Renamed files bytesobject.[ch] and stringobject.[ch]

Fixed Windows build

1 files changed, 0 insertions, 3429 deletions

diff --git a/Objects/stringobject.c b/Objects/stringobject.c
deleted file mode 100644
index b9ba73f758..0000000000
--- a/Objects/stringobject.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3429 +0,0 @@
-/* String object implementation */
-
-/* XXX This is now called 'bytes' as far as the user is concerned.
-   Many docstrings and error messages need to be cleaned up. */
-
-#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
-
-#include "Python.h"
-
-#include "bytes_methods.h"
-
-static Py_ssize_t
-_getbuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view)
-{
-    PyBufferProcs *buffer = Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_as_buffer;
-
-    if (buffer == NULL || buffer->bf_getbuffer == NULL)
-    {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-                     "Type %.100s doesn't support the buffer API",
-                     Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    if (buffer->bf_getbuffer(obj, view, PyBUF_SIMPLE) < 0)
-            return -1;
-    return view->len;
-}
-
-#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
-int null_strings, one_strings;
-#endif
-
-static PyBytesObject *characters[UCHAR_MAX + 1];
-static PyBytesObject *nullstring;
-
-/*
-   For both PyBytes_FromString() and PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(), the
-   parameter `size' denotes number of characters to allocate, not counting any
-   null terminating character.
-
-   For PyBytes_FromString(), the parameter `str' points to a null-terminated
-   string containing exactly `size' bytes.
-
-   For PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(), the parameter the parameter `str' is
-   either NULL or else points to a string containing at least `size' bytes.
-   For PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(), the string in the `str' parameter does
-   not have to be null-terminated.  (Therefore it is safe to construct a
-   substring by calling `PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(origstring, substrlen)'.)
-   If `str' is NULL then PyBytes_FromStringAndSize() will allocate `size+1'
-   bytes (setting the last byte to the null terminating character) and you can
-   fill in the data yourself.  If `str' is non-NULL then the resulting
-   PyString object must be treated as immutable and you must not fill in nor
-   alter the data yourself, since the strings may be shared.
-
-   The PyObject member `op->ob_size', which denotes the number of "extra
-   items" in a variable-size object, will contain the number of bytes
-   allocated for string data, not counting the null terminating character.  It
-   is therefore equal to the equal to the `size' parameter (for
-   PyBytes_FromStringAndSize()) or the length of the string in the `str'
-   parameter (for PyBytes_FromString()).
-*/
-PyObject *
-PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(const char *str, Py_ssize_t size)
-{
-	register PyBytesObject *op;
-	if (size < 0) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
-		    "Negative size passed to PyBytes_FromStringAndSize");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	if (size == 0 && (op = nullstring) != NULL) {
-#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
-		null_strings++;
-#endif
-		Py_INCREF(op);
-		return (PyObject *)op;
-	}
-	if (size == 1 && str != NULL &&
-	    (op = characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX]) != NULL)
-	{
-#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
-		one_strings++;
-#endif
-		Py_INCREF(op);
-		return (PyObject *)op;
-	}
-
-	/* Inline PyObject_NewVar */
-	op = (PyBytesObject *)PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(PyBytesObject) + size);
-	if (op == NULL)
-		return PyErr_NoMemory();
-	PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyBytes_Type, size);
-	op->ob_shash = -1;
-	if (str != NULL)
-		Py_MEMCPY(op->ob_sval, str, size);
-	op->ob_sval[size] = '\0';
-	/* share short strings */
-	if (size == 0) {
-		nullstring = op;
-		Py_INCREF(op);
-	} else if (size == 1 && str != NULL) {
-		characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX] = op;
-		Py_INCREF(op);
-	}
-	return (PyObject *) op;
-}
-
-PyObject *
-PyBytes_FromString(const char *str)
-{
-	register size_t size;
-	register PyBytesObject *op;
-
-	assert(str != NULL);
-	size = strlen(str);
-	if (size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-			"string is too long for a Python string");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	if (size == 0 && (op = nullstring) != NULL) {
-#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
-		null_strings++;
-#endif
-		Py_INCREF(op);
-		return (PyObject *)op;
-	}
-	if (size == 1 && (op = characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX]) != NULL) {
-#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
-		one_strings++;
-#endif
-		Py_INCREF(op);
-		return (PyObject *)op;
-	}
-
-	/* Inline PyObject_NewVar */
-	op = (PyBytesObject *)PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(PyBytesObject) + size);
-	if (op == NULL)
-		return PyErr_NoMemory();
-	PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyBytes_Type, size);
-	op->ob_shash = -1;
-	Py_MEMCPY(op->ob_sval, str, size+1);
-	/* share short strings */
-	if (size == 0) {
-		nullstring = op;
-		Py_INCREF(op);
-	} else if (size == 1) {
-		characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX] = op;
-		Py_INCREF(op);
-	}
-	return (PyObject *) op;
-}
-
-PyObject *
-PyBytes_FromFormatV(const char *format, va_list vargs)
-{
-	va_list count;
-	Py_ssize_t n = 0;
-	const char* f;
-	char *s;
-	PyObject* string;
-
-#ifdef VA_LIST_IS_ARRAY
-	Py_MEMCPY(count, vargs, sizeof(va_list));
-#else
-#ifdef  __va_copy
-	__va_copy(count, vargs);
-#else
-	count = vargs;
-#endif
-#endif
-	/* step 1: figure out how large a buffer we need */
-	for (f = format; *f; f++) {
-		if (*f == '%') {
-			const char* p = f;
-			while (*++f && *f != '%' && !ISALPHA(*f))
-				;
-
-			/* skip the 'l' or 'z' in {%ld, %zd, %lu, %zu} since
-			 * they don't affect the amount of space we reserve.
-			 */
-			if ((*f == 'l' || *f == 'z') &&
-					(f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u'))
-				++f;
-
-			switch (*f) {
-			case 'c':
-				(void)va_arg(count, int);
-				/* fall through... */
-			case '%':
-				n++;
-				break;
-			case 'd': case 'u': case 'i': case 'x':
-				(void) va_arg(count, int);
-				/* 20 bytes is enough to hold a 64-bit
-				   integer.  Decimal takes the most space.
-				   This isn't enough for octal. */
-				n += 20;
-				break;
-			case 's':
-				s = va_arg(count, char*);
-				n += strlen(s);
-				break;
-			case 'p':
-				(void) va_arg(count, int);
-				/* maximum 64-bit pointer representation:
-				 * 0xffffffffffffffff
-				 * so 19 characters is enough.
-				 * XXX I count 18 -- what's the extra for?
-				 */
-				n += 19;
-				break;
-			default:
-				/* if we stumble upon an unknown
-				   formatting code, copy the rest of
-				   the format string to the output
-				   string. (we cannot just skip the
-				   code, since there's no way to know
-				   what's in the argument list) */
-				n += strlen(p);
-				goto expand;
-			}
-		} else
-			n++;
-	}
- expand:
-	/* step 2: fill the buffer */
-	/* Since we've analyzed how much space we need for the worst case,
-	   use sprintf directly instead of the slower PyOS_snprintf. */
-	string = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, n);
-	if (!string)
-		return NULL;
-
-	s = PyBytes_AsString(string);
-
-	for (f = format; *f; f++) {
-		if (*f == '%') {
-			const char* p = f++;
-			Py_ssize_t i;
-			int longflag = 0;
-			int size_tflag = 0;
-			/* parse the width.precision part (we're only
-			   interested in the precision value, if any) */
-			n = 0;
-			while (ISDIGIT(*f))
-				n = (n*10) + *f++ - '0';
-			if (*f == '.') {
-				f++;
-				n = 0;
-				while (ISDIGIT(*f))
-					n = (n*10) + *f++ - '0';
-			}
-			while (*f && *f != '%' && !ISALPHA(*f))
-				f++;
-			/* handle the long flag, but only for %ld and %lu.
-			   others can be added when necessary. */
-			if (*f == 'l' && (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u')) {
-				longflag = 1;
-				++f;
-			}
-			/* handle the size_t flag. */
-			if (*f == 'z' && (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u')) {
-				size_tflag = 1;
-				++f;
-			}
-
-			switch (*f) {
-			case 'c':
-				*s++ = va_arg(vargs, int);
-				break;
-			case 'd':
-				if (longflag)
-					sprintf(s, "%ld", va_arg(vargs, long));
-				else if (size_tflag)
-					sprintf(s, "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d",
-					        va_arg(vargs, Py_ssize_t));
-				else
-					sprintf(s, "%d", va_arg(vargs, int));
-				s += strlen(s);
-				break;
-			case 'u':
-				if (longflag)
-					sprintf(s, "%lu",
-						va_arg(vargs, unsigned long));
-				else if (size_tflag)
-					sprintf(s, "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "u",
-					        va_arg(vargs, size_t));
-				else
-					sprintf(s, "%u",
-						va_arg(vargs, unsigned int));
-				s += strlen(s);
-				break;
-			case 'i':
-				sprintf(s, "%i", va_arg(vargs, int));
-				s += strlen(s);
-				break;
-			case 'x':
-				sprintf(s, "%x", va_arg(vargs, int));
-				s += strlen(s);
-				break;
-			case 's':
-				p = va_arg(vargs, char*);
-				i = strlen(p);
-				if (n > 0 && i > n)
-					i = n;
-				Py_MEMCPY(s, p, i);
-				s += i;
-				break;
-			case 'p':
-				sprintf(s, "%p", va_arg(vargs, void*));
-				/* %p is ill-defined:  ensure leading 0x. */
-				if (s[1] == 'X')
-					s[1] = 'x';
-				else if (s[1] != 'x') {
-					memmove(s+2, s, strlen(s)+1);
-					s[0] = '0';
-					s[1] = 'x';
-				}
-				s += strlen(s);
-				break;
-			case '%':
-				*s++ = '%';
-				break;
-			default:
-				strcpy(s, p);
-				s += strlen(s);
-				goto end;
-			}
-		} else
-			*s++ = *f;
-	}
-
- end:
-	_PyBytes_Resize(&string, s - PyBytes_AS_STRING(string));
-	return string;
-}
-
-PyObject *
-PyBytes_FromFormat(const char *format, ...)
-{
-	PyObject* ret;
-	va_list vargs;
-
-#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
-	va_start(vargs, format);
-#else
-	va_start(vargs);
-#endif
-	ret = PyBytes_FromFormatV(format, vargs);
-	va_end(vargs);
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static void
-string_dealloc(PyObject *op)
-{
-	Py_TYPE(op)->tp_free(op);
-}
-
-/* Unescape a backslash-escaped string. If unicode is non-zero,
-   the string is a u-literal. If recode_encoding is non-zero,
-   the string is UTF-8 encoded and should be re-encoded in the
-   specified encoding.  */
-
-PyObject *PyBytes_DecodeEscape(const char *s,
-				Py_ssize_t len,
-				const char *errors,
-				Py_ssize_t unicode,
-				const char *recode_encoding)
-{
-	int c;
-	char *p, *buf;
-	const char *end;
-	PyObject *v;
-	Py_ssize_t newlen = recode_encoding ? 4*len:len;
-	v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, newlen);
-	if (v == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-	p = buf = PyBytes_AsString(v);
-	end = s + len;
-	while (s < end) {
-		if (*s != '\\') {
-		  non_esc:
-			if (recode_encoding && (*s & 0x80)) {
-				PyObject *u, *w;
-				char *r;
-				const char* t;
-				Py_ssize_t rn;
-				t = s;
-				/* Decode non-ASCII bytes as UTF-8. */
-				while (t < end && (*t & 0x80)) t++;
-				u = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(s, t - s, errors);
-				if(!u) goto failed;
-
-				/* Recode them in target encoding. */
-				w = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(
-					u, recode_encoding, errors);
-				Py_DECREF(u);
-				if (!w)	goto failed;
-
-				/* Append bytes to output buffer. */
-				assert(PyBytes_Check(w));
-				r = PyBytes_AS_STRING(w);
-				rn = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(w);
-				Py_MEMCPY(p, r, rn);
-				p += rn;
-				Py_DECREF(w);
-				s = t;
-			} else {
-				*p++ = *s++;
-			}
-			continue;
-		}
-		s++;
-		if (s==end) {
-			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-					"Trailing \\ in string");
-			goto failed;
-		}
-		switch (*s++) {
-		/* XXX This assumes ASCII! */
-		case '\n': break;
-		case '\\': *p++ = '\\'; break;
-		case '\'': *p++ = '\''; break;
-		case '\"': *p++ = '\"'; break;
-		case 'b': *p++ = '\b'; break;
-		case 'f': *p++ = '\014'; break; /* FF */
-		case 't': *p++ = '\t'; break;
-		case 'n': *p++ = '\n'; break;
-		case 'r': *p++ = '\r'; break;
-		case 'v': *p++ = '\013'; break; /* VT */
-		case 'a': *p++ = '\007'; break; /* BEL, not classic C */
-		case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
-		case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
-			c = s[-1] - '0';
-			if (s < end && '0' <= *s && *s <= '7') {
-				c = (c<<3) + *s++ - '0';
-				if (s < end && '0' <= *s && *s <= '7')
-					c = (c<<3) + *s++ - '0';
-			}
-			*p++ = c;
-			break;
-		case 'x':
-			if (s+1 < end && ISXDIGIT(s[0]) && ISXDIGIT(s[1])) {
-				unsigned int x = 0;
-				c = Py_CHARMASK(*s);
-				s++;
-				if (ISDIGIT(c))
-					x = c - '0';
-				else if (ISLOWER(c))
-					x = 10 + c - 'a';
-				else
-					x = 10 + c - 'A';
-				x = x << 4;
-				c = Py_CHARMASK(*s);
-				s++;
-				if (ISDIGIT(c))
-					x += c - '0';
-				else if (ISLOWER(c))
-					x += 10 + c - 'a';
-				else
-					x += 10 + c - 'A';
-				*p++ = x;
-				break;
-			}
-			if (!errors || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0) {
-				PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-						"invalid \\x escape");
-				goto failed;
-			}
-			if (strcmp(errors, "replace") == 0) {
-				*p++ = '?';
-			} else if (strcmp(errors, "ignore") == 0)
-				/* do nothing */;
-			else {
-				PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-					     "decoding error; unknown "
-					     "error handling code: %.400s",
-					     errors);
-				goto failed;
-			}
-		default:
-			*p++ = '\\';
-			s--;
-			goto non_esc; /* an arbitry number of unescaped
-					 UTF-8 bytes may follow. */
-		}
-	}
-	if (p-buf < newlen)
-		_PyBytes_Resize(&v, p - buf);
-	return v;
-  failed:
-	Py_DECREF(v);
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-/* object api */
-
-Py_ssize_t
-PyBytes_Size(register PyObject *op)
-{
-	if (!PyBytes_Check(op)) {
-		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-		     "expected bytes, %.200s found", Py_TYPE(op)->tp_name);
-		return -1;
-	}
-	return Py_SIZE(op);
-}
-
-char *
-PyBytes_AsString(register PyObject *op)
-{
-	if (!PyBytes_Check(op)) {
-		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-		     "expected bytes, %.200s found", Py_TYPE(op)->tp_name);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	return ((PyBytesObject *)op)->ob_sval;
-}
-
-int
-PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(register PyObject *obj,
-			 register char **s,
-			 register Py_ssize_t *len)
-{
-	if (s == NULL) {
-		PyErr_BadInternalCall();
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	if (!PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
-		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-		     "expected bytes, %.200s found", Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	*s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(obj);
-	if (len != NULL)
-		*len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj);
-	else if (strlen(*s) != (size_t)PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj)) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-				"expected bytes with no null");
-		return -1;
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-
-/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-/* Methods */
-
-#define STRINGLIB_CHAR char
-
-#define STRINGLIB_CMP memcmp
-#define STRINGLIB_LEN PyBytes_GET_SIZE
-#define STRINGLIB_NEW PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
-#define STRINGLIB_STR PyBytes_AS_STRING
-/* #define STRINGLIB_WANT_CONTAINS_OBJ 1 */
-
-#define STRINGLIB_EMPTY nullstring
-#define STRINGLIB_CHECK_EXACT PyBytes_CheckExact
-#define STRINGLIB_MUTABLE 0
-
-#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
-
-#include "stringlib/count.h"
-#include "stringlib/find.h"
-#include "stringlib/partition.h"
-#include "stringlib/ctype.h"
-#include "stringlib/transmogrify.h"
-
-#define _Py_InsertThousandsGrouping _PyBytes_InsertThousandsGrouping
-#include "stringlib/localeutil.h"
-
-PyObject *
-PyBytes_Repr(PyObject *obj, int smartquotes)
-{
-	static const char *hexdigits = "0123456789abcdef";
-	register PyBytesObject* op = (PyBytesObject*) obj;
-	Py_ssize_t length = Py_SIZE(op);
-	size_t newsize = 3 + 4 * length;
-	PyObject *v;
-	if (newsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX || (newsize-3) / 4 != length) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-			"bytes object is too large to make repr");
-                return NULL;
-	}
-	v = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, newsize);
-	if (v == NULL) {
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	else {
-		register Py_ssize_t i;
-		register Py_UNICODE c;
-		register Py_UNICODE *p = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(v);
-		int quote;
-
-		/* Figure out which quote to use; single is preferred */
-		quote = '\'';
-		if (smartquotes) {
-			char *test, *start;
-			start = PyBytes_AS_STRING(op);
-			for (test = start; test < start+length; ++test) {
-				if (*test == '"') {
-					quote = '\''; /* back to single */
-					goto decided;
-				}
-				else if (*test == '\'')
-					quote = '"';
-			}
-			decided:
-			;
-		}
-
-		*p++ = 'b', *p++ = quote;
-		for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-			/* There's at least enough room for a hex escape
-			   and a closing quote. */
-			assert(newsize - (p - PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(v)) >= 5);
-			c = op->ob_sval[i];
-			if (c == quote || c == '\\')
-				*p++ = '\\', *p++ = c;
-			else if (c == '\t')
-				*p++ = '\\', *p++ = 't';
-			else if (c == '\n')
-				*p++ = '\\', *p++ = 'n';
-			else if (c == '\r')
-				*p++ = '\\', *p++ = 'r';
-			else if (c < ' ' || c >= 0x7f) {
-				*p++ = '\\';
-				*p++ = 'x';
-				*p++ = hexdigits[(c & 0xf0) >> 4];
-				*p++ = hexdigits[c & 0xf];
-			}
-			else
-				*p++ = c;
-		}
-		assert(newsize - (p - PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(v)) >= 1);
-		*p++ = quote;
-		*p = '\0';
-		if (PyUnicode_Resize(&v, (p - PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(v)))) {
-			Py_DECREF(v);
-			return NULL;
-		}
-		return v;
-	}
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-string_repr(PyObject *op)
-{
-	return PyBytes_Repr(op, 1);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-string_str(PyObject *op)
-{
-	if (Py_BytesWarningFlag) {
-		if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_BytesWarning,
-				 "str() on a bytes instance", 1))
-			return NULL;
-	}
-	return string_repr(op);
-}
-
-static Py_ssize_t
-string_length(PyBytesObject *a)
-{
-	return Py_SIZE(a);
-}
-
-/* This is also used by PyBytes_Concat() */
-static PyObject *
-string_concat(PyObject *a, PyObject *b)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t size;
-	Py_buffer va, vb;
-	PyObject *result = NULL;
-
-	va.len = -1;
-	vb.len = -1;
-	if (_getbuffer(a, &va) < 0  ||
-	    _getbuffer(b, &vb) < 0) {
-		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "can't concat %.100s to %.100s",
-			     Py_TYPE(a)->tp_name, Py_TYPE(b)->tp_name);
-		goto done;
-	}
-
-	/* Optimize end cases */
-	if (va.len == 0 && PyBytes_CheckExact(b)) {
-		result = b;
-		Py_INCREF(result);
-		goto done;
-	}
-	if (vb.len == 0 && PyBytes_CheckExact(a)) {
-		result = a;
-		Py_INCREF(result);
-		goto done;
-	}
-
-	size = va.len + vb.len;
-	if (size < 0) {
-		PyErr_NoMemory();
-		goto done;
-	}
-
-	result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size);
-	if (result != NULL) {
-		memcpy(PyBytes_AS_STRING(result), va.buf, va.len);
-		memcpy(PyBytes_AS_STRING(result) + va.len, vb.buf, vb.len);
-	}
-
-  done:
-	if (va.len != -1)
-		PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(a, &va);
-	if (vb.len != -1)
-		PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(b, &vb);
-	return result;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-string_repeat(register PyBytesObject *a, register Py_ssize_t n)
-{
-	register Py_ssize_t i;
-	register Py_ssize_t j;
-	register Py_ssize_t size;
-	register PyBytesObject *op;
-	size_t nbytes;
-	if (n < 0)
-		n = 0;
-	/* watch out for overflows:  the size can overflow int,
-	 * and the # of bytes needed can overflow size_t
-	 */
-	size = Py_SIZE(a) * n;
-	if (n && size / n != Py_SIZE(a)) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-			"repeated string is too long");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	if (size == Py_SIZE(a) && PyBytes_CheckExact(a)) {
-		Py_INCREF(a);
-		return (PyObject *)a;
-	}
-	nbytes = (size_t)size;
-	if (nbytes + sizeof(PyBytesObject) <= nbytes) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-			"repeated string is too long");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	op = (PyBytesObject *)
-		PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(PyBytesObject) + nbytes);
-	if (op == NULL)
-		return PyErr_NoMemory();
-	PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyBytes_Type, size);
-	op->ob_shash = -1;
-	op->ob_sval[size] = '\0';
-	if (Py_SIZE(a) == 1 && n > 0) {
-		memset(op->ob_sval, a->ob_sval[0] , n);
-		return (PyObject *) op;
-	}
-	i = 0;
-	if (i < size) {
-		Py_MEMCPY(op->ob_sval, a->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(a));
-		i = Py_SIZE(a);
-	}
-	while (i < size) {
-		j = (i <= size-i)  ?  i  :  size-i;
-		Py_MEMCPY(op->ob_sval+i, op->ob_sval, j);
-		i += j;
-	}
-	return (PyObject *) op;
-}
-
-static int
-string_contains(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t ival = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(arg, PyExc_ValueError);
-    if (ival == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
-        Py_buffer varg;
-        int pos;
-        PyErr_Clear();
-        if (_getbuffer(arg, &varg) < 0)
-            return -1;
-        pos = stringlib_find(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), Py_SIZE(self),
-                             varg.buf, varg.len, 0);
-        PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(arg, &varg);
-        return pos >= 0;
-    }
-    if (ival < 0 || ival >= 256) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "byte must be in range(0, 256)");
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    return memchr(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), ival, Py_SIZE(self)) != NULL;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-string_item(PyBytesObject *a, register Py_ssize_t i)
-{
-	if (i < 0 || i >= Py_SIZE(a)) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "string index out of range");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	return PyLong_FromLong((unsigned char)a->ob_sval[i]);
-}
-
-static PyObject*
-string_richcompare(PyBytesObject *a, PyBytesObject *b, int op)
-{
-	int c;
-	Py_ssize_t len_a, len_b;
-	Py_ssize_t min_len;
-	PyObject *result;
-
-	/* Make sure both arguments are strings. */
-	if (!(PyBytes_Check(a) && PyBytes_Check(b))) {
-		if (Py_BytesWarningFlag && (op == Py_EQ) &&
-		    (PyObject_IsInstance((PyObject*)a,
-					 (PyObject*)&PyUnicode_Type) ||
-		    PyObject_IsInstance((PyObject*)b,
-					 (PyObject*)&PyUnicode_Type))) {
-			if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_BytesWarning,
-				    "Comparsion between bytes and string", 1))
-				return NULL;
-		}
-		result = Py_NotImplemented;
-		goto out;
-	}
-	if (a == b) {
-		switch (op) {
-		case Py_EQ:case Py_LE:case Py_GE:
-			result = Py_True;
-			goto out;
-		case Py_NE:case Py_LT:case Py_GT:
-			result = Py_False;
-			goto out;
-		}
-	}
-	if (op == Py_EQ) {
-		/* Supporting Py_NE here as well does not save
-		   much time, since Py_NE is rarely used.  */
-		if (Py_SIZE(a) == Py_SIZE(b)
-		    && (a->ob_sval[0] == b->ob_sval[0]
-			&& memcmp(a->ob_sval, b->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(a)) == 0)) {
-			result = Py_True;
-		} else {
-			result = Py_False;
-		}
-		goto out;
-	}
-	len_a = Py_SIZE(a); len_b = Py_SIZE(b);
-	min_len = (len_a < len_b) ? len_a : len_b;
-	if (min_len > 0) {
-		c = Py_CHARMASK(*a->ob_sval) - Py_CHARMASK(*b->ob_sval);
-		if (c==0)
-			c = memcmp(a->ob_sval, b->ob_sval, min_len);
-	} else
-		c = 0;
-	if (c == 0)
-		c = (len_a < len_b) ? -1 : (len_a > len_b) ? 1 : 0;
-	switch (op) {
-	case Py_LT: c = c <  0; break;
-	case Py_LE: c = c <= 0; break;
-	case Py_EQ: assert(0);  break; /* unreachable */
-	case Py_NE: c = c != 0; break;
-	case Py_GT: c = c >  0; break;
-	case Py_GE: c = c >= 0; break;
-	default:
-		result = Py_NotImplemented;
-		goto out;
-	}
-	result = c ? Py_True : Py_False;
-  out:
-	Py_INCREF(result);
-	return result;
-}
-
-static long
-string_hash(PyBytesObject *a)
-{
-	register Py_ssize_t len;
-	register unsigned char *p;
-	register long x;
-
-	if (a->ob_shash != -1)
-		return a->ob_shash;
-	len = Py_SIZE(a);
-	p = (unsigned char *) a->ob_sval;
-	x = *p << 7;
-	while (--len >= 0)
-		x = (1000003*x) ^ *p++;
-	x ^= Py_SIZE(a);
-	if (x == -1)
-		x = -2;
-	a->ob_shash = x;
-	return x;
-}
-
-static PyObject*
-string_subscript(PyBytesObject* self, PyObject* item)
-{
-	if (PyIndex_Check(item)) {
-		Py_ssize_t i = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, PyExc_IndexError);
-		if (i == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
-			return NULL;
-		if (i < 0)
-			i += PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-		if (i < 0 || i >= PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self)) {
-			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError,
-					"string index out of range");
-			return NULL;
-		}
-		return PyLong_FromLong((unsigned char)self->ob_sval[i]);
-	}
-	else if (PySlice_Check(item)) {
-		Py_ssize_t start, stop, step, slicelength, cur, i;
-		char* source_buf;
-		char* result_buf;
-		PyObject* result;
-
-		if (PySlice_GetIndicesEx((PySliceObject*)item,
-				 PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self),
-				 &start, &stop, &step, &slicelength) < 0) {
-			return NULL;
-		}
-
-		if (slicelength <= 0) {
-			return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
-		}
-		else if (start == 0 && step == 1 &&
-			 slicelength == PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self) &&
-			 PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
-			Py_INCREF(self);
-			return (PyObject *)self;
-		}
-		else if (step == 1) {
-			return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
-				PyBytes_AS_STRING(self) + start,
-				slicelength);
-		}
-		else {
-			source_buf = PyBytes_AsString((PyObject*)self);
-			result_buf = (char *)PyMem_Malloc(slicelength);
-			if (result_buf == NULL)
-				return PyErr_NoMemory();
-
-			for (cur = start, i = 0; i < slicelength;
-			     cur += step, i++) {
-				result_buf[i] = source_buf[cur];
-			}
-
-			result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(result_buf,
-							    slicelength);
-			PyMem_Free(result_buf);
-			return result;
-		}
-	}
-	else {
-		PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-			     "string indices must be integers, not %.200s",
-			     Py_TYPE(item)->tp_name);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-}
-
-static int
-string_buffer_getbuffer(PyBytesObject *self, Py_buffer *view, int flags)
-{
-	return PyBuffer_FillInfo(view, (void *)self->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(self),
-				 0, flags);
-}
-
-static PySequenceMethods string_as_sequence = {
-	(lenfunc)string_length, /*sq_length*/
-	(binaryfunc)string_concat, /*sq_concat*/
-	(ssizeargfunc)string_repeat, /*sq_repeat*/
-	(ssizeargfunc)string_item, /*sq_item*/
-	0,		/*sq_slice*/
-	0,		/*sq_ass_item*/
-	0,		/*sq_ass_slice*/
-	(objobjproc)string_contains /*sq_contains*/
-};
-
-static PyMappingMethods string_as_mapping = {
-	(lenfunc)string_length,
-	(binaryfunc)string_subscript,
-	0,
-};
-
-static PyBufferProcs string_as_buffer = {
-	(getbufferproc)string_buffer_getbuffer,
-	NULL,
-};
-
-
-#define LEFTSTRIP 0
-#define RIGHTSTRIP 1
-#define BOTHSTRIP 2
-
-/* Arrays indexed by above */
-static const char *stripformat[] = {"|O:lstrip", "|O:rstrip", "|O:strip"};
-
-#define STRIPNAME(i) (stripformat[i]+3)
-
-
-/* Don't call if length < 2 */
-#define Py_STRING_MATCH(target, offset, pattern, length)	\
-  (target[offset] == pattern[0] &&				\
-   target[offset+length-1] == pattern[length-1] &&		\
-   !memcmp(target+offset+1, pattern+1, length-2) )
-
-
-/* Overallocate the initial list to reduce the number of reallocs for small
-   split sizes.  Eg, "A A A A A A A A A A".split() (10 elements) has three
-   resizes, to sizes 4, 8, then 16.  Most observed string splits are for human
-   text (roughly 11 words per line) and field delimited data (usually 1-10
-   fields).  For large strings the split algorithms are bandwidth limited
-   so increasing the preallocation likely will not improve things.*/
-
-#define MAX_PREALLOC 12
-
-/* 5 splits gives 6 elements */
-#define PREALLOC_SIZE(maxsplit) \
-	(maxsplit >= MAX_PREALLOC ? MAX_PREALLOC : maxsplit+1)
-
-#define SPLIT_ADD(data, left, right) {				\
-	str = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((data) + (left),	\
-					 (right) - (left));	\
-	if (str == NULL)					\
-		goto onError;					\
-	if (count < MAX_PREALLOC) {				\
-		PyList_SET_ITEM(list, count, str);		\
-	} else {						\
-		if (PyList_Append(list, str)) {			\
-			Py_DECREF(str);				\
-			goto onError;				\
-		}						\
-		else						\
-			Py_DECREF(str);				\
-	}							\
-	count++; }
-
-/* Always force the list to the expected size. */
-#define FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list) Py_SIZE(list) = count
-
-#define SKIP_SPACE(s, i, len)    { while (i<len &&  ISSPACE(s[i])) i++; }
-#define SKIP_NONSPACE(s, i, len) { while (i<len && !ISSPACE(s[i])) i++; }
-#define RSKIP_SPACE(s, i)        { while (i>=0  &&  ISSPACE(s[i])) i--; }
-#define RSKIP_NONSPACE(s, i)     { while (i>=0  && !ISSPACE(s[i])) i--; }
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
-split_whitespace(PyBytesObject *self, Py_ssize_t len, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
-{
-	const char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	Py_ssize_t i, j, count=0;
-	PyObject *str;
-	PyObject *list = PyList_New(PREALLOC_SIZE(maxsplit));
-
-	if (list == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-
-	i = j = 0;
-
-	while (maxsplit-- > 0) {
-		SKIP_SPACE(s, i, len);
-		if (i==len) break;
-		j = i; i++;
-		SKIP_NONSPACE(s, i, len);
-		if (j == 0 && i == len && PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
-			/* No whitespace in self, so just use it as list[0] */
-			Py_INCREF(self);
-			PyList_SET_ITEM(list, 0, (PyObject *)self);
-			count++;
-			break;
-		}
-		SPLIT_ADD(s, j, i);
-	}
-
-	if (i < len) {
-		/* Only occurs when maxsplit was reached */
-		/* Skip any remaining whitespace and copy to end of string */
-		SKIP_SPACE(s, i, len);
-		if (i != len)
-			SPLIT_ADD(s, i, len);
-	}
-	FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list);
-	return list;
-  onError:
-	Py_DECREF(list);
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
-split_char(PyBytesObject *self, Py_ssize_t len, char ch, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
-{
-	const char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	register Py_ssize_t i, j, count=0;
-	PyObject *str;
-	PyObject *list = PyList_New(PREALLOC_SIZE(maxcount));
-
-	if (list == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-
-	i = j = 0;
-	while ((j < len) && (maxcount-- > 0)) {
-		for(; j<len; j++) {
-			/* I found that using memchr makes no difference */
-			if (s[j] == ch) {
-				SPLIT_ADD(s, i, j);
-				i = j = j + 1;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if (i == 0 && count == 0 && PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
-		/* ch not in self, so just use self as list[0] */
-		Py_INCREF(self);
-		PyList_SET_ITEM(list, 0, (PyObject *)self);
-		count++;
-	}
-	else if (i <= len) {
-		SPLIT_ADD(s, i, len);
-	}
-	FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list);
-	return list;
-
-  onError:
-	Py_DECREF(list);
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(split__doc__,
-"B.split([sep[, maxsplit]]) -> list of bytes\n\
-\n\
-Return a list of the sections in B, using sep as the delimiter.\n\
-If sep is not specified or is None, B is split on ASCII whitespace\n\
-characters (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).\n\
-If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_split(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), n, i, j;
-	Py_ssize_t maxsplit = -1, count=0;
-	const char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), *sub;
-	Py_buffer vsub;
-	PyObject *list, *str, *subobj = Py_None;
-#ifdef USE_FAST
-	Py_ssize_t pos;
-#endif
-
-	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|On:split", &subobj, &maxsplit))
-		return NULL;
-	if (maxsplit < 0)
-		maxsplit = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
-	if (subobj == Py_None)
-		return split_whitespace(self, len, maxsplit);
-	if (_getbuffer(subobj, &vsub) < 0)
-		return NULL;
-	sub = vsub.buf;
-	n = vsub.len;
-
-	if (n == 0) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "empty separator");
-		PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(subobj, &vsub);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	else if (n == 1)
-		return split_char(self, len, sub[0], maxsplit);
-
-	list = PyList_New(PREALLOC_SIZE(maxsplit));
-	if (list == NULL) {
-		PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(subobj, &vsub);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-#ifdef USE_FAST
-	i = j = 0;
-	while (maxsplit-- > 0) {
-		pos = fastsearch(s+i, len-i, sub, n, FAST_SEARCH);
-		if (pos < 0)
-			break;
-		j = i+pos;
-		SPLIT_ADD(s, i, j);
-		i = j + n;
-	}
-#else
-	i = j = 0;
-	while ((j+n <= len) && (maxsplit-- > 0)) {
-		for (; j+n <= len; j++) {
-			if (Py_STRING_MATCH(s, j, sub, n)) {
-				SPLIT_ADD(s, i, j);
-				i = j = j + n;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-#endif
-	SPLIT_ADD(s, i, len);
-	FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list);
-	PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(subobj, &vsub);
-	return list;
-
- onError:
-	Py_DECREF(list);
-	PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(subobj, &vsub);
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(partition__doc__,
-"B.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)\n\
-\n\
-Searches for the separator sep in B, and returns the part before it,\n\
-the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not\n\
-found, returns B and two empty bytes objects.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_partition(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *sep_obj)
-{
-	const char *sep;
-	Py_ssize_t sep_len;
-
-	if (PyBytes_Check(sep_obj)) {
-		sep = PyBytes_AS_STRING(sep_obj);
-		sep_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(sep_obj);
-	}
-	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(sep_obj, &sep, &sep_len))
-		return NULL;
-
-	return stringlib_partition(
-		(PyObject*) self,
-		PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self),
-		sep_obj, sep, sep_len
-		);
-}
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(rpartition__doc__,
-"B.rpartition(sep) -> (tail, sep, head)\n\
-\n\
-Searches for the separator sep in B, starting at the end of B,\n\
-and returns the part before it, the separator itself, and the\n\
-part after it.  If the separator is not found, returns two empty\n\
-bytes objects and B.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_rpartition(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *sep_obj)
-{
-	const char *sep;
-	Py_ssize_t sep_len;
-
-	if (PyBytes_Check(sep_obj)) {
-		sep = PyBytes_AS_STRING(sep_obj);
-		sep_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(sep_obj);
-	}
-	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(sep_obj, &sep, &sep_len))
-		return NULL;
-
-	return stringlib_rpartition(
-		(PyObject*) self,
-		PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self),
-		sep_obj, sep, sep_len
-		);
-}
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
-rsplit_whitespace(PyBytesObject *self, Py_ssize_t len, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
-{
-	const char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	Py_ssize_t i, j, count=0;
-	PyObject *str;
-	PyObject *list = PyList_New(PREALLOC_SIZE(maxsplit));
-
-	if (list == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-
-	i = j = len-1;
-
-	while (maxsplit-- > 0) {
-		RSKIP_SPACE(s, i);
-		if (i<0) break;
-		j = i; i--;
-		RSKIP_NONSPACE(s, i);
-		if (j == len-1 && i < 0 && PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
-			/* No whitespace in self, so just use it as list[0] */
-			Py_INCREF(self);
-			PyList_SET_ITEM(list, 0, (PyObject *)self);
-			count++;
-			break;
-		}
-		SPLIT_ADD(s, i + 1, j + 1);
-	}
-	if (i >= 0) {
-		/* Only occurs when maxsplit was reached.  Skip any remaining
-		   whitespace and copy to beginning of string. */
-		RSKIP_SPACE(s, i);
-		if (i >= 0)
-			SPLIT_ADD(s, 0, i + 1);
-
-	}
-	FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list);
-	if (PyList_Reverse(list) < 0)
-		goto onError;
-	return list;
-  onError:
-	Py_DECREF(list);
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
-rsplit_char(PyBytesObject *self, Py_ssize_t len, char ch, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
-{
-	const char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	register Py_ssize_t i, j, count=0;
-	PyObject *str;
-	PyObject *list = PyList_New(PREALLOC_SIZE(maxcount));
-
-	if (list == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-
-	i = j = len - 1;
-	while ((i >= 0) && (maxcount-- > 0)) {
-		for (; i >= 0; i--) {
-			if (s[i] == ch) {
-				SPLIT_ADD(s, i + 1, j + 1);
-				j = i = i - 1;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if (i < 0 && count == 0 && PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
-		/* ch not in self, so just use self as list[0] */
-		Py_INCREF(self);
-		PyList_SET_ITEM(list, 0, (PyObject *)self);
-		count++;
-	}
-	else if (j >= -1) {
-		SPLIT_ADD(s, 0, j + 1);
-	}
-	FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list);
-	if (PyList_Reverse(list) < 0)
-		goto onError;
-	return list;
-
- onError:
-	Py_DECREF(list);
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(rsplit__doc__,
-"B.rsplit([sep[, maxsplit]]) -> list of strings\n\
-\n\
-Return a list of the sections in B, using sep as the delimiter,\n\
-starting at the end of B and working to the front.\n\
-If sep is not given, B is split on ASCII whitespace characters\n\
-(space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).\n\
-If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done.");
-
-
-static PyObject *
-string_rsplit(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), n, i, j;
-	Py_ssize_t maxsplit = -1, count=0;
-	const char *s, *sub;
-	Py_buffer vsub;
-	PyObject *list, *str, *subobj = Py_None;
-
-	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|On:rsplit", &subobj, &maxsplit))
-		return NULL;
-	if (maxsplit < 0)
-		maxsplit = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
-	if (subobj == Py_None)
-		return rsplit_whitespace(self, len, maxsplit);
-	if (_getbuffer(subobj, &vsub) < 0)
-		return NULL;
-	sub = vsub.buf;
-	n = vsub.len;
-
-	if (n == 0) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "empty separator");
-		PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(subobj, &vsub);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	else if (n == 1)
-		return rsplit_char(self, len, sub[0], maxsplit);
-
-	list = PyList_New(PREALLOC_SIZE(maxsplit));
-	if (list == NULL) {
-		PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(subobj, &vsub);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	j = len;
-	i = j - n;
-
-	s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	while ( (i >= 0) && (maxsplit-- > 0) ) {
-		for (; i>=0; i--) {
-			if (Py_STRING_MATCH(s, i, sub, n)) {
-				SPLIT_ADD(s, i + n, j);
-				j = i;
-				i -= n;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	SPLIT_ADD(s, 0, j);
-	FIX_PREALLOC_SIZE(list);
-	if (PyList_Reverse(list) < 0)
-		goto onError;
-	PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(subobj, &vsub);
-	return list;
-
-onError:
-	Py_DECREF(list);
-	PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(subobj, &vsub);
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-#undef SPLIT_ADD
-#undef MAX_PREALLOC
-#undef PREALLOC_SIZE
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(join__doc__,
-"B.join(iterable_of_bytes) -> bytes\n\
-\n\
-Concatenates any number of bytes objects, with B in between each pair.\n\
-Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_join(PyObject *self, PyObject *orig)
-{
-	char *sep = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	const Py_ssize_t seplen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-	PyObject *res = NULL;
-	char *p;
-	Py_ssize_t seqlen = 0;
-	size_t sz = 0;
-	Py_ssize_t i;
-	PyObject *seq, *item;
-
-	seq = PySequence_Fast(orig, "");
-	if (seq == NULL) {
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	seqlen = PySequence_Size(seq);
-	if (seqlen == 0) {
-		Py_DECREF(seq);
-		return PyBytes_FromString("");
-	}
-	if (seqlen == 1) {
-		item = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, 0);
-		if (PyBytes_CheckExact(item)) {
-			Py_INCREF(item);
-			Py_DECREF(seq);
-			return item;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/* There are at least two things to join, or else we have a subclass
-	 * of the builtin types in the sequence.
-	 * Do a pre-pass to figure out the total amount of space we'll
-	 * need (sz), and see whether all argument are bytes.
-	 */
-	/* XXX Shouldn't we use _getbuffer() on these items instead? */
-	for (i = 0; i < seqlen; i++) {
-		const size_t old_sz = sz;
-		item = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, i);
-		if (!PyBytes_Check(item) && !PyByteArray_Check(item)) {
-			PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-				     "sequence item %zd: expected bytes,"
-				     " %.80s found",
-				     i, Py_TYPE(item)->tp_name);
-			Py_DECREF(seq);
-			return NULL;
-		}
-		sz += Py_SIZE(item);
-		if (i != 0)
-			sz += seplen;
-		if (sz < old_sz || sz > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) {
-			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-			    "join() result is too long for a Python string");
-			Py_DECREF(seq);
-			return NULL;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/* Allocate result space. */
-	res = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char*)NULL, sz);
-	if (res == NULL) {
-		Py_DECREF(seq);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	/* Catenate everything. */
-	/* I'm not worried about a PyByteArray item growing because there's
-	   nowhere in this function where we release the GIL. */
-	p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(res);
-	for (i = 0; i < seqlen; ++i) {
-		size_t n;
-                char *q;
-		if (i) {
-			Py_MEMCPY(p, sep, seplen);
-			p += seplen;
-		}
-		item = PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(seq, i);
-		n = Py_SIZE(item);
-                if (PyBytes_Check(item))
-			q = PyBytes_AS_STRING(item);
-		else
-			q = PyByteArray_AS_STRING(item);
-		Py_MEMCPY(p, q, n);
-		p += n;
-	}
-
-	Py_DECREF(seq);
-	return res;
-}
-
-PyObject *
-_PyBytes_Join(PyObject *sep, PyObject *x)
-{
-	assert(sep != NULL && PyBytes_Check(sep));
-	assert(x != NULL);
-	return string_join(sep, x);
-}
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(void)
-string_adjust_indices(Py_ssize_t *start, Py_ssize_t *end, Py_ssize_t len)
-{
-	if (*end > len)
-		*end = len;
-	else if (*end < 0)
-		*end += len;
-	if (*end < 0)
-		*end = 0;
-	if (*start < 0)
-		*start += len;
-	if (*start < 0)
-		*start = 0;
-}
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t)
-string_find_internal(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args, int dir)
-{
-	PyObject *subobj;
-	const char *sub;
-	Py_ssize_t sub_len;
-	Py_ssize_t start=0, end=PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
-	PyObject *obj_start=Py_None, *obj_end=Py_None;
-
-	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|OO:find/rfind/index/rindex", &subobj,
-		&obj_start, &obj_end))
-		return -2;
-	/* To support None in "start" and "end" arguments, meaning
-	   the same as if they were not passed.
-	*/
-	if (obj_start != Py_None)
-		if (!_PyEval_SliceIndex(obj_start, &start))
-	        return -2;
-	if (obj_end != Py_None)
-		if (!_PyEval_SliceIndex(obj_end, &end))
-	        return -2;
-
-	if (PyBytes_Check(subobj)) {
-		sub = PyBytes_AS_STRING(subobj);
-		sub_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(subobj);
-	}
-	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(subobj, &sub, &sub_len))
-		/* XXX - the "expected a character buffer object" is pretty
-		   confusing for a non-expert.  remap to something else ? */
-		return -2;
-
-	if (dir > 0)
-		return stringlib_find_slice(
-			PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self),
-			sub, sub_len, start, end);
-	else
-		return stringlib_rfind_slice(
-			PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self),
-			sub, sub_len, start, end);
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(find__doc__,
-"B.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
-\n\
-Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,\n\
-such that sub is contained within s[start:end].  Optional\n\
-arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\
-\n\
-Return -1 on failure.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_find(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t result = string_find_internal(self, args, +1);
-	if (result == -2)
-		return NULL;
-	return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(index__doc__,
-"B.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
-\n\
-Like B.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_index(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t result = string_find_internal(self, args, +1);
-	if (result == -2)
-		return NULL;
-	if (result == -1) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-				"substring not found");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(rfind__doc__,
-"B.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
-\n\
-Return the highest index in B where substring sub is found,\n\
-such that sub is contained within s[start:end].  Optional\n\
-arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n\
-\n\
-Return -1 on failure.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_rfind(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t result = string_find_internal(self, args, -1);
-	if (result == -2)
-		return NULL;
-	return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(rindex__doc__,
-"B.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
-\n\
-Like B.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_rindex(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t result = string_find_internal(self, args, -1);
-	if (result == -2)
-		return NULL;
-	if (result == -1) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-				"substring not found");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	return PyLong_FromSsize_t(result);
-}
-
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
-do_xstrip(PyBytesObject *self, int striptype, PyObject *sepobj)
-{
-	Py_buffer vsep;
-	char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-	char *sep;
-	Py_ssize_t seplen;
-	Py_ssize_t i, j;
-
-	if (_getbuffer(sepobj, &vsep) < 0)
-		return NULL;
-	sep = vsep.buf;
-	seplen = vsep.len;
-
-	i = 0;
-	if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
-		while (i < len && memchr(sep, Py_CHARMASK(s[i]), seplen)) {
-			i++;
-		}
-	}
-
-	j = len;
-	if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
-		do {
-			j--;
-		} while (j >= i && memchr(sep, Py_CHARMASK(s[j]), seplen));
-		j++;
-	}
-
-	PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(sepobj, &vsep);
-
-	if (i == 0 && j == len && PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
-		Py_INCREF(self);
-		return (PyObject*)self;
-	}
-	else
-		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(s+i, j-i);
-}
-
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
-do_strip(PyBytesObject *self, int striptype)
-{
-	char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), i, j;
-
-	i = 0;
-	if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
-		while (i < len && ISSPACE(s[i])) {
-			i++;
-		}
-	}
-
-	j = len;
-	if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
-		do {
-			j--;
-		} while (j >= i && ISSPACE(s[j]));
-		j++;
-	}
-
-	if (i == 0 && j == len && PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
-		Py_INCREF(self);
-		return (PyObject*)self;
-	}
-	else
-		return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(s+i, j-i);
-}
-
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
-do_argstrip(PyBytesObject *self, int striptype, PyObject *args)
-{
-	PyObject *sep = NULL;
-
-	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, (char *)stripformat[striptype], &sep))
-		return NULL;
-
-	if (sep != NULL && sep != Py_None) {
-		return do_xstrip(self, striptype, sep);
-	}
-	return do_strip(self, striptype);
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(strip__doc__,
-"B.strip([bytes]) -> bytes\n\
-\n\
-Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.\n\
-If the argument is omitted, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.");
-static PyObject *
-string_strip(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
-		return do_strip(self, BOTHSTRIP); /* Common case */
-	else
-		return do_argstrip(self, BOTHSTRIP, args);
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(lstrip__doc__,
-"B.lstrip([bytes]) -> bytes\n\
-\n\
-Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.\n\
-If the argument is omitted, strip leading ASCII whitespace.");
-static PyObject *
-string_lstrip(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
-		return do_strip(self, LEFTSTRIP); /* Common case */
-	else
-		return do_argstrip(self, LEFTSTRIP, args);
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(rstrip__doc__,
-"B.rstrip([bytes]) -> bytes\n\
-\n\
-Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.\n\
-If the argument is omitted, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.");
-static PyObject *
-string_rstrip(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
-		return do_strip(self, RIGHTSTRIP); /* Common case */
-	else
-		return do_argstrip(self, RIGHTSTRIP, args);
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(count__doc__,
-"B.count(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int\n\
-\n\
-Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in\n\
-string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted\n\
-as in slice notation.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_count(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	PyObject *sub_obj;
-	const char *str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), *sub;
-	Py_ssize_t sub_len;
-	Py_ssize_t start = 0, end = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
-
-	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|O&O&:count", &sub_obj,
-		_PyEval_SliceIndex, &start, _PyEval_SliceIndex, &end))
-		return NULL;
-
-	if (PyBytes_Check(sub_obj)) {
-		sub = PyBytes_AS_STRING(sub_obj);
-		sub_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(sub_obj);
-	}
-	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(sub_obj, &sub, &sub_len))
-		return NULL;
-
-	string_adjust_indices(&start, &end, PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self));
-
-	return PyLong_FromSsize_t(
-		stringlib_count(str + start, end - start, sub, sub_len)
-		);
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(translate__doc__,
-"B.translate(table[, deletechars]) -> bytes\n\
-\n\
-Return a copy of B, where all characters occurring in the\n\
-optional argument deletechars are removed, and the remaining\n\
-characters have been mapped through the given translation\n\
-table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_translate(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	register char *input, *output;
-	const char *table;
-	register Py_ssize_t i, c, changed = 0;
-	PyObject *input_obj = (PyObject*)self;
-	const char *output_start, *del_table=NULL;
-	Py_ssize_t inlen, tablen, dellen = 0;
-	PyObject *result;
-	int trans_table[256];
-	PyObject *tableobj, *delobj = NULL;
-
-	if (!PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "translate", 1, 2,
-			      &tableobj, &delobj))
-		return NULL;
-
-	if (PyBytes_Check(tableobj)) {
-		table = PyBytes_AS_STRING(tableobj);
-		tablen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(tableobj);
-	}
-	else if (tableobj == Py_None) {
-		table = NULL;
-		tablen = 256;
-	}
-	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(tableobj, &table, &tablen))
-		return NULL;
-
-	if (tablen != 256) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-		  "translation table must be 256 characters long");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	if (delobj != NULL) {
-		if (PyBytes_Check(delobj)) {
-			del_table = PyBytes_AS_STRING(delobj);
-			dellen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(delobj);
-		}
-		else if (PyUnicode_Check(delobj)) {
-			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-			"deletions are implemented differently for unicode");
-			return NULL;
-		}
-		else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(delobj, &del_table, &dellen))
-			return NULL;
-	}
-	else {
-		del_table = NULL;
-		dellen = 0;
-	}
-
-	inlen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(input_obj);
-	result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, inlen);
-	if (result == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-	output_start = output = PyBytes_AsString(result);
-	input = PyBytes_AS_STRING(input_obj);
-
-	if (dellen == 0 && table != NULL) {
-		/* If no deletions are required, use faster code */
-		for (i = inlen; --i >= 0; ) {
-			c = Py_CHARMASK(*input++);
-			if (Py_CHARMASK((*output++ = table[c])) != c)
-				changed = 1;
-		}
-		if (changed || !PyBytes_CheckExact(input_obj))
-			return result;
-		Py_DECREF(result);
-		Py_INCREF(input_obj);
-		return input_obj;
-	}
-
-	if (table == NULL) {
-		for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
-			trans_table[i] = Py_CHARMASK(i);
-	} else {
-		for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
-			trans_table[i] = Py_CHARMASK(table[i]);
-	}
-
-	for (i = 0; i < dellen; i++)
-		trans_table[(int) Py_CHARMASK(del_table[i])] = -1;
-
-	for (i = inlen; --i >= 0; ) {
-		c = Py_CHARMASK(*input++);
-		if (trans_table[c] != -1)
-			if (Py_CHARMASK(*output++ = (char)trans_table[c]) == c)
-				continue;
-		changed = 1;
-	}
-	if (!changed && PyBytes_CheckExact(input_obj)) {
-		Py_DECREF(result);
-		Py_INCREF(input_obj);
-		return input_obj;
-	}
-	/* Fix the size of the resulting string */
-	if (inlen > 0)
-		_PyBytes_Resize(&result, output - output_start);
-	return result;
-}
-
-
-#define FORWARD 1
-#define REVERSE -1
-
-/* find and count characters and substrings */
-
-#define findchar(target, target_len, c)				\
-  ((char *)memchr((const void *)(target), c, target_len))
-
-/* String ops must return a string.  */
-/* If the object is subclass of string, create a copy */
-Py_LOCAL(PyBytesObject *)
-return_self(PyBytesObject *self)
-{
-	if (PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
-		Py_INCREF(self);
-		return self;
-	}
-	return (PyBytesObject *)PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
-		PyBytes_AS_STRING(self),
-		PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self));
-}
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t)
-countchar(const char *target, int target_len, char c, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t count=0;
-	const char *start=target;
-	const char *end=target+target_len;
-
-	while ( (start=findchar(start, end-start, c)) != NULL ) {
-		count++;
-		if (count >= maxcount)
-			break;
-		start += 1;
-	}
-	return count;
-}
-
-Py_LOCAL(Py_ssize_t)
-findstring(const char *target, Py_ssize_t target_len,
-	   const char *pattern, Py_ssize_t pattern_len,
-	   Py_ssize_t start,
-	   Py_ssize_t end,
-	   int direction)
-{
-	if (start < 0) {
-		start += target_len;
-		if (start < 0)
-			start = 0;
-	}
-	if (end > target_len) {
-		end = target_len;
-	} else if (end < 0) {
-		end += target_len;
-		if (end < 0)
-			end = 0;
-	}
-
-	/* zero-length substrings always match at the first attempt */
-	if (pattern_len == 0)
-		return (direction > 0) ? start : end;
-
-	end -= pattern_len;
-
-	if (direction < 0) {
-		for (; end >= start; end--)
-			if (Py_STRING_MATCH(target, end, pattern, pattern_len))
-				return end;
-	} else {
-		for (; start <= end; start++)
-			if (Py_STRING_MATCH(target, start,pattern,pattern_len))
-				return start;
-	}
-	return -1;
-}
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t)
-countstring(const char *target, Py_ssize_t target_len,
-	    const char *pattern, Py_ssize_t pattern_len,
-	    Py_ssize_t start,
-	    Py_ssize_t end,
-	    int direction, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t count=0;
-
-	if (start < 0) {
-		start += target_len;
-		if (start < 0)
-			start = 0;
-	}
-	if (end > target_len) {
-		end = target_len;
-	} else if (end < 0) {
-		end += target_len;
-		if (end < 0)
-			end = 0;
-	}
-
-	/* zero-length substrings match everywhere */
-	if (pattern_len == 0 || maxcount == 0) {
-		if (target_len+1 < maxcount)
-			return target_len+1;
-		return maxcount;
-	}
-
-	end -= pattern_len;
-	if (direction < 0) {
-		for (; (end >= start); end--)
-			if (Py_STRING_MATCH(target, end,pattern,pattern_len)) {
-				count++;
-				if (--maxcount <= 0) break;
-				end -= pattern_len-1;
-			}
-	} else {
-		for (; (start <= end); start++)
-			if (Py_STRING_MATCH(target, start,
-					    pattern, pattern_len)) {
-				count++;
-				if (--maxcount <= 0)
-					break;
-				start += pattern_len-1;
-			}
-	}
-	return count;
-}
-
-
-/* Algorithms for different cases of string replacement */
-
-/* len(self)>=1, from="", len(to)>=1, maxcount>=1 */
-Py_LOCAL(PyBytesObject *)
-replace_interleave(PyBytesObject *self,
-		   const char *to_s, Py_ssize_t to_len,
-		   Py_ssize_t maxcount)
-{
-	char *self_s, *result_s;
-	Py_ssize_t self_len, result_len;
-	Py_ssize_t count, i, product;
-	PyBytesObject *result;
-
-	self_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-
-	/* 1 at the end plus 1 after every character */
-	count = self_len+1;
-	if (maxcount < count)
-		count = maxcount;
-
-	/* Check for overflow */
-	/*   result_len = count * to_len + self_len; */
-	product = count * to_len;
-	if (product / to_len != count) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-				"replace string is too long");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	result_len = product + self_len;
-	if (result_len < 0) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-				"replace string is too long");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	if (! (result = (PyBytesObject *)
-	                 PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, result_len)) )
-		return NULL;
-
-	self_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	result_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
-
-	/* TODO: special case single character, which doesn't need memcpy */
-
-	/* Lay the first one down (guaranteed this will occur) */
-	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, to_s, to_len);
-	result_s += to_len;
-	count -= 1;
-
-	for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
-		*result_s++ = *self_s++;
-		Py_MEMCPY(result_s, to_s, to_len);
-		result_s += to_len;
-	}
-
-	/* Copy the rest of the original string */
-	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, self_s, self_len-i);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/* Special case for deleting a single character */
-/* len(self)>=1, len(from)==1, to="", maxcount>=1 */
-Py_LOCAL(PyBytesObject *)
-replace_delete_single_character(PyBytesObject *self,
-				char from_c, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
-{
-	char *self_s, *result_s;
-	char *start, *next, *end;
-	Py_ssize_t self_len, result_len;
-	Py_ssize_t count;
-	PyBytesObject *result;
-
-	self_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-	self_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-
-	count = countchar(self_s, self_len, from_c, maxcount);
-	if (count == 0) {
-		return return_self(self);
-	}
-
-	result_len = self_len - count;  /* from_len == 1 */
-	assert(result_len>=0);
-
-	if ( (result = (PyBytesObject *)
-	                PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, result_len)) == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-	result_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
-
-	start = self_s;
-	end = self_s + self_len;
-	while (count-- > 0) {
-		next = findchar(start, end-start, from_c);
-		if (next == NULL)
-			break;
-		Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, next-start);
-		result_s += (next-start);
-		start = next+1;
-	}
-	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, end-start);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/* len(self)>=1, len(from)>=2, to="", maxcount>=1 */
-
-Py_LOCAL(PyBytesObject *)
-replace_delete_substring(PyBytesObject *self,
-			 const char *from_s, Py_ssize_t from_len,
-			 Py_ssize_t maxcount) {
-	char *self_s, *result_s;
-	char *start, *next, *end;
-	Py_ssize_t self_len, result_len;
-	Py_ssize_t count, offset;
-	PyBytesObject *result;
-
-	self_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-	self_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-
-	count = countstring(self_s, self_len,
-			    from_s, from_len,
-			    0, self_len, 1,
-			    maxcount);
-
-	if (count == 0) {
-		/* no matches */
-		return return_self(self);
-	}
-
-	result_len = self_len - (count * from_len);
-	assert (result_len>=0);
-
-	if ( (result = (PyBytesObject *)
-	      PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, result_len)) == NULL )
-		return NULL;
-
-	result_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
-
-	start = self_s;
-	end = self_s + self_len;
-	while (count-- > 0) {
-		offset = findstring(start, end-start,
-				    from_s, from_len,
-				    0, end-start, FORWARD);
-		if (offset == -1)
-			break;
-		next = start + offset;
-
-		Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, next-start);
-
-		result_s += (next-start);
-		start = next+from_len;
-	}
-	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, end-start);
-	return result;
-}
-
-/* len(self)>=1, len(from)==len(to)==1, maxcount>=1 */
-Py_LOCAL(PyBytesObject *)
-replace_single_character_in_place(PyBytesObject *self,
-				  char from_c, char to_c,
-				  Py_ssize_t maxcount)
-{
-	char *self_s, *result_s, *start, *end, *next;
-	Py_ssize_t self_len;
-	PyBytesObject *result;
-
-	/* The result string will be the same size */
-	self_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	self_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-
-	next = findchar(self_s, self_len, from_c);
-
-	if (next == NULL) {
-		/* No matches; return the original string */
-		return return_self(self);
-	}
-
-	/* Need to make a new string */
-	result = (PyBytesObject *) PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, self_len);
-	if (result == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-	result_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
-	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, self_s, self_len);
-
-	/* change everything in-place, starting with this one */
-	start =  result_s + (next-self_s);
-	*start = to_c;
-	start++;
-	end = result_s + self_len;
-
-	while (--maxcount > 0) {
-		next = findchar(start, end-start, from_c);
-		if (next == NULL)
-			break;
-		*next = to_c;
-		start = next+1;
-	}
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/* len(self)>=1, len(from)==len(to)>=2, maxcount>=1 */
-Py_LOCAL(PyBytesObject *)
-replace_substring_in_place(PyBytesObject *self,
-			   const char *from_s, Py_ssize_t from_len,
-			   const char *to_s, Py_ssize_t to_len,
-			   Py_ssize_t maxcount)
-{
-	char *result_s, *start, *end;
-	char *self_s;
-	Py_ssize_t self_len, offset;
-	PyBytesObject *result;
-
-	/* The result string will be the same size */
-
-	self_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	self_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-
-	offset = findstring(self_s, self_len,
-			    from_s, from_len,
-			    0, self_len, FORWARD);
-	if (offset == -1) {
-		/* No matches; return the original string */
-		return return_self(self);
-	}
-
-	/* Need to make a new string */
-	result = (PyBytesObject *) PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, self_len);
-	if (result == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-	result_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
-	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, self_s, self_len);
-
-	/* change everything in-place, starting with this one */
-	start =  result_s + offset;
-	Py_MEMCPY(start, to_s, from_len);
-	start += from_len;
-	end = result_s + self_len;
-
-	while ( --maxcount > 0) {
-		offset = findstring(start, end-start,
-				    from_s, from_len,
-				    0, end-start, FORWARD);
-		if (offset==-1)
-			break;
-		Py_MEMCPY(start+offset, to_s, from_len);
-		start += offset+from_len;
-	}
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/* len(self)>=1, len(from)==1, len(to)>=2, maxcount>=1 */
-Py_LOCAL(PyBytesObject *)
-replace_single_character(PyBytesObject *self,
-			 char from_c,
-			 const char *to_s, Py_ssize_t to_len,
-			 Py_ssize_t maxcount)
-{
-	char *self_s, *result_s;
-	char *start, *next, *end;
-	Py_ssize_t self_len, result_len;
-	Py_ssize_t count, product;
-	PyBytesObject *result;
-
-	self_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	self_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-
-	count = countchar(self_s, self_len, from_c, maxcount);
-	if (count == 0) {
-		/* no matches, return unchanged */
-		return return_self(self);
-	}
-
-	/* use the difference between current and new, hence the "-1" */
-	/*   result_len = self_len + count * (to_len-1)  */
-	product = count * (to_len-1);
-	if (product / (to_len-1) != count) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-				"replace string is too long");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	result_len = self_len + product;
-	if (result_len < 0) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-				"replace string is too long");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	if ( (result = (PyBytesObject *)
-	      PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, result_len)) == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-	result_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
-
-	start = self_s;
-	end = self_s + self_len;
-	while (count-- > 0) {
-		next = findchar(start, end-start, from_c);
-		if (next == NULL)
-			break;
-
-		if (next == start) {
-			/* replace with the 'to' */
-			Py_MEMCPY(result_s, to_s, to_len);
-			result_s += to_len;
-			start += 1;
-		} else {
-			/* copy the unchanged old then the 'to' */
-			Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, next-start);
-			result_s += (next-start);
-			Py_MEMCPY(result_s, to_s, to_len);
-			result_s += to_len;
-			start = next+1;
-		}
-	}
-	/* Copy the remainder of the remaining string */
-	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, end-start);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-/* len(self)>=1, len(from)>=2, len(to)>=2, maxcount>=1 */
-Py_LOCAL(PyBytesObject *)
-replace_substring(PyBytesObject *self,
-		  const char *from_s, Py_ssize_t from_len,
-		  const char *to_s, Py_ssize_t to_len,
-		  Py_ssize_t maxcount) {
-	char *self_s, *result_s;
-	char *start, *next, *end;
-	Py_ssize_t self_len, result_len;
-	Py_ssize_t count, offset, product;
-	PyBytesObject *result;
-
-	self_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-	self_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-
-	count = countstring(self_s, self_len,
-			    from_s, from_len,
-			    0, self_len, FORWARD, maxcount);
-	if (count == 0) {
-		/* no matches, return unchanged */
-		return return_self(self);
-	}
-
-	/* Check for overflow */
-	/*    result_len = self_len + count * (to_len-from_len) */
-	product = count * (to_len-from_len);
-	if (product / (to_len-from_len) != count) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-				"replace string is too long");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	result_len = self_len + product;
-	if (result_len < 0) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-				"replace string is too long");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	if ( (result = (PyBytesObject *)
-	      PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, result_len)) == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-	result_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
-
-	start = self_s;
-	end = self_s + self_len;
-	while (count-- > 0) {
-		offset = findstring(start, end-start,
-				    from_s, from_len,
-				    0, end-start, FORWARD);
-		if (offset == -1)
-			break;
-		next = start+offset;
-		if (next == start) {
-			/* replace with the 'to' */
-			Py_MEMCPY(result_s, to_s, to_len);
-			result_s += to_len;
-			start += from_len;
-		} else {
-			/* copy the unchanged old then the 'to' */
-			Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, next-start);
-			result_s += (next-start);
-			Py_MEMCPY(result_s, to_s, to_len);
-			result_s += to_len;
-			start = next+from_len;
-		}
-	}
-	/* Copy the remainder of the remaining string */
-	Py_MEMCPY(result_s, start, end-start);
-
-	return result;
-}
-
-
-Py_LOCAL(PyBytesObject *)
-replace(PyBytesObject *self,
-	const char *from_s, Py_ssize_t from_len,
-	const char *to_s, Py_ssize_t to_len,
-	Py_ssize_t maxcount)
-{
-	if (maxcount < 0) {
-		maxcount = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
-	} else if (maxcount == 0 || PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self) == 0) {
-		/* nothing to do; return the original string */
-		return return_self(self);
-	}
-
-	if (maxcount == 0 ||
-	    (from_len == 0 && to_len == 0)) {
-		/* nothing to do; return the original string */
-		return return_self(self);
-	}
-
-	/* Handle zero-length special cases */
-
-	if (from_len == 0) {
-		/* insert the 'to' string everywhere.   */
-		/*    >>> "Python".replace("", ".")     */
-		/*    '.P.y.t.h.o.n.'                   */
-		return replace_interleave(self, to_s, to_len, maxcount);
-	}
-
-	/* Except for "".replace("", "A") == "A" there is no way beyond this */
-	/* point for an empty self string to generate a non-empty string */
-	/* Special case so the remaining code always gets a non-empty string */
-	if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self) == 0) {
-		return return_self(self);
-	}
-
-	if (to_len == 0) {
-		/* delete all occurances of 'from' string */
-		if (from_len == 1) {
-			return replace_delete_single_character(
-				self, from_s[0], maxcount);
-		} else {
-			return replace_delete_substring(self, from_s,
-							from_len, maxcount);
-		}
-	}
-
-	/* Handle special case where both strings have the same length */
-
-	if (from_len == to_len) {
-		if (from_len == 1) {
-			return replace_single_character_in_place(
-				self,
-				from_s[0],
-				to_s[0],
-				maxcount);
-		} else {
-			return replace_substring_in_place(
-				self, from_s, from_len, to_s, to_len,
-				maxcount);
-		}
-	}
-
-	/* Otherwise use the more generic algorithms */
-	if (from_len == 1) {
-		return replace_single_character(self, from_s[0],
-						to_s, to_len, maxcount);
-	} else {
-		/* len('from')>=2, len('to')>=1 */
-		return replace_substring(self, from_s, from_len, to_s, to_len,
-					 maxcount);
-	}
-}
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(replace__doc__,
-"B.replace(old, new[, count]) -> bytes\n\
-\n\
-Return a copy of B with all occurrences of subsection\n\
-old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is\n\
-given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_replace(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t count = -1;
-	PyObject *from, *to;
-	const char *from_s, *to_s;
-	Py_ssize_t from_len, to_len;
-
-	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO|n:replace", &from, &to, &count))
-		return NULL;
-
-	if (PyBytes_Check(from)) {
-		from_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(from);
-		from_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(from);
-	}
-	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(from, &from_s, &from_len))
-		return NULL;
-
-	if (PyBytes_Check(to)) {
-		to_s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(to);
-		to_len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(to);
-	}
-	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(to, &to_s, &to_len))
-		return NULL;
-
-	return (PyObject *)replace((PyBytesObject *) self,
-				   from_s, from_len,
-				   to_s, to_len, count);
-}
-
-/** End DALKE **/
-
-/* Matches the end (direction >= 0) or start (direction < 0) of self
- * against substr, using the start and end arguments. Returns
- * -1 on error, 0 if not found and 1 if found.
- */
-Py_LOCAL(int)
-_string_tailmatch(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start,
-		  Py_ssize_t end, int direction)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-	Py_ssize_t slen;
-	const char* sub;
-	const char* str;
-
-	if (PyBytes_Check(substr)) {
-		sub = PyBytes_AS_STRING(substr);
-		slen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(substr);
-	}
-	else if (PyObject_AsCharBuffer(substr, &sub, &slen))
-		return -1;
-	str = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-
-	string_adjust_indices(&start, &end, len);
-
-	if (direction < 0) {
-		/* startswith */
-		if (start+slen > len)
-			return 0;
-	} else {
-		/* endswith */
-		if (end-start < slen || start > len)
-			return 0;
-
-		if (end-slen > start)
-			start = end - slen;
-	}
-	if (end-start >= slen)
-		return ! memcmp(str+start, sub, slen);
-	return 0;
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(startswith__doc__,
-"B.startswith(prefix [,start [,end]]) -> bool\n\
-\n\
-Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.\n\
-With optional start, test B beginning at that position.\n\
-With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.\n\
-prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_startswith(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t start = 0;
-	Py_ssize_t end = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
-	PyObject *subobj;
-	int result;
-
-	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|O&O&:startswith", &subobj,
-		_PyEval_SliceIndex, &start, _PyEval_SliceIndex, &end))
-		return NULL;
-	if (PyTuple_Check(subobj)) {
-		Py_ssize_t i;
-		for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(subobj); i++) {
-			result = _string_tailmatch(self,
-					PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subobj, i),
-					start, end, -1);
-			if (result == -1)
-				return NULL;
-			else if (result) {
-				Py_RETURN_TRUE;
-			}
-		}
-		Py_RETURN_FALSE;
-	}
-	result = _string_tailmatch(self, subobj, start, end, -1);
-	if (result == -1)
-		return NULL;
-	else
-		return PyBool_FromLong(result);
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(endswith__doc__,
-"B.endswith(suffix [,start [,end]]) -> bool\n\
-\n\
-Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.\n\
-With optional start, test B beginning at that position.\n\
-With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.\n\
-suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_endswith(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t start = 0;
-	Py_ssize_t end = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
-	PyObject *subobj;
-	int result;
-
-	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|O&O&:endswith", &subobj,
-		_PyEval_SliceIndex, &start, _PyEval_SliceIndex, &end))
-		return NULL;
-	if (PyTuple_Check(subobj)) {
-		Py_ssize_t i;
-		for (i = 0; i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(subobj); i++) {
-			result = _string_tailmatch(self,
-					PyTuple_GET_ITEM(subobj, i),
-					start, end, +1);
-			if (result == -1)
-				return NULL;
-			else if (result) {
-				Py_RETURN_TRUE;
-			}
-		}
-		Py_RETURN_FALSE;
-	}
-	result = _string_tailmatch(self, subobj, start, end, +1);
-	if (result == -1)
-		return NULL;
-	else
-		return PyBool_FromLong(result);
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(decode__doc__,
-"B.decode([encoding[, errors]]) -> object\n\
-\n\
-Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults\n\
-to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error\n\
-handling scheme.  Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise\n\
-a UnicodeDecodeError.  Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'\n\
-as well as any other name registerd with codecs.register_error that is\n\
-able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.");
-
-static PyObject *
-string_decode(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-	const char *encoding = NULL;
-	const char *errors = NULL;
-
-	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|ss:decode", &encoding, &errors))
-		return NULL;
-	if (encoding == NULL)
-		encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();
-	return PyCodec_Decode(self, encoding, errors);
-}
-
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(fromhex_doc,
-"bytes.fromhex(string) -> bytes\n\
-\n\
-Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.\n\
-Spaces between two numbers are accepted.\n\
-Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.");
-
-static int
-hex_digit_to_int(Py_UNICODE c)
-{
-	if (c >= 128)
-		return -1;
-	if (ISDIGIT(c))
-		return c - '0';
-	else {
-		if (ISUPPER(c))
-			c = TOLOWER(c);
-		if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
-			return c - 'a' + 10;
-	}
-	return -1;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-string_fromhex(PyObject *cls, PyObject *args)
-{
-	PyObject *newstring, *hexobj;
-	char *buf;
-	Py_UNICODE *hex;
-	Py_ssize_t hexlen, byteslen, i, j;
-	int top, bot;
-
-	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "U:fromhex", &hexobj))
-		return NULL;
-	assert(PyUnicode_Check(hexobj));
-	hexlen = PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(hexobj);
-	hex = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(hexobj);
-	byteslen = hexlen/2; /* This overestimates if there are spaces */
-	newstring = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, byteslen);
-	if (!newstring)
-		return NULL;
-	buf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(newstring);
-	for (i = j = 0; i < hexlen; i += 2) {
-		/* skip over spaces in the input */
-		while (hex[i] == ' ')
-			i++;
-		if (i >= hexlen)
-			break;
-		top = hex_digit_to_int(hex[i]);
-		bot = hex_digit_to_int(hex[i+1]);
-		if (top == -1 || bot == -1) {
-			PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-				     "non-hexadecimal number found in "
-				     "fromhex() arg at position %zd", i);
-			goto error;
-		}
-		buf[j++] = (top << 4) + bot;
-	}
-	if (j != byteslen && _PyBytes_Resize(&newstring, j) < 0)
-		goto error;
-	return newstring;
-
-  error:
-	Py_XDECREF(newstring);
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-
-static PyObject *
-string_getnewargs(PyBytesObject *v)
-{
-	return Py_BuildValue("(s#)", v->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(v));
-}
-
-
-static PyMethodDef
-string_methods[] = {
-	{"__getnewargs__",	(PyCFunction)string_getnewargs,	METH_NOARGS},
-	{"capitalize", (PyCFunction)stringlib_capitalize, METH_NOARGS,
-	 _Py_capitalize__doc__},
-	{"center", (PyCFunction)stringlib_center, METH_VARARGS, center__doc__},
-	{"count", (PyCFunction)string_count, METH_VARARGS, count__doc__},
-	{"decode", (PyCFunction)string_decode, METH_VARARGS, decode__doc__},
-	{"endswith", (PyCFunction)string_endswith, METH_VARARGS,
-         endswith__doc__},
-	{"expandtabs", (PyCFunction)stringlib_expandtabs, METH_VARARGS,
-	 expandtabs__doc__},
-	{"find", (PyCFunction)string_find, METH_VARARGS, find__doc__},
-        {"fromhex", (PyCFunction)string_fromhex, METH_VARARGS|METH_CLASS,
-         fromhex_doc},
-	{"index", (PyCFunction)string_index, METH_VARARGS, index__doc__},
-	{"isalnum", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isalnum, METH_NOARGS,
-         _Py_isalnum__doc__},
-	{"isalpha", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isalpha, METH_NOARGS,
-         _Py_isalpha__doc__},
-	{"isdigit", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isdigit, METH_NOARGS,
-         _Py_isdigit__doc__},
-	{"islower", (PyCFunction)stringlib_islower, METH_NOARGS,
-         _Py_islower__doc__},
-	{"isspace", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isspace, METH_NOARGS,
-         _Py_isspace__doc__},
-	{"istitle", (PyCFunction)stringlib_istitle, METH_NOARGS,
-         _Py_istitle__doc__},
-	{"isupper", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isupper, METH_NOARGS,
-         _Py_isupper__doc__},
-	{"join", (PyCFunction)string_join, METH_O, join__doc__},
-	{"ljust", (PyCFunction)stringlib_ljust, METH_VARARGS, ljust__doc__},
-	{"lower", (PyCFunction)stringlib_lower, METH_NOARGS, _Py_lower__doc__},
-	{"lstrip", (PyCFunction)string_lstrip, METH_VARARGS, lstrip__doc__},
-	{"partition", (PyCFunction)string_partition, METH_O, partition__doc__},
-	{"replace", (PyCFunction)string_replace, METH_VARARGS, replace__doc__},
-	{"rfind", (PyCFunction)string_rfind, METH_VARARGS, rfind__doc__},
-	{"rindex", (PyCFunction)string_rindex, METH_VARARGS, rindex__doc__},
-	{"rjust", (PyCFunction)stringlib_rjust, METH_VARARGS, rjust__doc__},
-	{"rpartition", (PyCFunction)string_rpartition, METH_O,
-	 rpartition__doc__},
-	{"rsplit", (PyCFunction)string_rsplit, METH_VARARGS, rsplit__doc__},
-	{"rstrip", (PyCFunction)string_rstrip, METH_VARARGS, rstrip__doc__},
-	{"split", (PyCFunction)string_split, METH_VARARGS, split__doc__},
-	{"splitlines", (PyCFunction)stringlib_splitlines, METH_VARARGS,
-	 splitlines__doc__},
-	{"startswith", (PyCFunction)string_startswith, METH_VARARGS,
-         startswith__doc__},
-	{"strip", (PyCFunction)string_strip, METH_VARARGS, strip__doc__},
-	{"swapcase", (PyCFunction)stringlib_swapcase, METH_NOARGS,
-	 _Py_swapcase__doc__},
-	{"title", (PyCFunction)stringlib_title, METH_NOARGS, _Py_title__doc__},
-	{"translate", (PyCFunction)string_translate, METH_VARARGS,
-	 translate__doc__},
-	{"upper", (PyCFunction)stringlib_upper, METH_NOARGS, _Py_upper__doc__},
-	{"zfill", (PyCFunction)stringlib_zfill, METH_VARARGS, zfill__doc__},
-	{NULL,     NULL}		     /* sentinel */
-};
-
-static PyObject *
-str_subtype_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds);
-
-static PyObject *
-string_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
-{
-	PyObject *x = NULL, *it;
-	const char *encoding = NULL;
-	const char *errors = NULL;
-	PyObject *new = NULL;
-	Py_ssize_t i, size;
-	static char *kwlist[] = {"source", "encoding", "errors", 0};
-
-	if (type != &PyBytes_Type)
-		return str_subtype_new(type, args, kwds);
-	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|Oss:bytes", kwlist, &x,
-					 &encoding, &errors))
-		return NULL;
-	if (x == NULL) {
-		if (encoding != NULL || errors != NULL) {
-			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-					"encoding or errors without sequence "
-					"argument");
-			return NULL;
-		}
-		return PyBytes_FromString("");
-	}
-
-	if (PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
-		/* Encode via the codec registry */
-		if (encoding == NULL) {
-			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-					"string argument without an encoding");
-			return NULL;
-		}
-		new = PyCodec_Encode(x, encoding, errors);
-		if (new == NULL)
-			return NULL;
-		assert(PyBytes_Check(new));
-		return new;
-	}
-
-	/* If it's not unicode, there can't be encoding or errors */
-	if (encoding != NULL || errors != NULL) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-			"encoding or errors without a string argument");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	/* Is it an int? */
-	size = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(x, PyExc_ValueError);
-	if (size == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
-		PyErr_Clear();
-	}
-	else {
-		if (size < 0) {
-			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "negative count");
-			return NULL;
-		}
-		new = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size);
-		if (new == NULL) {
-			return NULL;
-		}
-		if (size > 0) {
-			memset(((PyBytesObject*)new)->ob_sval, 0, size);
-		}
-		return new;
-	}
-
-	/* Use the modern buffer interface */
-	if (PyObject_CheckBuffer(x)) {
-		Py_buffer view;
-		if (PyObject_GetBuffer(x, &view, PyBUF_FULL_RO) < 0)
-			return NULL;
-		new = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, view.len);
-		if (!new)
-			goto fail;
-		// XXX(brett.cannon): Better way to get to internal buffer?
-		if (PyBuffer_ToContiguous(((PyBytesObject *)new)->ob_sval,
-					  &view, view.len, 'C') < 0)
-			goto fail;
-		PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(x, &view);
-		return new;
-	  fail:
-		Py_XDECREF(new);
-		PyObject_ReleaseBuffer(x, &view);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	/* For iterator version, create a string object and resize as needed */
-	/* XXX(gb): is 64 a good value? also, optimize if length is known */
-	/* XXX(guido): perhaps use Pysequence_Fast() -- I can't imagine the
-	   input being a truly long iterator. */
-	size = 64;
-	new = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size);
-	if (new == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-
-	/* XXX Optimize this if the arguments is a list, tuple */
-
-	/* Get the iterator */
-	it = PyObject_GetIter(x);
-	if (it == NULL)
-		goto error;
-
-	/* Run the iterator to exhaustion */
-	for (i = 0; ; i++) {
-		PyObject *item;
-		Py_ssize_t value;
-
-		/* Get the next item */
-		item = PyIter_Next(it);
-		if (item == NULL) {
-			if (PyErr_Occurred())
-				goto error;
-			break;
-		}
-
-		/* Interpret it as an int (__index__) */
-		value = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, PyExc_ValueError);
-		Py_DECREF(item);
-		if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
-			goto error;
-
-		/* Range check */
-		if (value < 0 || value >= 256) {
-			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-					"bytes must be in range(0, 256)");
-			goto error;
-		}
-
-		/* Append the byte */
-		if (i >= size) {
-			size *= 2;
-			if (_PyBytes_Resize(&new, size) < 0)
-				goto error;
-		}
-		((PyBytesObject *)new)->ob_sval[i] = value;
-	}
-	_PyBytes_Resize(&new, i);
-
-	/* Clean up and return success */
-	Py_DECREF(it);
-	return new;
-
-  error:
-	/* Error handling when new != NULL */
-	Py_XDECREF(it);
-	Py_DECREF(new);
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-str_subtype_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
-{
-	PyObject *tmp, *pnew;
-	Py_ssize_t n;
-
-	assert(PyType_IsSubtype(type, &PyBytes_Type));
-	tmp = string_new(&PyBytes_Type, args, kwds);
-	if (tmp == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-	assert(PyBytes_CheckExact(tmp));
-	n = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(tmp);
-	pnew = type->tp_alloc(type, n);
-	if (pnew != NULL) {
-		Py_MEMCPY(PyBytes_AS_STRING(pnew),
-			  PyBytes_AS_STRING(tmp), n+1);
-		((PyBytesObject *)pnew)->ob_shash =
-			((PyBytesObject *)tmp)->ob_shash;
-	}
-	Py_DECREF(tmp);
-	return pnew;
-}
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(string_doc,
-"bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes.\n\
-bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes\n\
-bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer.\n\
-bytes(memory_view) -> bytes.\n\
-\n\
-Construct an immutable array of bytes from:\n\
-  - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)\n\
-  - a text string encoded using the specified encoding\n\
-  - a bytes or a buffer object\n\
-  - any object implementing the buffer API.");
-
-static PyObject *str_iter(PyObject *seq);
-
-PyTypeObject PyBytes_Type = {
-	PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
-	"bytes",
-	sizeof(PyBytesObject),
-	sizeof(char),
- 	string_dealloc, 			/* tp_dealloc */
-	0,			 		/* tp_print */
-	0,					/* tp_getattr */
-	0,					/* tp_setattr */
-	0,					/* tp_compare */
-	(reprfunc)string_repr, 			/* tp_repr */
-	0,					/* tp_as_number */
-	&string_as_sequence,			/* tp_as_sequence */
-	&string_as_mapping,			/* tp_as_mapping */
-	(hashfunc)string_hash, 			/* tp_hash */
-	0,					/* tp_call */
-	string_str,				/* tp_str */
-	PyObject_GenericGetAttr,		/* tp_getattro */
-	0,					/* tp_setattro */
-	&string_as_buffer,			/* tp_as_buffer */
-	Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE |
-		Py_TPFLAGS_BYTES_SUBCLASS,	/* tp_flags */
-	string_doc,				/* tp_doc */
-	0,					/* tp_traverse */
-	0,					/* tp_clear */
-	(richcmpfunc)string_richcompare,	/* tp_richcompare */
-	0,					/* tp_weaklistoffset */
-	str_iter,				/* tp_iter */
-	0,					/* tp_iternext */
-	string_methods,				/* tp_methods */
-	0,					/* tp_members */
-	0,					/* tp_getset */
-	&PyBaseObject_Type,			/* tp_base */
-	0,					/* tp_dict */
-	0,					/* tp_descr_get */
-	0,					/* tp_descr_set */
-	0,					/* tp_dictoffset */
-	0,					/* tp_init */
-	0,					/* tp_alloc */
-	string_new,				/* tp_new */
-	PyObject_Del,	                	/* tp_free */
-};
-
-void
-PyBytes_Concat(register PyObject **pv, register PyObject *w)
-{
-	register PyObject *v;
-	assert(pv != NULL);
-	if (*pv == NULL)
-		return;
-	if (w == NULL) {
-		Py_DECREF(*pv);
-		*pv = NULL;
-		return;
-	}
-	v = string_concat(*pv, w);
-	Py_DECREF(*pv);
-	*pv = v;
-}
-
-void
-PyBytes_ConcatAndDel(register PyObject **pv, register PyObject *w)
-{
-	PyBytes_Concat(pv, w);
-	Py_XDECREF(w);
-}
-
-
-/* The following function breaks the notion that strings are immutable:
-   it changes the size of a string.  We get away with this only if there
-   is only one module referencing the object.  You can also think of it
-   as creating a new string object and destroying the old one, only
-   more efficiently.  In any case, don't use this if the string may
-   already be known to some other part of the code...
-   Note that if there's not enough memory to resize the string, the original
-   string object at *pv is deallocated, *pv is set to NULL, an "out of
-   memory" exception is set, and -1 is returned.  Else (on success) 0 is
-   returned, and the value in *pv may or may not be the same as on input.
-   As always, an extra byte is allocated for a trailing \0 byte (newsize
-   does *not* include that), and a trailing \0 byte is stored.
-*/
-
-int
-_PyBytes_Resize(PyObject **pv, Py_ssize_t newsize)
-{
-	register PyObject *v;
-	register PyBytesObject *sv;
-	v = *pv;
-	if (!PyBytes_Check(v) || Py_REFCNT(v) != 1 || newsize < 0) {
-		*pv = 0;
-		Py_DECREF(v);
-		PyErr_BadInternalCall();
-		return -1;
-	}
-	/* XXX UNREF/NEWREF interface should be more symmetrical */
-	_Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
-	_Py_ForgetReference(v);
-	*pv = (PyObject *)
-		PyObject_REALLOC((char *)v, sizeof(PyBytesObject) + newsize);
-	if (*pv == NULL) {
-		PyObject_Del(v);
-		PyErr_NoMemory();
-		return -1;
-	}
-	_Py_NewReference(*pv);
-	sv = (PyBytesObject *) *pv;
-	Py_SIZE(sv) = newsize;
-	sv->ob_sval[newsize] = '\0';
-	sv->ob_shash = -1;	/* invalidate cached hash value */
-	return 0;
-}
-
-/* _PyBytes_FormatLong emulates the format codes d, u, o, x and X, and
- * the F_ALT flag, for Python's long (unbounded) ints.  It's not used for
- * Python's regular ints.
- * Return value:  a new PyString*, or NULL if error.
- *  .  *pbuf is set to point into it,
- *     *plen set to the # of chars following that.
- *     Caller must decref it when done using pbuf.
- *     The string starting at *pbuf is of the form
- *         "-"? ("0x" | "0X")? digit+
- *     "0x"/"0X" are present only for x and X conversions, with F_ALT
- *         set in flags.  The case of hex digits will be correct,
- *     There will be at least prec digits, zero-filled on the left if
- *         necessary to get that many.
- * val		object to be converted
- * flags	bitmask of format flags; only F_ALT is looked at
- * prec		minimum number of digits; 0-fill on left if needed
- * type		a character in [duoxX]; u acts the same as d
- *
- * CAUTION:  o, x and X conversions on regular ints can never
- * produce a '-' sign, but can for Python's unbounded ints.
- */
-PyObject*
-_PyBytes_FormatLong(PyObject *val, int flags, int prec, int type,
-		     char **pbuf, int *plen)
-{
-	PyObject *result = NULL;
-	char *buf;
-	Py_ssize_t i;
-	int sign;	/* 1 if '-', else 0 */
-	int len;	/* number of characters */
-	Py_ssize_t llen;
-	int numdigits;	/* len == numnondigits + numdigits */
-	int numnondigits = 0;
-
-	/* Avoid exceeding SSIZE_T_MAX */
-	if (prec > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX-3) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-				"precision too large");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	switch (type) {
-	case 'd':
-	case 'u':
-		/* Special-case boolean: we want 0/1 */
-		if (PyBool_Check(val))
-			result = PyNumber_ToBase(val, 10);
-		else
-			result = Py_TYPE(val)->tp_str(val);
-		break;
-	case 'o':
-		numnondigits = 2;
-		result = PyNumber_ToBase(val, 8);
-		break;
-	case 'x':
-	case 'X':
-		numnondigits = 2;
-		result = PyNumber_ToBase(val, 16);
-		break;
-	default:
-		assert(!"'type' not in [duoxX]");
-	}
-	if (!result)
-		return NULL;
-
-	buf = PyUnicode_AsString(result);
-	if (!buf) {
-		Py_DECREF(result);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	/* To modify the string in-place, there can only be one reference. */
-	if (Py_REFCNT(result) != 1) {
-		PyErr_BadInternalCall();
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	llen = PyUnicode_GetSize(result);
-	if (llen > INT_MAX) {
-		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-				"string too large in _PyBytes_FormatLong");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	len = (int)llen;
-	if (buf[len-1] == 'L') {
-		--len;
-		buf[len] = '\0';
-	}
-	sign = buf[0] == '-';
-	numnondigits += sign;
-	numdigits = len - numnondigits;
-	assert(numdigits > 0);
-
-	/* Get rid of base marker unless F_ALT */
-	if (((flags & F_ALT) == 0 &&
-	    (type == 'o' || type == 'x' || type == 'X'))) {
-		assert(buf[sign] == '0');
-		assert(buf[sign+1] == 'x' || buf[sign+1] == 'X' ||
-		       buf[sign+1] == 'o');
-		numnondigits -= 2;
-		buf += 2;
-		len -= 2;
-		if (sign)
-			buf[0] = '-';
-		assert(len == numnondigits + numdigits);
-		assert(numdigits > 0);
-	}
-
-	/* Fill with leading zeroes to meet minimum width. */
-	if (prec > numdigits) {
-		PyObject *r1 = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL,
-					numnondigits + prec);
-		char *b1;
-		if (!r1) {
-			Py_DECREF(result);
-			return NULL;
-		}
-		b1 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(r1);
-		for (i = 0; i < numnondigits; ++i)
-			*b1++ = *buf++;
-		for (i = 0; i < prec - numdigits; i++)
-			*b1++ = '0';
-		for (i = 0; i < numdigits; i++)
-			*b1++ = *buf++;
-		*b1 = '\0';
-		Py_DECREF(result);
-		result = r1;
-		buf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
-		len = numnondigits + prec;
-	}
-
-	/* Fix up case for hex conversions. */
-	if (type == 'X') {
-		/* Need to convert all lower case letters to upper case.
-		   and need to convert 0x to 0X (and -0x to -0X). */
-		for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
-			if (buf[i] >= 'a' && buf[i] <= 'x')
-				buf[i] -= 'a'-'A';
-	}
-	*pbuf = buf;
-	*plen = len;
-	return result;
-}
-
-void
-PyBytes_Fini(void)
-{
-	int i;
-	for (i = 0; i < UCHAR_MAX + 1; i++) {
-		Py_XDECREF(characters[i]);
-		characters[i] = NULL;
-	}
-	Py_XDECREF(nullstring);
-	nullstring = NULL;
-}
-
-/*********************** Str Iterator ****************************/
-
-typedef struct {
-	PyObject_HEAD
-	Py_ssize_t it_index;
-	PyBytesObject *it_seq; /* Set to NULL when iterator is exhausted */
-} striterobject;
-
-static void
-striter_dealloc(striterobject *it)
-{
-	_PyObject_GC_UNTRACK(it);
-	Py_XDECREF(it->it_seq);
-	PyObject_GC_Del(it);
-}
-
-static int
-striter_traverse(striterobject *it, visitproc visit, void *arg)
-{
-	Py_VISIT(it->it_seq);
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-striter_next(striterobject *it)
-{
-	PyBytesObject *seq;
-	PyObject *item;
-
-	assert(it != NULL);
-	seq = it->it_seq;
-	if (seq == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-	assert(PyBytes_Check(seq));
-
-	if (it->it_index < PyBytes_GET_SIZE(seq)) {
-		item = PyLong_FromLong(
-			(unsigned char)seq->ob_sval[it->it_index]);
-		if (item != NULL)
-			++it->it_index;
-		return item;
-	}
-
-	Py_DECREF(seq);
-	it->it_seq = NULL;
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-striter_len(striterobject *it)
-{
-	Py_ssize_t len = 0;
-	if (it->it_seq)
-		len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(it->it_seq) - it->it_index;
-	return PyLong_FromSsize_t(len);
-}
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(length_hint_doc,
-	     "Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)).");
-
-static PyMethodDef striter_methods[] = {
-	{"__length_hint__", (PyCFunction)striter_len, METH_NOARGS,
-	 length_hint_doc},
- 	{NULL,		NULL}		/* sentinel */
-};
-
-PyTypeObject PyBytesIter_Type = {
-	PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
-	"bytes_iterator",			/* tp_name */
-	sizeof(striterobject),			/* tp_basicsize */
-	0,					/* tp_itemsize */
-	/* methods */
-	(destructor)striter_dealloc,		/* tp_dealloc */
-	0,					/* tp_print */
-	0,					/* tp_getattr */
-	0,					/* tp_setattr */
-	0,					/* tp_compare */
-	0,					/* tp_repr */
-	0,					/* tp_as_number */
-	0,					/* tp_as_sequence */
-	0,					/* tp_as_mapping */
-	0,					/* tp_hash */
-	0,					/* tp_call */
-	0,					/* tp_str */
-	PyObject_GenericGetAttr,		/* tp_getattro */
-	0,					/* tp_setattro */
-	0,					/* tp_as_buffer */
-	Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,/* tp_flags */
-	0,					/* tp_doc */
-	(traverseproc)striter_traverse,	/* tp_traverse */
-	0,					/* tp_clear */
-	0,					/* tp_richcompare */
-	0,					/* tp_weaklistoffset */
-	PyObject_SelfIter,			/* tp_iter */
-	(iternextfunc)striter_next,		/* tp_iternext */
-	striter_methods,			/* tp_methods */
-	0,
-};
-
-static PyObject *
-str_iter(PyObject *seq)
-{
-	striterobject *it;
-
-	if (!PyBytes_Check(seq)) {
-		PyErr_BadInternalCall();
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	it = PyObject_GC_New(striterobject, &PyBytesIter_Type);
-	if (it == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-	it->it_index = 0;
-	Py_INCREF(seq);
-	it->it_seq = (PyBytesObject *)seq;
-	_PyObject_GC_TRACK(it);
-	return (PyObject *)it;
-}