diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Lib/turtle.py')
| -rw-r--r-- | Lib/turtle.py | 194 |
1 files changed, 96 insertions, 98 deletions
diff --git a/Lib/turtle.py b/Lib/turtle.py index 0c439f1e3b..18529a151d 100644 --- a/Lib/turtle.py +++ b/Lib/turtle.py @@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed by Wally Feurzig and Seymour Papert in 1966. -Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. Give it +Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an ``import turtle``, give it the command turtle.forward(15), and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the -command turtle.left(25), and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise. +command turtle.right(25), and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise. By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and pictures can easily be drawn. @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Roughly it has the following features added: docstrings to disc, so it can serve as a template for translations. Behind the scenes there are some features included with possible -extensions in in mind. These will be commented and documented elsewhere. +extensions in mind. These will be commented and documented elsewhere. """ @@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ import types import math import time import os +import inspect from os.path import isfile, split, join from copy import deepcopy @@ -169,9 +170,8 @@ _CFG = {"width" : 0.5, # Screen def config_dict(filename): """Convert content of config-file into dictionary.""" - f = open(filename, "r") - cfglines = f.readlines() - f.close() + with open(filename, "r") as f: + cfglines = f.readlines() cfgdict = {} for line in cfglines: line = line.strip() @@ -857,8 +857,8 @@ class TurtleScreenBase(object): class Terminator (Exception): """Will be raised in TurtleScreen.update, if _RUNNING becomes False. - Thus stops execution of turtle graphics script. Main purpose: use in - in the Demo-Viewer turtle.Demo.py. + This stops execution of a turtle graphics script. + Main purpose: use in the Demo-Viewer turtle.Demo.py. """ pass @@ -905,7 +905,7 @@ class Shape(object): >>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5)) >>> s = Shape("compound") >>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue") - ### .. add more components and then use register_shape() + >>> # .. add more components and then use register_shape() """ if self._type != "compound": raise TurtleGraphicsError("Cannot add component to %s Shape" @@ -1003,7 +1003,7 @@ class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): no backgroundimage, no eventbindings and tracing on. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): - screen.clear() + >>> screen.clear() Note: this method is not available as function. """ @@ -1077,8 +1077,8 @@ class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-10,-0.5,50,1.5) >>> for _ in range(36): - left(10) - forward(0.5) + ... left(10) + ... forward(0.5) """ if self.mode() != "world": self.mode("world") @@ -1182,7 +1182,7 @@ class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): >>> screen.colormode() 1.0 >>> screen.colormode(255) - >>> turtle.pencolor(240,160,80) + >>> pencolor(240,160,80) """ if cmode is None: return self._colormode @@ -1250,9 +1250,9 @@ class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): >>> screen.tracer(8, 25) >>> dist = 2 >>> for i in range(200): - fd(dist) - rt(90) - dist += 2 + ... fd(dist) + ... rt(90) + ... dist += 2 """ if n is None: return self._tracing @@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): self._delayvalue = int(delay) def _incrementudc(self): - "Increment upadate counter.""" + """Increment upadate counter.""" if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING: TurtleScreen._RUNNNING = True raise Terminator @@ -1347,16 +1347,12 @@ class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): clicked point on the canvas. num -- the number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 - Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen - and a Turtle instance named turtle): - - >>> screen.onclick(turtle.goto) + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen) - ### Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will - ### make the turtle move to the clicked point. + >>> screen.onclick(goto) + >>> # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will + >>> # make the turtle move to the clicked point. >>> screen.onclick(None) - - ### event-binding will be removed """ self._onscreenclick(fun, btn, add) @@ -1370,20 +1366,18 @@ class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen must have focus. (See method listen.) - Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen - and a Turtle instance named turtle): + Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> def f(): - fd(50) - lt(60) - - + ... fd(50) + ... lt(60) + ... >>> screen.onkey(f, "Up") >>> screen.listen() - ### Subsequently the turtle can be moved by - ### repeatedly pressing the up-arrow key, - ### consequently drawing a hexagon + Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing + the up-arrow key, consequently drawing a hexagon + """ if fun is None: if key in self._keys: @@ -1407,16 +1401,15 @@ class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): and a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> def f(): - fd(50) - - - >>> screen.onkey(f, "Up") + ... fd(50) + ... lt(60) + ... + >>> screen.onkeypress(f, "Up") >>> screen.listen() - ### Subsequently the turtle can be moved by - ### repeatedly pressing the up-arrow key, - ### or by keeping pressed the up-arrow key. - ### consequently drawing a hexagon. + Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing + the up-arrow key, or by keeping pressed the up-arrow key. + consequently drawing a hexagon. """ if fun is None: if key in self._keys: @@ -1448,12 +1441,12 @@ class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): >>> running = True >>> def f(): - if running: - fd(50) - lt(60) - screen.ontimer(f, 250) - - >>> f() ### makes the turtle marching around + ... if running: + ... fd(50) + ... lt(60) + ... screen.ontimer(f, 250) + ... + >>> f() # makes the turtle marching around >>> running = False """ self._ontimer(fun, t) @@ -1497,7 +1490,7 @@ class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.screensize(2000,1500) - ### e. g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-) + >>> # e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-) """ return self._resize(canvwidth, canvheight, bg) @@ -2085,7 +2078,7 @@ class TPen(object): Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pensize() 1 - turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn + >>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn """ if width is None: return self._pensize @@ -2560,7 +2553,7 @@ class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): """Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values. No argument. -, + Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle and set variables to the default values. @@ -2607,7 +2600,7 @@ class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> while undobufferentries(): - undo() + ... undo() """ if self.undobuffer is None: return 0 @@ -2683,9 +2676,9 @@ class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): >>> turtle.tracer(8, 25) >>> dist = 2 >>> for i in range(200): - turtle.fd(dist) - turtle.rt(90) - dist += 2 + ... turtle.fd(dist) + ... turtle.rt(90) + ... dist += 2 """ return self.screen.tracer(flag, delay) @@ -2883,7 +2876,6 @@ class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.tilt(45) >>> turtle.tiltangle() - >>> """ if angle is None: tilt = -self._tilt * (180.0/math.pi) * self._angleOrient @@ -2928,7 +2920,7 @@ class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): >>> turtle.shapesize(4,2) >>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5) >>> turtle.shapetransform() - >>> (4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0) + (4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0) """ if t11 is t12 is t21 is t22 is None: return self._shapetrafo @@ -3126,7 +3118,7 @@ class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> for i in range(8): - turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30) + ... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30) ... >>> turtle.clearstamps(2) >>> turtle.clearstamps(-2) @@ -3147,7 +3139,7 @@ class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): if pen is down. All other methodes for turtle movement depend on this one. """ - ## Version mit undo-stuff + ## Version with undo-stuff go_modes = ( self._drawing, self._pencolor, self._pensize, @@ -3302,9 +3294,9 @@ class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> if turtle.filling(): - turtle.pensize(5) - else: - turtle.pensize(3) + ... turtle.pensize(5) + ... else: + ... turtle.pensize(3) """ return isinstance(self._fillpath, list) @@ -3534,9 +3526,9 @@ class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way: >>> def turn(x, y): - left(360) - - >>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it. + ... left(360) + ... + >>> onclick(turn) # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it. >>> onclick(None) # event-binding will be removed """ self.screen._onclick(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add) @@ -3552,16 +3544,17 @@ class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe): >>> class MyTurtle(Turtle): - def glow(self,x,y): - self.fillcolor("red") - def unglow(self,x,y): - self.fillcolor("") - + ... def glow(self,x,y): + ... self.fillcolor("red") + ... def unglow(self,x,y): + ... self.fillcolor("") + ... >>> joe = MyTurtle() >>> joe.onclick(joe.glow) >>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow) - ### clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, - ### unclicking turns it to transparent. + + Clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, unclicking turns it to + transparent. """ self.screen._onrelease(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add) self._update() @@ -3580,9 +3573,9 @@ class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto) - ### Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will - ### move it across the screen thereby producing handdrawings - ### (if pen is down). + Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will move it + across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is + down). """ self.screen._ondrag(self.turtle._item, fun, btn, add) @@ -3630,10 +3623,11 @@ class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> for i in range(4): - turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80) - + ... turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80) + ... >>> for i in range(8): - turtle.undo() + ... turtle.undo() + ... """ if self.undobuffer is None: return @@ -3893,31 +3887,35 @@ except: def getmethparlist(ob): - "Get strings describing the arguments for the given object" - argText1 = argText2 = "" + """Get strings describing the arguments for the given object + + Returns a pair of strings representing function parameter lists + including parenthesis. The first string is suitable for use in + function definition and the second is suitable for use in function + call. The "self" parameter is not included. + """ + defText = callText = "" # bit of a hack for methods - turn it into a function # but we drop the "self" param. # Try and build one for Python defined functions - argOffset = 1 - counter = ob.__code__.co_argcount - items2 = list(ob.__code__.co_varnames[argOffset:counter]) - realArgs = ob.__code__.co_varnames[argOffset:counter] + args, varargs, varkw = inspect.getargs(ob.__code__) + items2 = args[1:] + realArgs = args[1:] defaults = ob.__defaults__ or [] - defaults = list(map(lambda name: "=%s" % repr(name), defaults)) + defaults = ["=%r" % (value,) for value in defaults] defaults = [""] * (len(realArgs)-len(defaults)) + defaults - items1 = list(map(lambda arg, dflt: arg+dflt, realArgs, defaults)) - if ob.__code__.co_flags & 0x4: - items1.append("*"+ob.__code__.co_varnames[counter]) - items2.append("*"+ob.__code__.co_varnames[counter]) - counter += 1 - if ob.__code__.co_flags & 0x8: - items1.append("**"+ob.__code__.co_varnames[counter]) - items2.append("**"+ob.__code__.co_varnames[counter]) - argText1 = ", ".join(items1) - argText1 = "(%s)" % argText1 - argText2 = ", ".join(items2) - argText2 = "(%s)" % argText2 - return argText1, argText2 + items1 = [arg + dflt for arg, dflt in zip(realArgs, defaults)] + if varargs is not None: + items1.append("*" + varargs) + items2.append("*" + varargs) + if varkw is not None: + items1.append("**" + varkw) + items2.append("**" + varkw) + defText = ", ".join(items1) + defText = "(%s)" % defText + callText = ", ".join(items2) + callText = "(%s)" % callText + return defText, callText def _turtle_docrevise(docstr): """To reduce docstrings from RawTurtle class for functions |