 (ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e) -.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.146(description of)108 254.4 R F1(histchars)3.646 E F0(abo)3.646 E 1.446 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) .15 E F1 1.146(Shell V)3.646 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.147 (shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F (mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 266.4 Q F1 (Ev)87 283.2 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 295.2 R -.15(ve) -.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the\ history list.).15 F .204(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e) 108 307.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5 (ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F1(!)108 324 Q F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)144 324 R 1.607 (xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F1(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107 (,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F (\(when the)144 336 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0 (shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltin\).).2 E F1(!)108 348 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 (Refer to command line)144 348 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1<21ad>108 360 Q F2(n)A F0(Refer to the current command minus)144 360 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(.) .24 E F1(!!)108 372 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 372 Q(vious command.)-.25 E(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F1(!)108 384 Q F2(string)A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position\ in the history list starting with)144 384 R F2(string)144 396 Q F0(.) .22 E F1(!?)108 408 Q F2(string)A F1([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the most r\ ecent command preceding the current position in the history list contai\ ning)144 420 R F2(string)144 432 Q F0 5(.T).22 G(he trailing)-5 E F1(?) 2.5 E F0(may be omitted if)2.5 E F2(string)2.84 E F0(is follo)2.72 E (wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(^) 108 449 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 .784 (Quick substitution.)144 456 R .784(Repeat the pre)5.784 F .784 (vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.283 E F2 (string2)3.283 E F0 5.783(.E).02 G(qui)-5.783 E -.25(va)-.25 G .783 (lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 468 S(!!:s/).74 E F2(string1)A F0(/)A F2 (string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0 (belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 480 Q F0 (The entire command line typed so f)144 480 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.75 (Wo)87 496.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 508.8 S 1.313 (rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) -.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 1.314 (separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation).15 F .53(from the w)108 520.8 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G 3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 (ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1 ($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F13.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) -3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E 1.3 (are numbered from the be)108 532.8 R 1.3 (ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.301 (ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.301 G 1.301(rds are).8 F(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 544.8 Q F1 2.5(0\()108 561.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 573.6 Q 2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F2(n)108.36 585.6 Q F0(The)144 585.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^)108 597.6 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 597.6 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F (is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 609.6 Q F0 .064(The last w)144 609.6 R 2.564(ord. This)-.1 F .064(is usually the last ar)2.564 F .064 (gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .063(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 621.6 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%)108 633.6 Q F0(The w)144 633.6 Q(ord matched by the most recent `?) -.1 E F2(string)A F0(?' search.)A F2(x)108.77 645.6 Q F1A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 645.6 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C (bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 657.6 Q F0 .315(All of the w)144 657.6 R .315(ords b)-.1 F .315(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815 ('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.816 E F0 .316 (if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 669.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve) -.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108 681.6 Q F0(Abbre)144 681.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 <78ad>108 693.6 Q F0(Abbre)144 693.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0 (lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E (ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 710.4 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e) -.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E (vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(52)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 53 53 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Modi\214ers)87 84 Q F0 .184(After the optional w)108 96 R .184 (ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 G .183 (here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F .183 (wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 108 Q F1(h)108 124.8 Q F0(Remo)144 124.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H (railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t) 108 136.8 Q F0(Remo)144 136.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H (ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) 108 148.8 Q F0(Remo)144 148.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E (\214x of the form)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C (ea)-2.5 E(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 160.8 Q F0(Remo)144 160.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 172.8 Q F0(Print the ne)144 172.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 184.8 Q F0 (Quote the substituted w)144 184.8 Q (ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 196.8 Q F0 (Quote the substituted w)144 196.8 Q(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)2.5 E F0(and ne) 2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 208.8 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 220.8 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221 (for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221(in the e) 3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721(yd)-.15 G .221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144 232.8 R .617 (The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) 5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616 F .666(be quoted in)144 244.8 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne) 3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666 (If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166 (ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 256.8 R (If)5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 F F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774 (fn)-2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E (ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 268.8 Q F2(string) 2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1 (&)108 280.8 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 280.8 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g)108 292.8 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)144 292.8 R -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398 (nt line.).15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 304.8 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2 (ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219 (used with `)3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218 (elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089 (delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 316.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09 (may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 328.8 Q F0(.)A F1(G)108 340.8 Q F0(Apply the follo)144 340.8 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 357.6 Q(UIL)-.11 E (TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 369.6 R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ receded by)-.2 F F1108 381.6 Q F0(accepts)2.533 E F12.533 E F0 .034(to signify the end of the options.)2.533 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .034(iltins do not accept options and) .2 F 1.549(do not treat)108 393.6 R F14.049 E F0(specially)4.049 E 6.549(.T)-.65 G(he)-6.549 E F1(exit)4.049 E F0(,)A F1(logout)4.049 E F0 (,)A F1 -.18(re)4.049 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)4.049 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)4.049 E F0(,)A F1(let)4.049 E F0 4.049(,a)C(nd) -4.049 E F1(shift)4.048 E F0 -.2(bu)4.048 G 1.548(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 405.6 R .26(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F F12.76 E F0 .261(without requiring)2.76 F F12.761 E F0 5.261 (.O)C .261(ther b)-5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261 (guments b)-.18 F .261(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154 (speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)108 417.6 R 1.154 (guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F13.654 E F0 1.154 (as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154(lid options and require).25 F F1 3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 429.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G (nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 447.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A (guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 459.6 R .451 (fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding) -.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an)3.222 F 2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 471.6 R (return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 488.4 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 500.4 Q(ce)-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02 (Read and e)144 512.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2 (\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 (vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.458 (status of the last command e)144 524.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.458 (cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f)-6.458 E F2 (\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F .608(names in)144 536.4 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2 (\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in) -5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 548.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.332(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.332 E F0 .832 (is not in)3.332 F F2 .832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833 (he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982 (\214le is found in)144 560.4 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 (iltin command is turned of).2 F .981(f, the)-.25 F F4 -.666(PA)144 572.4 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F (y)-.15 E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F 2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2 (\214lename)144 584.4 Q F0 1.697(is e)4.197 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.197 (cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.697(the positional parameters are unchanged.) 4.197 F 1.697(If the)6.697 F F14.197 E F0 1.696(option is)4.197 F (enabled,)144 596.4 Q F1(sour)3.617 E(ce)-.18 E F0 1.117(inherits an) 3.617 F 3.617(yt)-.15 G 1.117(rap on)-3.617 F F1(DEB)3.617 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.618(;i)C 3.618(fi)-3.618 G 3.618(ti)-3.618 G 3.618(sn)-3.618 G 1.118 (ot, an)-3.618 F(y)-.15 E F1(DEB)3.618 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.118 (trap string is sa)3.618 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.618(da).15 G(nd)-3.618 E .36 (restored around the call to)144 608.4 R F1(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.86(,a)C(nd)-2.86 E F1(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 .36(unsets the)2.86 F F1(DEB)2.86 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .36(trap while it e)2.86 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.86 (cutes. If).15 F F12.86 E F0(is)2.86 E 1.435 (not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 620.4 R F1(DEB)3.935 E (UG)-.1 E F0 1.435(trap, the ne)3.935 F 3.935(wv)-.25 G 1.435 (alue is retained when)-4.185 F F1(sour)3.935 E(ce)-.18 E F0 3.763 (completes. The)144 632.4 R 1.262 (return status is the status of the last command e)3.763 F 1.262 (xited within the script \(0 if no)-.15 F(commands are e)144 644.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F2(\214lename)4.41 E F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 661.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C (..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 673.2 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724 (guments or with the)-.18 F F15.224 E F0 2.724 (option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.225 E F2(name)144 685.2 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F .58(When ar)5.58 F .58 (guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name) 3.08 E F0(whose)144 697.2 Q F2(value)2.508 E F0 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F2(value) 2.509 E F0 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009 (ord to be check)-.1 F .009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579 (tution when the alias is e)144 709.2 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579 (or each)-.15 F F2(name)3.079 E F0 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579 (gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)3.079 E F0 .578(is sup-)3.078 F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 721.2 R 1.314 (alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 (returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2016 May 29)148.175 E(53)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 54 54 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E (which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bg) 108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .745(Resume each suspended job)144 112.8 R F2(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745 (in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F1(&)3.244 E F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F2(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 124.8 Q F0 .671 (is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) -3.171 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1 (bg)5.672 E F2(jobspec)4.912 E F0 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419 (when job control is disabled or)144 136.8 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 (hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G (peci\214ed)-2.918 E F2(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G (ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 148.8 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 E F1(bind)108 165.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 (function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 189.6 Q F0 ([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 (\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F12.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 (shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 213.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke) 2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 (function\255name)A F1(bind)108 225.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2 -.1(ke) 2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -.37(re)C (adline\255command).37 E F0 .238(Display current)144 237.6 R F1 -.18(re) 2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239 (nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239 (equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 .239(function or) 2.739 F .476(macro, or set a)144 249.6 R F1 -.18(re)2.976 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.976 G 2.976(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F .475(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .475(ould appear in)-.1 F F2 (.inputr)144 261.6 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.983(,b).31 G .484 (ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.183 F .484(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 (re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 273.6 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 285.6 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 297.6 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.159 G (ymap)-.2 E F0 2.659(as the k)5.349 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af) .15 F 2.658(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.658 E F2 -.1(ke)180 309.6 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.192(names are)5.882 F F2 3.192 (emacs, emacs\255standar)5.692 F 3.193 (d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E (vi\255command)180 321.6 Q F0 4.114(,a)C(nd)-4.114 E F2(vi\255insert) 4.114 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.614 E F0 1.613(is equi)4.114 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.613(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.113 E F0(\()4.113 E F2(vi\255mo)A (ve)-.1 E F0 1.613(is also a syn-)4.113 F(on)180 333.6 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F2 (emacs)2.5 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 (emacs\255standar)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1144 345.6 Q F0 (List the names of all)180 345.6 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 (functions.)2.5 E F1144 357.6 Q F0(Display)180 357.6 Q F1 -.18(re) 2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E (ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 369.6 Q F0(List current)180 369.6 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 (function names and bindings.)2.5 E F1144 381.6 Q F0(Display)180 381.6 Q F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo) -.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 393.6 S 2.5(yt).1 G (hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 405.6 Q F0(Display)180 405.6 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5 (ys)-.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo) -.15 G(utput.)-2.5 E F1144 417.6 Q F0(Display)180 417.6 Q F1 -.18 (re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E (alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G (an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1144 429.6 Q F0(List current)180 429.6 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E (alues.)-.25 E F1144 441.6 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 453.6 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 465.6 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 477.6 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H (he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 489.6 Q F2(function) 2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 501.6 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G (ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 513.6 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 525.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 -.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 (.)A F1144 537.6 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2 (shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 549.6 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve) -.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F (When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 561.6 Q F0 1.764(is e) 4.264 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765 (riable to the contents of the).25 F F1 -.18(re)180 573.6 S(adline).18 E F0 1.353(line b)3.853 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353(fer and the)-.25 F F3 (READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25(va)3.603 G 1.353 (riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.011(insertion point.)180 585.6 R 2.011(If the e)7.011 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 (cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3 (READLINE_LINE)4.512 E F0(or)4.262 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 597.6 Q/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G (alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1144 609.6 Q F0 .83(List all k)180 609.6 R 1.13 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 (equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for) .15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 621.6 Q(The return v) 144 638.4 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 E F1(br)108 655.2 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .054 (Exit from within a)144 667.2 R F1 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 (while)2.554 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1 (select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055 (is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ls.).15 E F2(n)5.415 E F0 .055(must be)2.795 F/F5 10/Symbol SF2.555 E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 679.2 Q F2(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714 (xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 691.2 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(54)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 55 55 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.2(bu)108 84 S(iltin).2 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(shell\255b)2.5 E (uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 96 Q .792 (ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 (ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293 F .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793(This is useful)5.793 F .616 (when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 108 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 120 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E 5.57(.T) -.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 132 Q(alse if)-.1 E F2 (shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E (uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr) .2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 160.8 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 (ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F1(sour)144 172.8 Q (ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2 (ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.824 E F0 .324 (displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F .254(subroutine call.)144 184.8 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 F F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .253 (displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\ tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ ent e)144 196.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001 (This e)144 208.8 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001 (xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E 3.019(0. The)144 220.8 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519 (alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52 (cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52 (does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 232.8 Q (alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 249.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 A F0(|[)A F1A F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F2 (dir)A F0(])A .322(Change the current directory to)144 261.6 R F2(dir) 2.822 E F0 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F2(dir)2.822 E F0 .321 (is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(HOME)2.821 E F0 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is) -.25 F 1.035(the def)144 273.6 R 3.535(ault. An)-.1 F 3.535(ya)-.15 G 1.035(dditional ar)-3.535 F 1.035(guments follo)-.18 F(wing)-.25 E F2 (dir)3.535 E F0 1.035(are ignored.)3.535 F 1.036(The v)6.035 F(ariable) -.25 E F3(CDP)3.536 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)3.286 E .85 (the search path for the directory containing)144 285.6 R F2(dir)3.35 E F0 3.35(:e).73 G .849(ach directory name in)-3.35 F F3(CDP)3.349 E -.855 (AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .849(is searched for)3.099 F F2(dir)144 297.6 Q F0 5.664(.A)C(lternati)-5.664 E .964 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .665 (irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .665(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.915 F 3.165(An)5.665 G .665 (ull directory name)-3.165 F(in)144 309.6 Q F3(CDP)4.163 E -.855(AT) -.666 G(H).855 E F0 1.663(is the same as the current directory)3.913 F 4.162(,i)-.65 G 1.662(.e., `)-4.162 F(`)-.74 E F1(.)A F0 -.74('')C 6.662 (.I).74 G(f)-6.662 E F2(dir)4.512 E F0(be)4.892 E 1.662 (gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)144 321.6 Q -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .19(is not used.)2.44 F(The)5.191 E F12.691 E F0 .191(option causes)2.691 F F1(cd)2.691 E F0 .191(to use the ph)2.691 F .191(ysical directory structure by resolving)-.05 F 1.12 (symbolic links while tra)144 333.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F2(dir) 3.62 E F0 1.12(and before processing instances of)3.62 F F2(..)3.62 E F0 (in)3.62 E F2(dir)3.62 E F0 1.12(\(see also the)3.62 F F13.62 E F0 .395(option to the)144 345.6 R F1(set)2.895 E F0 -.2(bu)2.895 G .395 (iltin command\); the).2 F F12.895 E F0 .395 (option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.895 F .395(wed by resolv-) -.25 F .444(ing the link after processing instances of)144 357.6 R F2 (..)2.943 E F0(in)2.943 E F2(dir)2.943 E F0 5.443(.I)C(f)-5.443 E F2(..) 2.943 E F0 .443(appears in)2.943 F F2(dir)2.943 E F0 2.943(,i)C 2.943 (ti)-2.943 G 2.943(sp)-2.943 G .443(rocessed by remo)-2.943 F(ving)-.15 E .744(the immediately pre)144 369.6 R .744 (vious pathname component from)-.25 F F2(dir)3.244 E F0 3.244(,b)C .744 (ack to a slash or the be)-3.244 F .744(ginning of)-.15 F F2(dir)3.244 E F0(.)A 1.466(If the)144 381.6 R F13.966 E F0 1.466 (option is supplied with)3.966 F F13.965 E F0 3.965(,a)C 1.465 (nd the current w)-3.965 F 1.465 (orking directory cannot be successfully)-.1 F .467 (determined after a successful directory change,)144 393.6 R F1(cd)2.968 E F0 .468(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.968 F .468(On systems) 5.468 F .337(that support it, the)144 405.6 R F12.837 E F0 .336 (option presents the e)2.836 F .336(xtended attrib)-.15 F .336 (utes associated with a \214le as a directory)-.2 F(.)-.65 E .71(An ar) 144 417.6 R .71(gument of)-.18 F F13.21 E F0 .71(is con)3.21 F -.15 (ve)-.4 G .71(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)3.21 E F0 .71 (before the directory change is attempted.)2.96 F .71(If a non-)5.71 F .107(empty directory name from)144 429.6 R F3(CDP)2.607 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .107(is used, or if)2.357 F F12.607 E F0 .106 (is the \214rst ar)2.607 F .106(gument, and the directory change)-.18 F .038(is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 441.6 R 2.538 (ww)-.25 G .038(orking directory is written to the standard output.) -2.638 F(The return v)144 453.6 Q(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E (as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1(command)108 470.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 (ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 482.4 Q F2(command)2.765 E F0(with) 3.335 E F2(ar)2.895 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .065 (suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.835 F .064(Only b)5.064 F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 494.4 R F3 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F13.002 E F0 .502(option is gi) 3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F2(command)3.202 E F0(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 506.4 R .4(ault v)-.1 F .4 (alue for)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399 (that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) 5.399 E .174(either the)144 518.4 R F12.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F1 2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F2 (command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F12.675 E F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 530.4 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F .817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) -.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(command)3.617 E F0 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087 F F1144 542.4 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249 (erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F12.749 E F0(or) 2.749 E F12.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25 (xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 554.4 R F2(command)3.705 E F0 -.1 (wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004 (If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F2 (command)144.2 566.4 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599 (xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599 (xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 578.4 S (iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F1 (compgen)108 595.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d) -.37 E F0(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 607.2 R F2(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513 E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E .981 (accepted by the)144 619.2 R F1(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 (iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F13.481 E F0(and) 3.481 E F13.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the) -3.481 F .131(standard output.)144 631.2 R .131(When using the)5.131 F F12.631 E F0(or)2.631 E F12.631 E F0 .131(options, the v) 2.631 F .13(arious shell v)-.25 F .13(ariables set by the program-)-.25 F(mable completion f)144 643.2 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 667.2 R .352 (ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 679.2 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) 2.52 F(those completions matching)144 691.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 (will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 715.2 Q (alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G (lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(55)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 56 56 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(complete)108 84 Q F0([)3.728 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.728(][)C F1 -3.728 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(comp-option)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1(\255DE)-3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1-3.728 E F2(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1-3.728 E F2(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.729(][)C F1 -3.729 E F2(wor)3.729 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.729(][)C F1-3.729 E F2 (func-)3.729 E(tion)108 96 Q F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 108 Q F1A F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 -2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E <8c78>-.18 E F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name ...)A F0(])A F1 (complete \255pr)108 120 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name) -2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .634(Specify ho)144 132 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg) -3.134 G .634(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.134 E F0 .634 (should be completed.)3.134 F .633(If the)5.634 F F13.133 E F0 .633(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e) 144 144 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w) -.15 F .14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31 (reused as input.)144 156 R(The)5.31 E F12.81 E F0 .31 (option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31 (ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.346 (are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 168 R(The)6.347 E F1 3.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options)3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 180 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5(ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144 192 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F13.455 E F0 .955 (option indicates that)3.455 F .065 (the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 204 R(`empty') -.74 E 2.564('c)-.74 G .064(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F (tion attempted on a blank line.)144 216 Q 1.437 (The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 240 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 252 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 276 R .856 -.15(ve t) -.2 H .555(he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555(guments to the)-.18 F F13.055 E F0(,)A F13.055 E F0 3.055(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F13.055 E F0 .722 (options \(and, if necessary)144 288 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F1 3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E F13.222 E F0 .723 (options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E (sion before the)144 300 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1144 312 Q F2 (comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 324 Q F2(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 (controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') .15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 (yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 336 Q F2 (comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 348 Q F0 .281(Perform the rest of the def)224 360 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 372 Q F1(default)184 384 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')224 384 R 5.376(sd)-.55 G (ef)-5.376 E 2.875 (ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) 224 396 Q F1(dir)184 408 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name compl\ etion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 420 Q F1(\214lenames)184 432 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 444 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \ \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.637 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 456 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 (dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45 (cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 468 R .45 (Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 480 Q F1(noquote) 184 492 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 492 S .814 (ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F 3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F (\214lenames is the def)224 504 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 516 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 516 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\ ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 528 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 528 S .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 540 Q F1 (plusdirs)184 552 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 552 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 (atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F .583(completion is attempted and an)224 564 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 (atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 576 Q F1144 588 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 600 Q F2(action)2.5 E F0 (may be one of the follo)2.5 E (wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 612 Q F0(Alias names.)224 612 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1 2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 624 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 636 Q (ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 648 Q(Readline)224 648 Q F0 -.1 (ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 660 S(iltin) .2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 660 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 672 Q F0(Command names.)224 684 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 696 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 708 Q (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(56)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 57 57 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(disabled)184 84 Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 96 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 108 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 108 Q(uiltins.) -.2 E F1(export)184 120 Q F0(Names of e)224 120 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0 (.)A F1(\214le)184 132 Q F0(File names.)224 132 Q (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 144 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 156 Q F1(gr)184 168 Q(oup)-.18 E F0 (Group names.)224 168 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0 (.)A F1(helptopic)184 180 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 192 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 204 Q F0 (Hostnames, as tak)224 216 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E /F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 228 Q F0(Job names, if job control is acti)224 228 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G 5(.M).15 G(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 240 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 252 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May)-.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 (running)184 264 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 264 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 276 Q(vice)-.1 E F0 (Service names.)224 276 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 288 Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 288 S(lid ar)1.11 E (guments for the)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(shopt)184 300 Q F0 (Shell option names as accepted by the)224 300 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 312 Q F0(Signal names.)224 312 Q F1 (stopped)184 324 Q F0(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 324 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(user)184 336 Q F0(User names.)224 336 Q (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 348 S (riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 348 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F (also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(.)A F1144 360 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E(command)184 372 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 (vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) 184 384 Q F1144 396 Q F3(function)2.5 E F0 .113 (The shell function)184 408 R F3(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 (vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 420 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F1 ($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816 (he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 (are being completed, the second ar)184 432 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 ($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 (ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 444 R .104 (gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w) -2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103 (ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 456 R .101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the) -.25 F F2(COMPREPL)184 468 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1144 480 Q F3(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008(The pathname e)184 492 R 1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F3(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 504 Q F1144 516 Q F3(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 528 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 (ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 540 Q F1144 552 Q F3(suf)2.5 E <8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 552 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 (is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1144 564 Q F3(wor)2.5 E (dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 576 Q F3(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 (is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F2(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139 (special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.007 (each resultant w)184 588 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. The)-.15 F 2.008(possible completions are the members of the)4.507 F (resultant list which match the w)184 600 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F1144 612 Q F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 624 Q F0 .456 (is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F .455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 (completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 636 R 1.596 (guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 648 Q F3(\214lterpat) 3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704 (rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 (in)3.204 E F3(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704 (tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 660 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 676.8 R .466 (alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 (lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F12.967 E F0 (or)2.967 E F12.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362 (plied without a)144 688.8 R F3(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 (gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H 1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F3(name)144 700.8 Q F0 (for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(57)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 58 58 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(compopt)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option) 2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option) 2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447 (Modify completion options for each)144 96 R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447 (according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 .447 (s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726 (completion if no)144 108 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 (re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 (n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 120 Q F2(name) 3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) 5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 132 Q F0 -.2(bu) 2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) -5.297 E F12.797 E F0 .297 (option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F 1.227(the `)144 144 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(omm\ and completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which no) -3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 156 R 2.178 (viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F14.678 E F0 2.177 (option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `) 144 168 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5 E 1.387(The return v)144 192 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.388 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F (options for a)144 204 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 220.8 Q F0([) 2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 232.8 R 1.754 (xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1 (select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753 (is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 244.8 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F3 10 /Symbol SF3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209 (is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514 (loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 256.8 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513 (The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is) 3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 268.8 Q F1(declar)108 285.6 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1 (typeset)108 297.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C (..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 309.6 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) 3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F -.25(va)144 321.6 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F13.483 E F0 .983 (option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 (alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1 3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 333.6 Q F2(name)2.774 E F0(ar)2.774 E .274(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1 2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F12.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275 (re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F12.775 E F0 .275(is supplied) 2.775 F(without)144 345.6 Q F2(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E 2.314 (guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.313 (alues of all v)-.25 F 2.313(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.313(ving the)-.2 F (attrib)144 357.6 Q 1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.) -.2 F 1.182(If no other options are supplied with)6.181 F F13.682 E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.682 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 369.6 R .62(utes and v)-.2 F .62(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12 (ariables. The)-.25 F F13.12 E F0 .62 (option will restrict the display)3.12 F 1.29(to shell functions.)144 381.6 R(The)6.29 E F13.79 E F0 1.291(option inhibits the display \ of function de\214nitions; only the function)3.791 F .948 (name and attrib)144 393.6 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948(If the) 5.948 F F1(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948 (shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F1(shopt)3.448 E F0 3.448(,t)C .948(he source)-3.448 F 1.69(\214le name and line number where each)144 405.6 R F2(name)4.19 E F0 1.69(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)4.19 F(The)6.69 E F14.19 E F0(option)4.19 E(implies)144 417.6 Q F1 3.892 E F0 6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392 E F13.892 E F0 1.391 (option forces v)3.892 F 1.391 (ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 429.6 Q F1(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0 1.882 (is e)4.382 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.882(cuted in a shell function.).15 F 1.883(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.882 F 1.883(The follo)6.883 F (wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 441.6 R .794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 F 1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 453.6 Q(utes:)-.2 E F1144 465.6 Q F0(Each)180 465.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1 (Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 477.6 Q F0(Each)180 477.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a) -.25 H(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1144 489.6 Q F0(Use function names only) 180 489.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 501.6 Q F0 .557(The v)180 501.6 R .558 (ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 (va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558 (ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 513.6 Q F0(abo) 2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v) -2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1144 525.6 Q F0 .91(When the v)180 525.6 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 537.6 R (upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1144 549.6 Q F0(Gi)180 549.6 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0 (the)3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 (ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E 1.519(That other v)180 561.6 R 1.519(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F 1.518(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)4.018 E F0 6.518(.A)C 1.518 (ll references, assignments, and)-6.518 F(attrib)180 573.6 Q .226 (ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)2.726 E F0 2.726(,e)C .226 (xcept those using or changing the)-2.876 F F12.726 E F0(attrib) 2.726 E .227(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 585.6 R .809(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D 3.308(alue. The).3 F .808(nameref attrib)3.308 F .808(ute cannot be)-.2 F(applied to array v)180 597.6 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 609.6 Q F0 (Mak)180 609.6 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E 7.546(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F 2.547(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 621.6 Q F1144 633.6 Q F0(Gi)180 633.6 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach) .15 E F2(name)2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib) 2.929 E 2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1 (DEB)2.929 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0 (traps from the calling shell.)180 645.6 Q(The trace attrib)5 E (ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1144 657.6 Q F0 .909(When the v)180 657.6 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 669.6 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1 144 681.6 Q F0(Mark)180 681.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E (xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .121 (Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 698.4 R 2.621(ft)-.25 G .121 (he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .12 (xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F .644 (to destro)144 710.4 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v) -3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) 3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.145 (ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F(tion,)144 722.4 Q F1 (declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F1(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835 E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F2(name)2.835 E F0 .335 (local, as with the)2.835 F F1(local)2.835 E F0 .335 (command, unless the)2.835 F F12.835 E F0(option)2.835 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(58)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 59 59 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.282 (is supplied.)144 84 R 1.282(If a v)6.282 F 1.283(ariable name is follo) -.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(value)A F0 3.783 (,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.283 (ariable is set to)-.25 F F1(value)3.783 E F0(.)A .927(When using)144 96 R/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.427 E F0(or)3.427 E F23.427 E F0 .926(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.427 F .926 (ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 108 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.092(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.092 G .592(ect until subsequent assignments.) .25 F .592(The return v)5.592 F .592(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25 (va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .429 (option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using) 144 120 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .428(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.928(,a)C 2.928(na)-2.928 G .428(ttempt is)-2.928 F .062(made to assign a v)144 132 R .062(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .063 (ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .063 (alue to an array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .102 (able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 144 R F2 (Arrays)2.602 E F0(abo)2.602 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .102(\), one of the).15 F F1(names)2.602 E F0 .101(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 156 S .171 (lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .172 (ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 168 R 3.46(fa) -.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96 (ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 180 Q (xistent function with)-.15 E F22.5 E F0(.)A F2 (dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 196.8 Q F1(n)A F2 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F2 (])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 208.8 S .328 (thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) .4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 (single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 220.8 R 1.238 (Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 232.8 Q F0 2.003(command; the)4.503 F F2(popd)4.503 E F0 2.003(command remo) 4.503 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.503(se).15 G 2.003(ntries from the list.)-4.503 F 2.003(The current directory is)7.003 F(al)144 244.8 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G (ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F2144 256.8 Q F0 (Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 256.8 Q F2144 268.8 Q F0 .882 (Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 268.8 R .881 (ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 280.8 Q(.)-.65 E F2144 292.8 Q F0 (Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 292.8 Q F2 144 304.8 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 304.8 R 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773 (nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 316.8 Q F2(+)144 328.8 Q F1(n)A F0 1.565(Displays the)180 328.8 R F1(n)4.065 E F0 1.565 (th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F2 (dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E (without options, starting with zero.)180 340.8 Q F2144 352.8 Q F1 (n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 352.8 R F1(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 (th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F F2(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E (without options, starting with zero.)180 364.8 Q .258(The return v)144 381.6 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 (lid option is supplied or).25 F F1(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) .15 F(tory stack.)144 393.6 Q F2(diso)108 410.4 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F2 (\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 (... |)2.5 E F1(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 422.4 S .121 (thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F1(jobspec) 4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.622(obs. If).15 F F1(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(is not present, and)2.932 F .096(neither the)144 434.4 R F22.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F F22.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F1(curr)2.596 E .096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F2 2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) .15 F F1(jobspec)145.74 446.4 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.085(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.085 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F .585(ed so that)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .586 (is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 458.4 R -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F4(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 (If no)5.462 F F1(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F2 3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 470.4 R F2 3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F1(jobspec)5.598 E F0 (ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F 1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 482.4 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F1 (jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E F2(echo)108 499.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(ar)-2.5 E(g) -.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 511.2 R F1(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 (wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307 (error occurs.)144 523.2 R(If)5.307 E F22.807 E F0 .307 (is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 F .308(If the)5.308 F F22.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.349(pretation of the follo)144 535.2 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) 6.348 E F23.848 E F0 1.348(option disables the)3.848 F 1.054 (interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 547.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.555 (ya)-.15 G 1.055(re interpreted by def)-3.555 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 559.2 Q F2(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959 (shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.459 F F2(echo)3.458 E F0 -.15(ex)3.458 G(pands).15 E .715 (these escape characters by def)144 571.2 R(ault.)-.1 E F2(echo)5.715 E F0 .716(does not interpret)3.215 F F23.216 E F0 .716 (to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F2(echo)5.716 E F0 (interprets the follo)144 583.2 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F2(\\a) 144 595.2 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 595.2 Q F2(\\b)144 607.2 Q F0 (backspace)180 607.2 Q F2(\\c)144 619.2 Q F0(suppress further output)180 619.2 Q F2(\\e)144 631.2 Q(\\E)144 643.2 Q F0(an escape character)180 643.2 Q F2(\\f)144 655.2 Q F0(form feed)180 655.2 Q F2(\\n)144 667.2 Q F0(ne)180 667.2 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2(\\r)144 679.2 Q F0 (carriage return)180 679.2 Q F2(\\t)144 691.2 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 691.2 Q F2(\\v)144 703.2 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 703.2 S(rtical tab).15 E F2 (\\\\)144 715.2 Q F0(backslash)180 715.2 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2016 May 29)148.175 E(59)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 60 60 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\0)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 (the eight-bit character whose v)180 84 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E (alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1 (\\x)144 96 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 96 Q (alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 (\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1 (\\u)144 108 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 1.507 (the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 120 R 1.506 (alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) 4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 132 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 (\\U)144 144 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 (the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 156 R .547 (alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) 3.048 E(HHH)180 168 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) -2.5 E F1(enable)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1 (\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 (][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 196.8 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 (uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833 (the same name as a shell b)144 208.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99 (the shell normally searches for b)144 220.8 R .989 (uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F13.489 E F0 .989 (is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581 (abled; otherwise,)144 232.8 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) 4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)4.082 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 244.8 R .081(uiltin v)-.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .081 (enable -n test)2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F12.58 E F0 .08 (option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 256.8 S 1.524 (iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524 (ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 268.8 Q F1 2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F .367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F12.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn) -5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi) -.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 280.8 R F1 2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 (uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4 F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 292.8 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F12.598 E F0 .098 (is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F (If)5.098 E F12.598 E F0 1.916 (is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 304.8 R 1.916 (uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 (enabled. If)144 316.8 R F12.879 E F0 .379 (is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F2(special) 2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F (alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 328.8 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994 (is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) -.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 340.8 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 357.6 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 369.6 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 381.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 (xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 (ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no) -2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 393.6 Q (guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 (exec)108 410.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2 (name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) -.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 422.4 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 (is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 (wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E (guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 434.4 R .176 (guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G (he)-2.676 E F12.676 E F0 .176 (option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 (ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 446.4 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F12.999 E F0 .499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 458.4 Q F0 .638 (to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 (vironment. If)-.4 F F13.138 E F0 .638 (is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) 3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 470.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) .15 F(non-interacti)144 482.4 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F .576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 (shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505(ure. An)144 494.4 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s) -.25 H .005(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e) -.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 (is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 506.4 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536 (edirections tak)-3.036 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 (ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536 (If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 518.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G (he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 535.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 (])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 535.2 R .096(xit with a status of) -.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 (is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) -.15 F -.15(exe)144 547.2 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 564 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 576 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 588 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 (vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627 (commands. If)144 600 R(the)2.627 E F12.627 E F0 .127 (option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126(n, or if the).15 F F1 144 612 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F .048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1 2.548 E F0 .048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 624 S 1.447 (port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 (rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G 1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) -.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 636 S .741(lue of the v).25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 (export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 (xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) .25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 648 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 (is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0 (that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 660 Q F1(fc)108 676.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 <8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 688.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 (cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431 (The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 700.8 R F2<8c72> 4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432 (from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 712.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) .45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 (may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) 144 724.8 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(60)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 61 61 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .315 (is used as an of)144 84 R .315(fset from the current command number\).) -.25 F(If)5.315 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(last)2.904 E F0 .314 (is not speci\214ed it is set to the cur)3.494 F(-)-.2 E .948 (rent command for listing \(so that)144 96 R/F2 10/Courier@0 SF .948 (fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948(prints the last 10 commands\) and to) 3.448 F F1<8c72>5.359 E(st)-.1 E F0(other)4.129 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If) 144 108 R F1<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E F0 (is not speci\214ed it is set to the pre)3.18 E (vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 132 Q /F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF2.522 E F0 .022 (option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E F32.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 (rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 144 R .438(If the)5.438 F F32.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 (n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E .335(the editor gi)144 156 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F1 (ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do) .1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F (If)5.334 E F1(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G (n,).15 E .63(the v)144 168 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4(FCEDIT) 3.131 E F0 .631(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 180 R .951(ariable is set,)-.25 F F1(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 F .95(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 F -.15(exe)144 192 S(cuted.).15 E .788(In the second form,)144 216 R F1 (command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 (cuted after each instance of).15 F F1(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 (is replaced by)3.288 F F1 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F1(Com-)5.789 E(mand)144 228 Q F0 .347(is intepreted the same as)2.847 F F1<8c72>2.847 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.847 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.347(.A).15 G .347 (useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F2 .346(r='fc \255s')2.847 F F0 2.846(,s)C 2.846(ot)-2.846 G(hat)-2.846 E(typing)144 240 Q F2 7.165(rc) 3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166 (ginning with)-.15 F F2(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F2(r) 3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F (mand.)144 252 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 276 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 (lid option is encountered or).25 F F1<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 E F1(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 288 R .454(If the)5.454 F F32.954 E F0 .454 (option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 (alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 300 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 (cuted or f).15 F .787 (ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F .787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 (second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 312 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F1(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 (does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 324 Q (alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F3(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E (ailure.)-.1 E F3(fg)108 340.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) 144 352.8 Q F1(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 (ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 (he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F1(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 364.8 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G .616(otion of the)-3.116 F F1(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 (is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 (alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 376.8 Q .363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 (ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 (hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F1(jobspec)145.74 388.8 Q F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0 (speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E F3(getopts)108 405.6 Q F1(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(gs) -.37 E F0(])A F3(getopts)144 417.6 Q F0 .793 (is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F1 (optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 (characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 429.6 R .149 (wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 -.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 441.6 Q .578 (gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 (The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665 (acters may not be used as option characters.)144 453.6 R 1.665 (Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F3(getopts) 4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796 (option in the shell v)144 465.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)3.296 E F0 3.296(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F1(name)3.657 E F0 .797 (if it does not e)3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G 3.297(ft)-3.297 G .797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 477.6 Q .085 (gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND)2.585 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F4(OPTIND)4.585 E F0 .085 (is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845 (or a shell script is in)144 489.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 (d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F3 (getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument)-.18 E .804 (into the v)144 501.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F4(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803 (automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293 (reset between multiple calls to)144 513.6 R F3(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 (within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F 2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 525.6 Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 549.6 R F3(getopts) 4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 (alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 561.6 Q F0 (is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G (he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 (is set to ?.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144 585.6 Q F0 2.392 (normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392 (ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893 (ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F1(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F3(getopts)144 597.6 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F3(getopts)144 621.6 Q F0 1.166 (can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F 1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F1(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165 (is a colon,)3.885 F F1(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.07 (reporting is used.)144 633.6 R 1.071 (In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.07 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.071(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 645.6 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F (ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394 (is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 657.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F1(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .666(If an in)144 681.6 R -.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,).25 F F3(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667 (places ? into)3.167 F F1(name)3.527 E F0 .667 (and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4(and unsets)144 693.6 R F4(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F3(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F4 (OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F (diagnostic message is printed.)144 705.6 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 729.6 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F3(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F3(?).833 E F0 3.742 (\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242(laced in)-3.742 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(61)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 62 62 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(name)144 84 Q F0(,).18 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPT) 2.735 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234 (is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If)5.234 E/F3 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \() 2.734 F F3(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 96 Q F1(name)2.86 E F0 (and)2.68 E F2(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 (is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F3(getopts)144 120 Q F0 .902(returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) 3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F (options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 132 Q F3(hash)108 148.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F3-2.5 E F1(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 (Each time)144 160.8 R F3(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F1(name) 3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 (the directories in)144 172.8 R F3($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 (viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 184.8 R F32.743 E F0 .243 (option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F1 (\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.711 (of the command.)144 196.8 R(The)6.711 E F34.211 E F0 1.711 (option causes the shell to for)4.211 F 1.712 (get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.712 E F34.212 E F0 .833(option causes the shell to for)144 208.8 R .833 (get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F1(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I) C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F33.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-) 3.333 F .703(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 220.8 R F1(name) 3.204 E F0 .704(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .704(If multiple)5.704 F F1(name)3.204 E F0(ar)3.204 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 232.8 R F33.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F1(name)3.295 E F0 .795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F3 3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934 (output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 244.8 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .935(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .935(n, or if).15 F(only)144 256.8 Q F32.822 E F0 .322 (is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.822 F .321(The return status is true)5.321 F(unless a)144 268.8 Q F1(name)2.86 E F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) .25 E F3(help)108 285.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 (pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144 297.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F1(pattern)4.617 E F0 .867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F3(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .307(help on all commands matching)144 309.6 R F1(pattern)2.807 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 (therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .306 (uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 321.6 Q F3 144 333.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 333.6 Q F1 (pattern)2.5 E F3144 345.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) 180 345.6 Q F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G (ormat)-2.5 E F3144 357.6 Q F0 (Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 357.6 Q F1(pattern)2.5 E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 374.4 Q F1 (pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F3(history [)108 391.2 Q F1(n)A F3(])A (history \255c)108 403.2 Q(history \255d)108 415.2 Q F1(of)2.5 E(fset) -.18 E F3(history \255anrw)108 427.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\214lename)A F0(])A F3(history \255p)108 439.2 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A 2.5 (g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F3(history \255s)108 451.2 Q F1(ar)2.5 E(g) -.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 463.2 S .752 (th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F .752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F3(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2 G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 475.2 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F F1(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F1(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 (lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(HISTTIMEFOR-) 2.88 E(MA)144 487.2 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264 (is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.514 F F1 (strftime)2.765 E F0 .265(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.02 (ciated with each displayed history entry)144 499.2 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G 3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 (ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 (time stamp and the history line.)144 511.2 R(If)5.176 E F1(\214lename) 2.676 E F0 .176 (is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F (not, the v)144 523.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) 2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E (wing meanings:)-.25 E F3144 535.2 Q F0 (Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 535.2 Q F3 144 547.2 Q F1(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 (Delete the history entry at position)180 559.2 Q F1(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0(.)A F3144 571.2 Q F0 .565(Append the `)180 571.2 R(`ne)-.74 E (w')-.25 E 3.065('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.) -3.065 F .564(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 583.2 Q(ginning of the current)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E (ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F3144 595.2 Q F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214\ le into the current history list.)180 595.2 R .773 (These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 607.2 R .772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F3(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E (sion.)180 619.2 Q F3144 631.2 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\ ory \214le and append them to the current history list.)180 631.2 Q F3 144 643.2 Q F0 (Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 643.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G (ontents.)-2.5 E F3144 655.2 Q F0 .625 (Perform history substitution on the follo)180 655.2 R(wing)-.25 E F1 (ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard) 3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 667.2 R .475 (not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F1(ar) 2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F (normal history e)180 679.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F3144 691.2 Q F0 .362(Store the)180 691.2 R F1(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 (in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363 (he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 703.2 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F1(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 (are added.)2.77 E .146(If the)144 720 R F2(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) -.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 (riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) .25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(62)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 63 63 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .668 (entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 84 R .669 (ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.669(.W)-.55 G .669 (hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 96 R .956 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955 (wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F 1.795 (are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 108 R 1.795 (wing history entry)-.25 F 6.795(.T)-.65 G 1.795(he return v)-6.795 F 1.796(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 120 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .768(lid op\ tion is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the histo\ ry \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (of)144 132 Q(fset)-.18 E F0 1.031(is supplied as an ar)3.531 F 1.031 (gument to)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF3.531 E F0 3.531(,o)C 3.531 (rt)-3.531 G 1.031(he history e)-3.531 F 1.031 (xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F 1.032(gument to)-.18 F F23.532 E F0 -.1(fa)144 144 S(ils.).1 E F2(jobs)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 (\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F2(jobs \255x)108 172.8 Q F1(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0(... ])2.5 E (The \214rst form lists the acti)144 184.8 Q .3 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.5 (obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E (wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 196.8 Q F0 (List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 196.8 Q F2 144 208.8 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha) 180 208.8 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 220.8 Q F2 144 232.8 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 232.8 Q 2.5(sp) -.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F2144 244.8 Q F0 (Display only running jobs.)180 244.8 Q F2144 256.8 Q F0 (Display only stopped jobs.)180 256.8 Q(If)144 273.6 Q F1(jobspec)4.553 E F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 (n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T) -.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 285.6 Q -.25 (va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 302.4 R F2 2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F2(jobs)2.894 E F0 .394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F1(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) 3.204 F F1(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F1(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394 (with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 314.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F1(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F1(ar) 2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E F2(kill)108 331.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2A F1(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2 2.5 E F1(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F22.5 E F1(sigspec)A F0 2.5 (][)C F1(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F2 (kill \255l)108 343.2 Q F0(|)A F2A F0([)2.5 E F1(sigspec)A F0(|) 2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119 (Send the signal named by)144 355.2 R F1(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F1(signum)2.959 E F0 .119(to the processes named by)2.939 F F1(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F1(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F1(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319(either a case-insensiti)144 367.2 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319 (ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318 (\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318 (pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 379.2 Q F1(signum)4.188 E F0 1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F1(sigspec) 4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0 1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 391.2 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F F23.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an) 5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when) .18 F F23.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523 (n, the names).15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 403.2 R .28(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E F1 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 415.2 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F F22.878 E F0 .378 (is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377 (xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .962(nated by a signal.)144 427.2 R(The)5.962 E F23.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va) -.25 G .962(lent to).25 F F23.462 E F0(.)A F2(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 (returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E (successfully sent, or f)144 439.2 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in) -.1 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F2(let)108 456 Q F1 (ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 468 Q F1(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197 (xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .196(luated \(see).25 F F3 .196 (ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) 2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F(the last)144 480 Q F1(ar)2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F2(let)2.5 E F0 (returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F2(local)108 496.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F1(value)A F0 2.5(].)C (.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 508.8 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F1(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F1(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he) -5.06 E F1(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 520.8 Q 3.153(yo) -.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F2(declar) 3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F2(local)3.152 E F0 .652 (is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 532.8 Q F1(name)3.281 E F0 .421(to ha)3.101 F .721 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F (If)5.422 E F1(name)2.922 E F0 .422(is \255, the set)2.922 F 1.461 (of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 544.8 R F2 (local)3.961 E F0 1.461(is in)3.961 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 1.461 (d: shell options changed).1 F 1.562(using the)144 556.8 R F2(set)4.062 E F0 -.2(bu)4.062 G 1.563 (iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.563 (alues when the function)-.25 F 3.744(returns. W)144 568.8 R 1.244 (ith no operands,)-.4 F F2(local)3.744 E F0 1.244 (writes a list of local v)3.744 F 1.243 (ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.243(It is an)6.243 F .42 (error to use)144 580.8 R F2(local)2.92 E F0 .42 (when not within a function.)2.92 F .42(The return status is 0 unless) 5.42 F F2(local)2.92 E F0 .42(is used outside a)2.92 F(function, an in) 144 592.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F1(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or) 2.68 E F1(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F2(logout) 108 609.6 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 609.6 Q F2(map\214le)108 626.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2A F1(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(count) 2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E (ay)-.15 E F0(])A F2 -.18(re)108 638.4 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 A F1(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(count)2.5 E F0 2.5 (][)C F2-2.5 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 (count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1 (fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2-2.5 E F1(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][) C F2-2.5 E F1(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (])A .351(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 650.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F1 (arr)2.85 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.85(,o).32 G 2.85(rf)-2.85 G .35 (rom \214le descriptor)-2.85 F F1(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 662.4 R F23.748 E F0 1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F (ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F1(arr)3.749 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,) -6.249 F(ha)144 674.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E (wing meanings:)-.25 E F2144 686.4 Q F0(The \214rst character of) 180 686.4 Q F1(delim)2.5 E F0 (is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E F2144 698.4 Q F0(Cop)180 698.4 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost) -2.5 E F1(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F1(count)2.5 E F0 (is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F2144 710.4 Q F0(Be)180 710.4 Q (gin assigning to)-.15 E F1(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x) -.15 E F1(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi) -.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(63)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 64 64 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F0(Discard the \214rst)180 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1144 96 Q F0(Remo)180 96 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne) -.1 E(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1144 108 Q F0 (Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 108 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 (instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1144 120 Q F0(Ev)180 120 Q (aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2(quantum) 2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F12.5 E F0 (option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1144 132 Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 132 Q F2 (callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 148.8 Q F12.968 E F0 .467 (is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F12.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 (he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 (callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 (luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 160.8 R 2.761(xo)-.15 G 2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be ass\ igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 (as additional ar)144 172.8 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 (luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 (ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 184.8 Q (If not supplied with an e)144 201.6 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 (map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 218.4 Q F0 1.905 (returns successfully unless an in)4.405 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 (lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) 4.406 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 230.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E F1(popd)108 247.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 259.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se) .15 G .3(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299 (th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G .299(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478(stack, and performs a)144 271.2 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 (op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.479 (uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.479(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 283.2 Q F1144 295.2 Q F0 .551 (Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 295.2 R .551 (ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F (that only the stack is manipulated.)180 307.2 Q F1(+)144 319.2 Q F2(n)A F0(Remo)180 319.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 331.2 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 (remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,) -.65 E F3(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1144 343.2 Q F2(n)A F0 (Remo)180 343.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0 1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by) -.25 F F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5 (zero. F)180 355.2 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F3(popd -0)2.5 E F0 (remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F3(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .643(If the)144 372 R F1(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1(dirs) 3.143 E F0 .644(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F1(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 384 R .416(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415 (lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915 (,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.915 E .415(xistent direc-)-.15 F (tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 396 Q (ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 412.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F2(var)2.5 E F0 (])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.436 (Write the formatted)144 424.8 R F2(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 (to the standard output under the control of the)3.936 F F2(format)3.937 E F0 6.437(.T)C(he)-6.437 E F13.937 E F0 .126 (option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 436.8 R(ariable) -.25 E F2(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard) 2.626 F(output.)144 448.8 Q(The)144 472.8 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(i\ s a character string which contains three types of objects: plain chara\ cters, which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\ er escape sequences, which are con)144 484.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 (rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ \214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 496.8 R .037 (xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 508.8 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2 (printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031 E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 520.8 Q (xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 532.8 Q F0(causes)180 532.8 Q F1(printf) 2.595 E F0 .096(to e)2.595 F .096 (xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar) 2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 544.8 Q(ay as) -.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 556.8 Q F0(causes)180 556.8 Q F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E (gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F (input.)180 568.8 Q F1(%\()144 580.8 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes) 180 592.8 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904 (to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F2(datefmt) 4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 604.8 R F2 (strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) 2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 (ger representing the number)-.15 F .457(of seconds since the epoch.)180 616.8 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F .458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F .848 (current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 628.8 R .847 (as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.347(d. If).1 F .847(no ar)3.347 F .847(gument is speci-)-.18 F .354(\214ed, con)180 640.8 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .354(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.854(sa).15 G 2.854(si)-2.854 G 2.854(f-)-2.854 G 2.854(1h)-2.854 G .354(ad been gi)-2.854 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.854(n. This).15 F .355(is an e)2.854 F .355 (xception to the usual)-.15 F F1(printf)2.855 E F0(beha)180 652.8 Q (vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 669.6 Q .464(guments to non-string format s\ peci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .463 (xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258(minus sign is allo)144 681.6 R 1.259 (wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) -.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 693.6 Q(alue of the follo) -.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 710.4 Q F2(format)3.424 E F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F2(ar)3.423 E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format) 3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F2(ar)144 722.4 Q(guments)-.37 E F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033 (xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si) .15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .034(alue or null string,) -.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(64)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 65 65 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E (as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 84 Q(The return v)5 E (alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E/F1 10 /Times-Bold@0 SF(pushd)108 100.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C(+) -2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 112.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0 (])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates\ the stack, making the ne)144 124.8 R 3.139(wt)-.25 G .639(op of the) -3.139 F .416(stack the current w)144 136.8 R .416(orking directory)-.1 F 5.416(.W)-.65 G .416(ith no ar)-5.816 F(guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.916 E F0 -.15(ex)2.916 G .416(changes the top tw).15 F 2.917(od)-.1 G (irectories)-2.917 E 1.625 (and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 148.8 R 6.625 (.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 160.8 Q F1144 172.8 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory \ when rotating or adding directories to the)180 172.8 R (stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 184.8 Q F1(+)144 196.8 Q F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 196.8 R F2(n) 3.768 E F0 1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 208.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C (tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1144 220.8 Q F2(n)A F0 .92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 220.8 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 (th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 232.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) -2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 244.8 Q F0(Adds)180 244.8 Q F2(dir)3.138 E F0 .288 (to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.518 F 2.787(wc) -.25 G .287(urrent w)-2.787 F .287(orking directory as)-.1 F (if it had been supplied as the ar)180 256.8 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1 (cd)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .488(If the)144 273.6 R F1(pushd) 2.988 E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488 (is performed as well.)2.988 F .489(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 285.6 R F2(dir) 3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 F F1(pushd)3.539 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846 (stack is empty)144 297.6 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent\ directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the) -.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 309.6 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 326.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 (Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 338.4 R .845 (orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 (he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 350.4 R F12.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1 (set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264 (enabled. If)144 362.4 R(the)3.264 E F13.264 E F0 .763 (option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 374.4 R -.25(va) -.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 386.4 Q F1 -.18(re)108 403.2 S (ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2 (aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1-3.817 E F2(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817 (][)C F1-3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F1 -3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(pr) 3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(timeout)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 415.2 Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from th\ e \214le descriptor)144 427.2 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) 3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 439.2 Q F13.848 E F0 1.348 (option, split into w)3.848 F 1.348(ords as described abo)-.1 F 1.647 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)3.847 G 1.347(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.847(,a)C 1.347(nd the \214rst w)-3.847 F 1.347(ord is)-.1 F 1.465 (assigned to the \214rst)144 451.2 R F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,t).18 G 1.465(he second w)-3.965 F 1.465(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,a).18 G 1.465(nd so on.)-3.965 F 1.465(If there are more)6.465 F -.1(wo)144 463.2 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112 (ords and their interv)-.1 F 1.112 (ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)144 475.2 Q F0 5.722(.I).18 G 3.222(ft)-5.722 G .722(here are fe)-3.222 F .722(wer w) -.25 F .723 (ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are)-.1 F .532(assigned empty v)144 487.2 R 3.032(alues. The)-.25 F .532 (characters in)3.032 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.032 E F0 .531 (are used to split the line into w)2.782 F .531(ords using the same)-.1 F .197(rules the shell uses for e)144 499.2 R .197 (xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .497 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.697 G .197(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.697(\). The)B .197 (backslash charac-)2.697 F .157(ter \()144 511.2 R F1(\\)A F0 2.657(\)m) C .157(ay be used to remo)-2.657 F .457 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .457 -.15(ny s) .15 H .157(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .156 (xt character read and for line continu-)-.15 F 2.5(ation. Options,)144 523.2 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E (wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 535.2 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049 (The w)180 547.2 R 1.049 (ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) -.25 E F2(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F2 (aname)180.33 559.2 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25 (ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1144 571.2 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 (The \214rst character of)180 583.2 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 (is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E F1144 595.2 Q F0 .373 (If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 595.2 R F1 -.18 (re)2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo) 2.622 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E .218(to obtain the line.)180 607.2 R .218 (Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218 (ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E (acti)180 619.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E F1144 631.2 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)180 631.2 Q F1 -.18(re) 2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F2 (te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .215(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 643.2 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1 144 655.2 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 667.2 S(ad).18 E F0 1.394(returns after reading)3.894 F F2(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395(characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395 (aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 679.2 Q (ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 144 691.2 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 703.2 S (ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc) 3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.269(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274 (line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 715.2 R F1 -.18(re) 2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275 (Delimiter characters encoun-)5.275 F 1.003 (tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 727.2 R F1 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F2(nc) 3.502 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(65)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 66 66 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .608 (characters are read.)180 84 R .608 (The result is not split on the characters in)5.608 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.108 E F0 3.108(;t)C .609(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25 (va)180 96 S .67(riable is assigned e).25 F .669 (xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .669 (xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1180 108 Q F0(option belo) 2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1144 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pr)2.5 E (ompt)-.45 E F0(Display)180 132 Q F2(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161 (on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) -3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 144 Q 2.5 (yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F (prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 144 156 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character) 180 156 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543(he backslash is considered to be part of) -5.543 F(the line.)180 168 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G (ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.) -.25 E F1144 180 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 180 Q (If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 144 192 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 204 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928 G (ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428 (ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .561 (ber of characters\) is not read within)180 216 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0 (seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number) 3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 228 Q (wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 240 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 252 R .589 (gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 (times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve) -.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59 (artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 264 S(riable) .25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27 (is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G (ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 276 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a) -.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) .25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 288 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e) .15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1144 300 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 (Read input from \214le descriptor)180 300 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .477 (If no)144 316.8 R F2(names)3.337 E F0 .477 (are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)3.247 F(ariable)-.25 E /F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.976 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .476(The e)4.976 F .476(xit status is zero,)-.15 F .772 (unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 328.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.272 G(ad) .18 E F0 .773 (times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a)3.272 F -.25(va)144 340.8 S 2.004 (riable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v).25 F 2.004 (ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.004(lid \214le).25 F (descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 352.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1 2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 369.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A (d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 381.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G (n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v) -.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77 (may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097(quent assignment.)144 393.6 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F13.597 E F0 1.097 (option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2 (names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 405.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) -.1 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 (ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) -3.334 F F13.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) -.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 417.6 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277 (rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.277 F F13.277 E F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F2(name) 3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 429.6 R -.15(ve) -.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F13.021 E F0 .521 (option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F .522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 441.6 R(The)5.295 E F1 2.795 E F0(option)2.795 E .786 (causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) 144 453.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 465.6 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) -3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) 3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) -5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) 144 477.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) -.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F12.76 E F0 .26 (is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 489.6 Q F0 (that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 506.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 518.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 (alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02 (.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596 (the return status is that of the last command e)144 530.4 R -.15(xe) -.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E F1 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.239(by a trap handler)144 542.4 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238 (he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) -3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.066(before the trap handler)144 554.4 R 6.067(.i)-.55 G(f)-6.067 E F1 -.18(re)3.567 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 1.067(is e)3.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.067(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB) 3.567 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.067(trap, the last command used to)3.567 F .39 (determine the status is the last command e)144 566.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .389(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.889 G(tur).18 E (n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.889 G 2.889(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.889 H -.1(ke) .4 G(d.).1 E(If)144 578.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.583 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .084(is used outside a function, b)2.583 F .084(ut during e)-.2 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E F0(\()5.084 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.584(\)c)C .084(ommand, it)-2.584 F .589 (causes the shell to stop e)144 590.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589 (cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .588 (or the e)3.328 F .588(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e) 144 602.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .326 (is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445 (its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 614.4 R .444 (The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F1 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E (n)-.15 E F0 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 (ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 626.4 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15 E .75(mand associated with the)144 638.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 (trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 650.4 Q F1 (set)108 667.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 679.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E (g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 691.2 S .835 (thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .836(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 (reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 703.2 R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .783 (riables cannot be).25 F 2.911(reset. In)144 715.2 R F2(posix)2.911 E F0 .412(mode, only shell v)2.912 F .412(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .412 (The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.531 (locale. When)144 727.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F 3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.53(utes. An) -.2 F 3.53(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.53 G 1.03(uments remaining).18 F (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(66)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 67 67 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.623 (after option processing are treated as v)144 84 R 1.624 (alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order) 144 96 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1 ($2)2.5 E F0(,)A F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 5(.O) C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E (wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 108 Q F0 1.378(Each v)184 108 R 1.377 (ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.377(xport attrib)-.15 F 1.377(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 120 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 E (vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1144 132 Q F0 .131 (Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 132 R 2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E (primary prompt.)184 144 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1144 156 Q F0 .088 (Exit immediately if a)184 156 R F2(pipeline)2.588 E F0 .087 (\(which may consist of a single)2.588 F F2 .087(simple command)2.587 F F0 .087(\), a)B F2(list)2.587 E F0 2.587(,o)C(r)-2.587 E(a)184 168 Q F2 1.52(compound command)4.02 F F0(\(see)4.021 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.521 (SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F 1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .08(The shell does not e)184 180 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .079 (ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 192 Q 1.654(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(until)4.154 E F0 -.1(ke)4.154 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.655 (wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(elif)4.155 E F0(reserv) 4.155 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 204 S .582(rds, part of an).1 F 3.082(yc) -.15 G .582(ommand e)-3.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1 (&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .581(list e)3.081 F .581 (xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .917(the \214nal)184 216 R F1(&&)3.417 E F0(or)3.417 E F1(||)3.417 E F0 3.417(,a)C 1.217 -.15(ny c) -3.417 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .918 (ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.418(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.418 E -.25(va)184 228 S .661(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .661 (rted with).15 F F1(!)3.161 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .66 (ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.112 (non-zero status because a command f)184 240 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F F13.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.113 (eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .178(not e)184 252 R 2.678 (xit. A)-.15 F .178(trap on)2.678 F F1(ERR)2.678 E F0 2.678(,i)C 2.678 (fs)-2.678 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 (cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.677(xits. This)-.15 F .177 (option applies to)2.677 F .617(the shell en)184 264 R .617 (vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see) -.4 F F3 .618(COMMAND EXE-)3.118 F .643(CUTION ENVIR)184 276 R(ONMENT) -.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643 (\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .642(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 288 Q 2.042(If a compound command or shell function e)184 306 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.042(cutes in a conte).15 F 2.042(xt where)-.15 F F14.542 E F0 2.043(is being)4.543 F 1.436(ignored, none of the commands e)184 318 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.435(cuted within the compound command or function).15 F .193(body will be af)184 330 R .193(fected by the)-.25 F F12.693 E F0 .193(setting, e)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E F1 2.693 E F0 .194(is set and a command returns a f)2.693 F(ailure) -.1 E 3.39(status. If)184 342 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89 (ompound command or shell function sets)-3.39 F F13.39 E F0 .89 (while e)3.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .89(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt)-.15 E (where)184 354 Q F13.153 E F0 .653 (is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.153 F .954 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .954 -.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .654(ect until the compound command).25 F (or the command containing the function call completes.)184 366 Q F1 144 378 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 378 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 144 390 Q F0 2.239(Remember the location of commands as the)184 390 R 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.238(re look)-4.738 F 2.238(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.738(cution. This).15 F(is)4.738 E(enabled by def)184 402 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1144 414 Q F0 .513(All ar)184 414 R .514 (guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 F .514(vironment for a)-.4 F (command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 426 Q F1 144 438 Q F0 .149(Monitor mode.)184 438 R .149 (Job control is enabled.)5.149 F .148(This option is on by def)5.149 F .148(ault for interacti)-.1 F .448 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .65 (on systems that support it \(see)184 450 R F3 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F (OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .651 (processes run in a separate)3.151 F .679(process group.)184 462 R .678 (When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing it\ s)5.679 F -.15(ex)184 474 S(it status.).15 E F1144 486 Q F0 .652 (Read commands b)184 486 R .652(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .652 (cute them.).15 F .653(This may be used to check a shell script for) 5.652 F(syntax errors.)184 498 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1144 510 Q F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 522 Q F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 534 Q F0(Same as)224 546 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 558 Q F0(Same as)224 570 Q F12.5 E F0(.) A F1(emacs)184 582 Q F0 .089 (Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 582 R 2.589 (ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 (when the shell is interacti)224 594 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 (nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)3.45 E F0 2.5(option. This)224 606 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) -.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err) 184 618 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 618 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 (errtrace)184 630 Q F0(Same as)224 630 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 (functrace)184 642 Q F0(Same as)224 654 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 (hashall)184 666 Q F0(Same as)224 666 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 (histexpand)184 678 Q F0(Same as)224 690 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 (history)184 702 Q F0 .587(Enable command history)224 702 R 3.087(,a) -.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF (.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 714 Q (ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4) 72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(67)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 68 68 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(ignor)184 84 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.656(The ef)224 96 R 1.656 (fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10) 4.157 E F0 1.657(had been e)4.157 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 108 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) .15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 120 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 132 Q F1 2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 144 Q F0(Same as)224 144 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 156 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 168 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 180 Q F0(Same as)224 180 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(noglob)184 192 Q F0(Same as)224 192 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog) 184 204 Q F0(Currently ignored.)224 204 Q F1(notify)184 216 Q F0 (Same as)224 216 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 228 Q F0(Same as) 224 228 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 240 Q F0(Same as)224 240 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 252 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 252 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 264 Q F0 1.03(If set, the return v) 224 264 R 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.029 (alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.136(mand to e)224 276 R 1.136 (xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) -.15 F -.15(ex)224 288 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G (his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 300 Q F0 2.091(Change the beha)224 300 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 (fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 312 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B/F4 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF 1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F0(belo)3.463 E(w)-.25 E 2.307 (for a reference to a document that details ho)224 324 R 4.806(wp)-.25 G 2.306(osix mode af)-4.806 F 2.306(fects bash')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(beha)224 336 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 348 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 360 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 372 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)224 372 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 384 Q F0 1.465 (Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 384 R 3.966(ace. This) -.1 F 1.466(also af)3.966 F 1.466(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224 396 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1 (xtrace)184 408 Q F0(Same as)224 408 Q F12.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 426 Q F13.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F F3(option\255name) 3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .552 (alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.552 E F1(+o)184 438 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F3(option\255name)3.571 E F0 3.571(,as)C 1.071(eries of)-3.571 F F1(set)3.572 E F0 1.072 (commands to recreate the current)3.572 F (option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 450 Q F1 144 462 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 462 S 1.072(rn on).45 F F3(privile)4.822 E -.1 (ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.342 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F F4($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F4($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.071 (\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.5 (cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 474 R 1.501 (vironment, and the)-.4 F F4(SHELLOPTS)4.001 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F4 -.27(BA)184 486 S(SHOPTS).27 E F5(,)A F4(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G (H).855 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.775 E F4(GLOBIGNORE)3.025 E F0 -.25(va)2.775 G .524(riables, if the).25 F 3.024(ya)-.15 G .524(ppear in the en)-3.024 F (vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 498 R .379 (If the shell is started with the ef)5.379 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15 (ve u)-.25 H .38(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .462 (user \(group\) id, and the)184 510 R F12.961 E F0 .461 (option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .461 (en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 522 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394 (ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1 2.895 E F0 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 534 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G .387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886 F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F (set to the real user and group ids.)184 546 Q F1144 558 Q F0 (Exit after reading and e)184 558 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.) .15 E F1144 570 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 570 S .043(eat unset v).35 F .044 (ariables and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" \ as an)-.25 F .183(error when performing parameter e)184 582 R 2.683 (xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.683 G .182 (pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746 (able or parameter)184 594 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 (he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184 606 Q F1144 618 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 618 Q 2.5 (ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1144 630 Q F0 .315(After e)184 630 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F3 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25 (fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,) 2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 642 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F4(PS4)3.736 E F5(,)A F0 (follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 654 Q (xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1 144 666 Q F0 2.579(The shell performs brace e)184 666 R 2.578 (xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.078(\). This).15 F 2.578(is on by)5.078 F(def)184 678 Q (ault.)-.1 E F1144 690 Q F0 .213(If set,)184 690 R F1(bash)2.713 E F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 (xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F 3.054(tors. This)184 702 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 (rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) .15 F(tor)184 714 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(68)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 69 69 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF144 84 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 84 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103 (rap on)-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104 (is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603 F .839(mands e)184 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838 (trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 108 Q F1 144 120 Q F0(Enable)184 120 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531 (style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531 F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 132 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1144 144 Q F0 .96 (If set, the shell does not resolv)184 144 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 (ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959 (cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.459 E F0 2.821 (that change the current w)184 156 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 (.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.822 (ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.686(instead. By)184 168 R(def)2.686 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F (mands which change the current directory)184 180 Q(.)-.65 E F1144 192 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 192 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 (DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 (are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 (substitutions, and commands e)184 204 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 (cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E (UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 216 Q F0 (traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1144 228 Q F0 .4(If no ar)184 228 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 (his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F (Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 240 Q /F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1 2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 252 Q F0 1.945 (Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 252 R F2(ar)4.444 E (g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.444(ea)-4.444 G 1.944 (ssigned to the positional)-4.444 F 3.445(parameters. The)184 264 R F1 3.445 E F0(and)3.445 E F13.445 E F0 .945 (options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no) 3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B (parameters remain unchanged.)184 276 Q .425(The options are of)144 292.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 (ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 (Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177 (to be turned of)144 304.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178 (options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) -.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066 (current set of options may be found in)144 316.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 (ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F (is encountered.)144 328.8 Q F1(shift)108 345.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 (])A .428(The positional parameters from)144 357.6 R F2(n)2.928 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G .429(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 369.6 Q F1($#)2.583 E F0(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0A F2(n)A F0 .083 (+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to) .15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06 (is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 381.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F (If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 (,t)C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 393.6 R .144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0 .143(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0 (or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 405.6 Q F1(shopt)108 422.4 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) -2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 434.4 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639 (alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E 5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375 (listed belo)144 446.4 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H 2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F12.875 E F0 .375 (option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 F F12.875 E F0 .374(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.874 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 3.325(mand. W)144 458.4 R .825 (ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F13.325 E F0 .826 (option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.325 F .945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 470.4 R(The)5.945 E F13.445 E F0 .945(option causes output to be displayed in a form) 3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 482.4 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1144 494.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 494.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1144 506.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)180 506.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 144 518.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the \ return status indicates whether the)180 518.4 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0 (is)2.504 E .256(set or unset.)180 530.4 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2 (optname)2.756 E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F12.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255 (he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 542.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1144 554.4 Q F0 (Restricts the v)180 554.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 (to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 571.2 R F1 3.124 E F0(or)3.124 E F13.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) 3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.234 (set or unset, respecti)144 583.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U) -.65 G 2.234(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0 2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 595.2 Q(ault.) -.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 612 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) 4.045 F .696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) 144 624 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell) -.25 F(option.)144 636 Q(The list of)144 652.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 (options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 670.8 Q F0 .199 (If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 670.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E (ment to the)184 682.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(cdable_v)144 694.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 706.8 R .156 (gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F (name of a v)184 718.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E (alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2016 May 29)148.175 E(69)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 70 70 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(cdspell)144 84 Q F0 1.055 (If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 84 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 (corrected. The)184 96 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 (ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a) -.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 108 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) -.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 (orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F (the command proceeds.)184 120 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(checkhash)144 132 Q F0 .737 (If set,)184 144 R F1(bash)3.237 E F0 .736 (checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 (xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 156 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E (xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 168 Q F0 .448(If set,)184 180 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 (lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449 (topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 192 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G .938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.439 F .938 (xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .938(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 (attempted without an interv)184 204 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F /F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 216 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G (obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 228 Q F0 .797(If set,)184 240 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0 .797(checks the windo)3.297 F 3.297(ws)-.25 G .796(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.297 F 3.296(,u)-.65 G .796(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 252 S(lues of).25 E F2(LINES)2.5 E F0(and)2.25 E F2(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144 264 Q F0 1.202(If set,)184 264 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202 (attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 (ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184 276 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E (ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 288 Q F0 .42(If set,)184 300 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42(changes its beha)2.92 F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar) -.15 F(guments)-.18 E .461(to the)184 312 R F1([[)2.961 E F0 .462 (conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E F1(=~)2.962 E F0 .462 (operator and locale-speci\214c string comparison when)2.962 F .71 (using the)184 324 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F(s) -.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash) 3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .82 (use ASCII collation and)184 336 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.321 E (cmp)-.37 E F0 .821(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale') .19 F 3.321(sc)-.55 G(ollation)-3.321 E(sequence and)184 348 Q F4(str) 2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 360 Q F0 1.41(If set,) 184 372 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409 (vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409 (ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .422 (string comparison when using the)184 384 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 (conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>) 2.923 E F0 .423(operators \(see pre-)2.923 F .481 (vious item\) and the ef)184 396 R .481 (fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .48(Bash v)5.481 F .48 (ersions 3.2 and earlier)-.15 F(continue with the ne)184 408 Q (xt command in the list after one terminates due to an interrupt.)-.15 E F1(compat40)144 420 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 432 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41 (ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.008 (string comparison when using the)184 444 R F1([[)4.508 E F0 2.007 (conditional command')4.508 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.507 E F0(and)4.507 E F1(>) 4.507 E F0 2.007(operators \(see)4.507 F .769(description of)184 456 R F1(compat31)3.269 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769 (fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .77(Bash v)5.77 F(ersions) -.15 E .087(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 468 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(dt).15 G .086(he interrupt; pre)-2.586 F .086 (vious v)-.25 F .086(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 480 Q (xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 492 Q F0 1.483(If set,) 184 504 R F1(bash)3.983 E F0 3.983(,w)C 1.483(hen in)-3.983 F F4(posix) 3.983 E F0 1.484 (mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.983 F -.15 (ex)184 516 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 G .958(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.458 (nn).15 G .958(umber\) and)-3.458 F .59 (the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 528 R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .59 (posix mode through v)184 540 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) 5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .589 (vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 552 Q F1(compat42)144 564 Q F0 1.796(If set,)184 576 R F1(bash)4.296 E F0 1.796 (does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution w) 4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 588 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 (va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(compat43)144 600 Q F0 .141(If set,)184 612 R F1 (bash)2.641 E F0 .141(does not print a w)2.641 F .14 (arning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted com-)-.1 F .912 (pound array assignment as an ar)184 624 R .912(gument to)-.18 F F1 (declar)3.413 E(e)-.18 E F0 3.413(,m)C(ak)-3.413 E .913(es w)-.1 F .913 (ord e)-.1 F .913(xpansion errors non-)-.15 F -.1(fa)184 636 S .353 (tal errors that cause the current command to f).1 F .353(ail \(the def) -.1 F .352(ault beha)-.1 F .352(vior is to mak)-.2 F 2.852(et)-.1 G(hem) -2.852 E -.1(fa)184 648 S 1.057(tal errors that cause the shell to e).1 F 1.058(xit\), and does not reset the loop state when a shell)-.15 F .375(function is e)184 660 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .375(cuted \(this allo).15 F (ws)-.25 E F1(br)2.875 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)2.875 E F1(continue)2.875 E F0 .374(in a shell function to af)2.875 F .374(fect loops in)-.25 F (the caller')184 672 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G(onte)-2.5 E(xt\).)-.15 E F1 (complete_fullquote)144 684 Q F0 .653(If set,)184 696 R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lenames and directory na\ mes when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525(forming completion.)184 708 R 1.524 (If not set,)6.525 F F1(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of characters that will be quoted in completed \214l\ enames when these)184 720 R(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E (70)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 71 71 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .029 (metacharacters appear in shell v)184 84 R .028(ariable references in w) -.25 F .028(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .028(This means)5.028 F 1.072 (that dollar signs in v)184 96 R 1.073(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 (xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 (ev e)184 108 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 (ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F 6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 (only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 120 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 132 Q (ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E (ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dir)144 144 Q(expand) -.18 E F0 .487(If set,)184 156 R F1(bash)2.987 E F0 .486 (replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F .486(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .179(ing \214lename completion.)184 168 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.179 F (uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.18(.I)-.55 G 2.68(fn)-5.18 G(ot)-2.68 E(set,)184 180 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G (hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 192 Q F0 .859(If set,)184 192 R F1(bash)3.359 E F0 .858 (attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858 (ord completion if)-.1 F (the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 204 Q(xist.)-.15 E F1(dotglob)144 216 Q F0(If set,)184 216 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (includes \214lenames be)2.5 E(ginning with a `.)-.15 E 2.5('i)-.7 G 2.5 (nt)-2.5 G(he results of pathname e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail) 144 228 Q F0 1.386(If set, a non-interacti)184 228 R 1.686 -.15(ve s) -.25 H 1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.387(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 240 Q (gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E (An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 252 Q F0 .717(If set, aliases are e)184 264 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E /F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .716(This option is enabled)5.217 F (by def)184 276 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) .15 E F1(extdeb)144 288 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .671(If set at shell in)184 300 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .671(cation, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .671 (cute the deb).15 F .672(ugger pro\214le before the shell starts,)-.2 F .221(identical to the)184 312 R F12.721 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 2.721(option. If)2.721 F .221(set after in)2.721 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .221 (cation, beha).2 F .22(vior intended for use by)-.2 F(deb)184 324 Q (uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 336 Q F0(The)220 336 Q F14.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) 4.251 G 1.751(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F (number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 348 Q (gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 360 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)220 360 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F 1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 372 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 384 Q F0 .84 (If the command run by the)220 384 R F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 (trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 (exe)220 396 S .488 (cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 (sour)220 408 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E (n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 420 Q F2 -.27(BA)220 420 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 (and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 (are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 432 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 444 Q F0 1.637(Function tracing is ena\ bled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 444 R (shells in)220 456 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1 (\()2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 (inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0 (traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 468 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comman\ d substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 468 R(in)220 480 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4(command) 2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.)2.5 E F1 (extglob)144 492 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 492 R .4 (xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) -.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 504 Q F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 516 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 528 R F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F4(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 E F0(")A F4(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) -4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G (pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 540 Q (This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 552 Q F0 1.425(If set, patterns which f)184 552 R 1.425 (ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.424 (xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 564 S(pansion error).15 E(.) -.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 576 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 .936(If set, the suf)184 588 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) -.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) -.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 600 R .32 (ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 (he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947 (pletions. See)184 612 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 (abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 (FIGNORE)2.948 E F3(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 F(enabled by def) 184 624 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 636 Q F0 2.519 (If set, range e)184 648 R 2.519 (xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518 (xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E (Matching)184 660 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha) -3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214 (nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.) -3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 672 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 (ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F F1 (b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 684 R F1(A) 3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F .957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957 (-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 696 Q(.)-.55 E F1(globstar)144 708 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)184 708 R F1(**)3.019 E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518 (xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 (or more directories and subdirectories.)184 720 R .431 (If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0 2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q (2016 May 29)148.175 E(71)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 72 72 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E (and subdirectories match.)184 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(gnu_errfmt)144 96 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU er\ ror message format.)184 108 Q F1(histappend)144 120 Q F0 .676 (If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 132 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 144 Q (xits, rather than o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1 (histr)144 156 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 .575(If set, and)184 168 R F1 -.18(re) 3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 180 Q F1(histv)144 192 Q (erify)-.1 E F0 .403(If set, and)184 204 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) 2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 216 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 (nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 228 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 (hostcomplete)144 240 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 252 R F1 -.18(re)3.682 G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181 (will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184 264 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 (is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E F2(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 276 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F (is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 288 Q F0(If set,) 184 300 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 (to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) .15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(inherit_err)144 312 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 .22 (If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 324 R .219(alue of the) -.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .219(option, instead of unsetting) 2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 336 Q 2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F (option is enabled when)2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti)144 348 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .33(If set, allo)184 360 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 (ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 (ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 (that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 372 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 384 Q (ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 396 Q F0 .066 (If set, and job control is not acti)184 396 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t) .15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted in the background in the current shell en) 184 408 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 420 Q F0 .655(If set, and the) 184 420 R F1(cmdhist)3.155 E F0 .654 (option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)-3.154 F (with embedded ne)184 432 Q (wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 (login_shell)144 444 Q F0 .486 (The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 456 R F2(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 468 S(lue may not be changed.).25 E F1(mailwar)144 480 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that)184 492 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814 (is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F -.1(wa)184 504 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E (`The mail in)-.74 E F3(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) -.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 516 Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 528 R F1 -.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324 (is being used,)2.824 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 (will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.825 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .325(for possible)2.575 F (completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 540 Q F1 (nocaseglob)144 552 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 564 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 .436 (matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.937 F .736 -.15(ve f)-.25 H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 576 S (pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 588 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 600 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) 3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 F .551(while e)184 612 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0 (or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E F0 .551 (conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 F -.1 (wo)184 624 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\ le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 636 Q F1 (nullglob)144 648 Q F0 .855(If set,)184 660 R F1(bash)3.355 E F0(allo) 3.355 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) 3.354 G .854(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.354 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.354 (\)t).15 G(o)-3.354 E -.15(ex)184 672 S (pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 684 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .676(If set, the programmable completion f)184 696 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.177 E .677 (ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.177 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E (are enabled.)184 708 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(72)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 73 73 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pr)144 84 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.448 (If set, prompt strings under)184 96 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.447 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 108 S .17 (pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17 (fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F/F2 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.671 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.421 E -.15(ve)-.15 G (.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 120 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re) 144 132 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 (The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) 184 144 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 156 Q 2.86 (w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36 (This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G (-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 168 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E F1(shift_v)144 180 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 192 R F1 (shift)3.002 E F0 -.2(bu)3.002 G .501 (iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .501 (xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 204 Q F1(sour) 144 216 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 228 R F1(sour)3.27 E(ce) -.18 E F0(\()3.27 E F1(.)A F0 3.27(\)b)C .77(uiltin uses the v)-3.47 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.271 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .771 (to \214nd the directory containing the)3.021 F (\214le supplied as an ar)184 240 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F (option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 252 Q F0 (If set, the)184 264 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E (xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend) 108 280.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0(])A 1.002(Suspend the e)144 292.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.002(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.501(signal. A)3.251 F 1.001 (login shell cannot be)3.501 F .022(suspended; the)144 304.8 R F1 2.522 E F0 .022(option can be used to o)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 (rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .023(The return status is) 5.023 F 2.5(0u)144 316.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E F12.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 E F1(test)108 333.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([) 108 345.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .878 (Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 345.6 R .877 (alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877 (luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 357.6 S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 (ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 (gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 3.08 (primaries described abo)144 369.6 R 3.38 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 (CONDITION)5.58 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.079(does not accept an)5.579 F(y)-.15 E (options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 381.6 Q(gument of)-.18 E F12.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .785 (Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 399.6 R .786 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.412 (dence. The)144 411.6 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 (luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .911(guments; see belo)-.18 F 4.711 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .911(perator precedence is).65 F (used when there are \214v)144 423.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G (ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 435.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 435.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 447.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26(Returns the v)180 447.6 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 (rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 459.6 Q F3 -.2 (ex)144 471.6 S(pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 483.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 495.6 S (pr1).2 E F02.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 507.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 (ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 524.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E (xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E (guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 542.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) 180 554.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 566.4 S -.18 (rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 578.4 Q (xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 E 2.5(2a)144 590.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) 180 602.4 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 (gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 614.4 R .38 (gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 626.4 Q .553 (AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 (xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 (If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 638.4 Q (alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E (xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 650.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G (uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 662.4 R .236 (wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 (If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 (the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 674.4 R 1.155 -.15 (ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578(result of the e)180 686.4 R .578(xpression i\ s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F (guments)-.18 E 1.333(as operands.)180 698.4 R(The)6.333 E F13.833 E F0(and)3.833 E F13.832 E F0 1.332 (operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 (three ar)180 710.4 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F .558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F (o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 722.4 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52 (gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(73)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 74 74 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(ar)180 84 Q .485 (gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\))2.985 E F0 2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 (gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E (wise, the e)180 96 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 108 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .385(If the \214rst ar)180 120 R .385 (gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.885 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne) -2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .384(tion of the three-ar).05 F .384(gument e) -.18 F .384(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.647(posed of the remaining ar)180 132 R 4.147(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.648 (xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E (according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 144 Q -.15(ve) -.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 156 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 168 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va) -.25 G 1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F (abo)180 180 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 198 Q F1(test) 2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E (xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F1(times)108 214.8 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ processes run from the shell.)144 214.8 R(The return status is 0.)144 226.8 Q F1(trap)108 243.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E /F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...]) 2.5 E .703(The command)144 255.6 R F2(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0 .703 (is to be read and e)3.423 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 (cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.202(ss).15 G (ignal\(s\))-3.202 E F2(sigspec)3.202 E F0 5.702(.I).31 G(f)-5.702 E F2 (ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.422 E .608(absent \(and there is a single) 144 267.6 R F2(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F13.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608 (ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F .659(\(the v)144 279.6 R .659(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) -.25 F(If)5.658 E F2(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .658 (is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F2(sigspec) 144.34 291.6 Q F0 .58(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in) 3.39 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.081(s. If).1 F F2(ar)3.411 E(g)-.37 E F0 .581(is not present and)3.301 F F13.081 E F0(has)3.081 E 1.215 (been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 303.6 R F2(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.214(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.214(If no ar)6.214 F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 315.6 R F13.36 E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 (prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 (signal. The)144 327.6 R F12.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F 4.31 (bers. Each)144 339.6 R F2(sigspec)4.65 E F0 1.811 (is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.62 F F2(signal.h)A F0 1.811 (>, or a signal number)B 6.811(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.811 E (names are case insensiti)144 351.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E /F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.649 (If a)144 369.6 R F2(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F3(EXIT)4.149 E F0 1.649(\(0\) the command)3.899 F F2(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e) 4.369 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.648(xit from the shell.) -.15 F 1.648(If a)6.648 F F2(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F3(DEB)144 381.6 Q(UG)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.167(the command)3.417 F F2(ar)3.997 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.167(is e)3.887 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167 (cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 1.168(simple command) 3.667 F F0(,)A F2(for)3.668 E F0(command,)3.668 E F2(case)3.668 E F0 (com-)3.668 E(mand,)144 393.6 Q F2(select)2.647 E F0 .147(command, e) 2.647 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .147(ry arithmetic).15 F F2(for)2.647 E F0 .146 (command, and before the \214rst command e)2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 (cutes in a).15 F .145(shell function \(see)144 405.6 R F3 .145 (SHELL GRAMMAR)2.645 F F0(abo)2.395 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.646 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .146(option to)2.646 F(the)144 417.6 Q F1(shopt)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)3.201 G .7(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E (UG)-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F2(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F3(RETURN)3.2 E F4(,)A F0 .7(the com-)2.95 F(mand)144 429.6 Q F2(ar) 3.473 E(g)-.37 E F0 .643(is e)3.363 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 (cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.144 E F0(or)3.144 E F1(sour)3.144 E(ce) -.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.144 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 441.6 Q -.15(xe) -.15 G(cuting.).15 E .961(If a)144 459.6 R F2(sigspec)3.801 E F0(is) 3.771 E F3(ERR)3.461 E F4(,)A F0 .961(the command)3.211 F F2(ar)3.791 E (g)-.37 E F0 .961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.461(ra).15 G .96(pipeline \(which may consist of a) -.001 F .185(single simple command\), a list, or a compound command ret\ urns a non\255zero e)144 471.6 R .185(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .452 (the follo)144 483.6 R .452(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.452 E F3(ERR) 2.952 E F0 .451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451 (cuted if the f).15 F .451(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .387 (mand list immediately follo)144 495.6 R .387(wing a)-.25 F F1(while) 2.887 E F0(or)2.887 E F1(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 (ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F2(if)2.898 E F0 .388 (statement, part)4.848 F .778(of a command e)144 507.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .778(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 .778 (list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 (wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.277 E F0 3.277(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.277 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 519.6 R 1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) -3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F1(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 531.6 Q (yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F1A F0 2.5 (\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E 1.095 (Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 549.6 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 (being ignored are reset to their original v)144 561.6 R .662 (alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .662(vironment when one is) -.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 573.6 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an) -.1 E(y)-.15 E F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G (lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(type)108 590.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 (name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 602.4 S .174 (th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F2(name) 3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173 (uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F F1144 614.4 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F1(type)3.342 E F0 .843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0 (,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F2 (\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F2(name)144.36 626.4 Q F0 .087 (is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087 (ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F2 (name)2.946 E F0 .086(is not)2.766 F .118 (found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 638.4 R .118 (xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F F12.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F1(type)2.619 E F0 .855 (either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 650.4 R .855 (ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0 .855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .64(mand name, or nothing if)144 662.4 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .64(type -t name)3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641 (uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.141 E F0 5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E F1 3.141 E F0 .641(option forces a)3.141 F F3 -.666(PA)3.141 G(TH) -.189 E F0 .113(search for each)144 674.4 R F2(name)2.613 E F0 2.613(,e) C -.15(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F5 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113 (.I).18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F1 2.612 E F0(and)144 686.4 Q F13.23 E F0 .73(print the hashed v)3.23 F .731 (alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.231 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .731(If the)5.231 F F1 144 698.4 Q F0 1.749(option is used,)4.249 F F1(type)4.248 E F0 1.748 (prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.748 (cutable named).15 F F2(name)4.248 E F0 6.748(.T).18 G(his)-6.748 E .744 (includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 710.4 R F1 3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F .744 (The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using) 144 722.4 R F13.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F13.723 E F0 1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F(GNU Bash 4.4) 72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(74)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 75 75 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .325(with the)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(command)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type)5.325 E F0 .325(returns true if all of the ar)2.825 F .326 (guments are found, f)-.18 F .326(alse if an)-.1 F 2.826(ya)-.15 G .326 (re not)-2.826 F(found.)144 96 Q F1(ulimit)108 112.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 (\255HSabcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPT)A F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 124.8 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F .943(that allo)144 136.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F (The)5.943 E F13.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F13.444 E F0 .944 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) 144 148.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 (hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 160.8 R .425 (alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F12.926 E F0(nor)2.926 E F12.926 E F0 .426 (is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 172.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F .741(of the special v)144 184.8 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1 (soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78 (soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 196.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 (is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25 F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 208.8 R F12.999 E F0 .499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499 (more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F (limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 220.8 Q 2.5 (alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1 144 232.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 232.8 Q F1 144 244.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 244.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E (fer size)-.25 E F1144 256.8 Q F0 (The maximum size of core \214les created)180 256.8 Q F1144 268.8 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 268.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) -2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1144 280.8 Q F0 (The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 280.8 Q F1144 292.8 Q F0 (The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 292.8 Q F1144 304.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 304.8 Q F1144 316.8 Q F0 (The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 316.8 Q F1 144 328.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 328.8 Q (ed into memory)-.1 E F1144 340.8 Q F0 (The maximum resident set size \(man)180 340.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G (ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1144 352.8 Q F0 .791(Th\ e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) 180 352.8 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F (be set\))180 364.8 Q F1144 376.8 Q F0 (The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 376.8 Q F1 144 388.8 Q F0 (The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 388.8 Q F1 144 400.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 400.8 Q F1144 412.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 412.8 Q F1144 424.8 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 424.8 Q F1 144 436.8 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 436.8 Q -.25 (va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F1144 448.8 Q F0 .47 (The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 448.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 (ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 460.8 Q F1144 472.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 472.8 Q F1144 484.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 484.8 Q F1144 496.8 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 496.8 Q (If)144 513.6 Q F2(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F12.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 (alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044 (no option is gi)144 525.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1 2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 (lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1 2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F 1.589(in seconds;)144 537.6 R F14.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589 (hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F14.089 E F0(,)A F1 4.089 E F0(,)A F14.089 E F0(,)A F14.089 E F0(,)A F1 4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F14.089 E F0 4.088(,w)C 1.588(hich are)-4.088 F 1.438(unscaled v)144 549.6 R 1.438 (alues; and, when in Posix mode,)-.25 F F13.939 E F0(and)3.939 E F13.939 E F0 3.939(,w)C 1.439(hich are in 512-byte increments.) -3.939 F(The)6.439 E .404(return status is 0 unless an in)144 561.6 R -.25(va)-.4 G .404(lid option or ar).25 F .404 (gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting)-.18 F 2.5(an)144 573.6 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 590.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F1-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 602.4 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ pted by)144 614.4 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 626.4 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 (alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F12.882 E F0 .382 (option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 (printed in symbolic form; the def)144 638.4 R .547 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G (he)-3.047 E F13.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 (mode)144.38 650.4 Q F0 .551 (is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 662.4 Q (as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E (gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 (unalias)108 679.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 (...])2.5 E(Remo)144 691.2 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) 4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E F14.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 F(remo)144 703.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E (alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 (is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29) 148.175 E(75)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 76 76 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(unset)108 84 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 96 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F2(name)3.827 E F0 3.827(,r).18 G(emo) -3.827 E 1.627 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.327(he corresponding v).15 F 1.327 (ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327(If the)6.327 F F13.828 E F0 1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F2(name) 144.36 108 Q F0 1.551(refers to a shell v)4.231 F 1.551 (ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.05(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va)4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F 4.641(unset. If)144 120 R F14.641 E F0 2.141(is speci\214ed, each) 4.641 F F2(name)5.001 E F0 2.141 (refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821 F (remo)144 132 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1 2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 .037 (is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.537 E .492 (be unset rather than the v)144 144 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25 F F15.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1 2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .493(If no)5.493 F .221(options are supplied, each)144 156 R F2(name)2.721 E F0 .221 (refers to a v)2.721 F .22(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .22 (ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.72(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.72 E 1.188 (tion with that name is unset.)144 168 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F 1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.689(df).15 G 1.189(rom the en)-3.689 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.206 (passed to subsequent commands.)144 180 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706(yo) -.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E /F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.455 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.455 E F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 192 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.347 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) 4.347 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.347 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E F3(DIRST)4.598 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 2.098(are unset, the)4.348 F 4.598(yl)-.15 G 2.098(ose their special)-4.598 F(properties, e)144 204 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G (re subsequently reset.)-2.5 E(The e)5 E(xit status is true unless a) -.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 220.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1A F0 2.5(][)C F2 2.5(n.)-2.5 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8 (Wa)144 232.8 S .027(it for each speci\214ed child process and return i\ ts termination status.).8 F(Each)5.026 E F2(n)2.886 E F0 .026 (may be a process ID)2.766 F .256 (or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 244.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .256(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G .256 (ipeline are w)-2.756 F .256(aited for)-.1 F 5.256(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.256 E F2(n)3.116 E F0 .318(is not gi)144 256.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .318 (n, all currently acti).15 F .618 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .318 (hild processes are w).15 F .318(aited for)-.1 F 2.818(,a)-.4 G .318 (nd the return status is zero.)-2.818 F .317(If the)5.317 F F1144 268.8 Q F0 .361(option is supplied,)2.861 F F1(wait)2.861 E F0 -.1(wa) 2.861 G .361(its for an).1 F 2.862(yj)-.15 G .362 (ob to terminate and returns its e)-2.862 F .362(xit status.)-.15 F(If) 5.362 E F2(n)3.222 E F0(speci\214es)3.102 E 2.596(an)144 280.8 S(on-e) -2.596 E .096(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F .095(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.095 F .095(xit status)-.15 F(of the last process or job w)144 292.8 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 309.6 Q F0(If)108 321.6 Q F1 (bash)4.396 E F0 1.896(is started with the name)4.396 F F1(rbash)4.397 E F0 4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F14.397 E F0 1.897 (option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.897 (cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.446(restricted. A)108 333.6 R .945 (restricted shell is used to set up an en)3.446 F .945 (vironment more controlled than the standard shell.)-.4 F(It)5.945 E (beha)108 345.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(si).15 G(dentically to)-2.5 E F1 (bash)2.5 E F0(with the e)2.5 E(xception that the follo)-.15 E (wing are disallo)-.25 E(wed or not performed:)-.25 E<83>108 362.4 Q (changing directories with)144 362.4 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0<83>108 379.2 Q (setting or unsetting the v)144 379.2 Q(alues of)-.25 E F3(SHELL)2.5 E F4(,)A F3 -.666(PA)2.25 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(ENV)2.25 E F4(,)A F0(or) 2.25 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0<83>108 396 Q (specifying command names containing)144 396 Q F1(/)2.5 E F0<83>108 412.8 Q(specifying a \214lename containing a)144 412.8 Q F1(/)2.5 E F0 (as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F1(.)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)5 G (iltin command).2 E<83>108 429.6 Q .449 (specifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)144 429.6 R .449 (gument to the)-.18 F F12.95 E F0 .45(option to the)2.95 F F1 (hash)2.95 E F0 -.2(bu)2.95 G .45(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 441.6 Q<83> 108 458.4 Q(importing function de\214nitions from the shell en)144 458.4 Q(vironment at startup)-.4 E<83>108 475.2 Q(parsing the v)144 475.2 Q (alue of)-.25 E F3(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.25 E (vironment at startup)-.4 E<83>108 492 Q(redirecting output using the >\ , >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators)144 492 Q<83>108 508.8 Q (using the)144 508.8 Q F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltin command to replace the shell with another command).2 E<83>108 525.6 Q(adding or deleting b)144 525.6 Q(uiltin commands with the)-.2 E F12.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F12.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 (enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E<83>108 542.4 Q (using the)144 542.4 Q F1(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltin command to enable disabled shell b).2 E(uiltins)-.2 E<83>108 559.2 Q(specifying the)144 559.2 Q F12.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(command)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E<83>108 576 Q (turning of)144 576 Q 2.5(fr)-.25 G(estricted mode with)-2.5 E F1 (set +r)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(set +o r)2.5 E(estricted)-.18 E F0(.)A (These restrictions are enforced after an)108 592.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G (tartup \214les are read.)-2.5 E 1.566 (When a command that is found to be a shell script is e)108 609.6 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.566(cuted \(see).15 F F3 1.566(COMMAND EXECUTION)4.066 F F0 (abo)3.816 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\),).15 E F1(rbash)108 621.6 Q F0(turns of) 2.5 E 2.5(fa)-.25 G .3 -.15(ny r)-2.5 H(estrictions in the shell spa).15 E(wned to e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the script.).15 E F5(SEE ALSO)72 638.4 Q F2(Bash Refer)108 650.4 Q(ence Manual)-.37 E F0 2.5(,B)C(rian F) -2.5 E(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E F2(The Gnu Readline Libr)108 662.4 Q(ary)-.15 E F0 2.5(,B)C(rian F)-2.5 E(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y) -.15 E F2(The Gnu History Libr)108 674.4 Q(ary)-.15 E F0 2.5(,B)C (rian F)-2.5 E(ox and Chet Rame)-.15 E(y)-.15 E F2 -.8(Po)108 686.4 S (rtable Oper).8 E(ating System Interface \(POSIX\) P)-.15 E (art 2: Shell and Utilities)-.8 E F0 2.5(,I)C(EEE --)-2.5 E (http://pubs.opengroup.or)144 698.4 Q(g/onlinepubs/9699919799/)-.18 E (GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(76)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 77 77 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(http://tiswww)108 84 Q(.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode)-.65 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sh)108 96 Q F0(\(1\),)A F1(ksh)2.5 E F0(\(1\),)A F1 (csh)2.5 E F0(\(1\))A F1(emacs)108 108 Q F0(\(1\),)A F1(vi)2.5 E F0 (\(1\))A F1 -.37(re)108 120 S(adline).37 E F0(\(3\))A/F2 10.95 /Times-Bold@0 SF(FILES)72 136.8 Q F1(/bin/bash)109.666 148.8 Q F0(The) 144 160.8 Q/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0 -.15(exe)2.5 G(cutable) .15 E F1(/etc/pr)109.666 172.8 Q(o\214le)-.45 E F0 (The systemwide initialization \214le, e)144 184.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted for login shells).15 E F1(~/.bash_pr)109.666 196.8 Q(o\214le)-.45 E F0(The personal initialization \214le, e)144 208.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted for login shells).15 E F1(~/.bashr)109.666 220.8 Q(c)-.37 E F0 (The indi)144 232.8 Q(vidual per)-.25 E(-interacti)-.2 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (-shell startup \214le).15 E F1(~/.bash_lo)109.666 244.8 Q(gout)-.1 E F0 (The indi)144 256.8 Q(vidual login shell cleanup \214le, e)-.25 E -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuted when a login shell e).15 E(xits)-.15 E F1(~/.inputr) 109.666 268.8 Q(c)-.37 E F0(Indi)144 280.8 Q(vidual)-.25 E F1 -.37(re) 2.5 G(adline).37 E F0(initialization \214le)2.5 E F2 -.548(AU)72 297.6 S (THORS).548 E F0(Brian F)108 309.6 Q(ox, Free Softw)-.15 E(are F)-.1 E (oundation)-.15 E(bfox@gnu.or)108 321.6 Q(g)-.18 E(Chet Rame)108 338.4 Q 1.3 -.65(y, C)-.15 H(ase W).65 E(estern Reserv)-.8 E 2.5(eU)-.15 G(ni) -2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 E(chet.rame)108 350.4 Q(y@case.edu)-.15 E F2 -.11(BU)72 367.2 S 2.738(GR).11 G(EPOR)-2.738 E(TS)-.438 E F0 .567 (If you \214nd a b)108 379.2 R .568(ug in)-.2 F F3(bash,)3.068 E F0 .568 (you should report it.)3.068 F .568(But \214rst, you should mak)5.568 F 3.068(es)-.1 G .568(ure that it really is a b)-3.068 F .568(ug, and)-.2 F 5.626(that it appears in the latest v)108 391.2 R 5.625(ersion of)-.15 F F3(bash)8.125 E F0 10.625(.T)C 5.625(he latest v)-10.625 F 5.625 (ersion is al)-.15 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 5.625(ys a).1 F -.25(va)-.2 G 5.625 (ilable from).25 F F1(ftp://ftp.gnu.or)108 403.2 Q(g/pub/gnu/bash/)-.37 E F0(.)A .41(Once you ha)108 420 R .71 -.15(ve d)-.2 H .41 (etermined that a b).15 F .41(ug actually e)-.2 F .411(xists, use the) -.15 F F1(bashb)3.181 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .411(command to submit a b)3.131 F .411(ug report.)-.2 F(If)5.411 E .595(you ha)108 432 R .895 -.15 (ve a \214)-.2 H .595(x, you are encouraged to mail that as well!).15 F .594(Suggestions and `philosophical' b)5.595 F .594(ug reports may)-.2 F (be mailed to)108 444 Q F1 -.2(bu)2.5 G(g-bash@gnu.or).2 E(g)-.37 E F0 (or posted to the Usenet ne)2.5 E(wsgroup)-.25 E F3(gnu.bash.b)2.5 E(ug) -.2 E F0(.)A(ALL b)108 460.8 Q(ug reports should include:)-.2 E(The v) 108 477.6 Q(ersion number of)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(The hardw)108 489.6 Q(are and operating system)-.1 E(The compiler used to compile)108 501.6 Q 2.5(Ad)108 513.6 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour)-.2 E 2.5(As)108 525.6 S(hort script or `recipe' which e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(rcises the b).15 E(ug)-.2 E F1(bashb)108.27 542.4 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 (inserts the \214rst three items automatically into the template it pro) 2.72 E(vides for \214ling a b)-.15 E(ug report.)-.2 E(Comments and b)108 559.2 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2 E F1 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F0(.) .25 E F2 -.11(BU)72 576 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 588 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G (oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.868 (There are some subtle dif)108 604.8 R 1.868(ferences between)-.25 F F3 (bash)4.369 E F0 1.869(and traditional v)4.369 F 1.869(ersions of)-.15 F F3(sh)4.369 E F0 4.369(,m)C 1.869(ostly because of the)-4.369 F/F4 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(POSIX)108 616.8 Q F0(speci\214cation.)2.25 E (Aliases are confusing in some uses.)108 633.6 Q(Shell b)108 650.4 Q (uiltin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable.)-.2 E 1.315(Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' a\ re not handled gracefully when)108 667.2 R .389 (process suspension is attempted.)108 679.2 R .389 (When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.389 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .39(cutes the ne).15 F .39(xt com-)-.15 F .193(mand in the sequence.) 108 691.2 R .192(It suf)5.193 F .192(\214ces to place the sequence of c\ ommands between parentheses to force it into a)-.25 F (subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 703.2 Q(Array v)108 720 Q (ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E(77)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 78 78 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E (There may be only one acti)108 84 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H (oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 May 29)148.175 E (78)197.335 E 0 Cg EP %%Trailer end %%EOF