Python now supports checking bytecode cache up-to-dateness with a hash of the
source contents rather than volatile source metadata. See the PEP for details.

While a fairly straightforward idea, quite a lot of code had to be modified due
to the pervasiveness of pyc implementation details in the codebase. Changes in
this commit include:

- The core changes to importlib to understand how to read, validate, and
  regenerate hash-based pycs.

- Support for generating hash-based pycs in py_compile and compileall.

- Modifications to our siphash implementation to support passing a custom
  key. We then expose it to importlib through _imp.

- Updates to all places in the interpreter, standard library, and tests that
  manually generate or parse pyc files to grok the new format.

- Support in the interpreter command line code for long options like
  --check-hash-based-pycs.

- Tests and documentation for all of the above.

bpo-24744: Raise error in pkgutil.walk_packages if path is str

Previously an empty result list was accidentallly returned, since the
code iterated over the string as if it were the expected list of paths,
and of course found nothing.

Patch by Ramchandra Apte.

Initial patch contributed by Jaysinh shukla.

Initial patch contributed by Jaysinh shukla.

Thanks to Oren Milman for the patch.

Patch by James Pickering.

Along the way, dismantle importlib._bootstrap._SpecMethods as it was
no longer relevant and constructing the new function required
partially dismantling the class anyway.