Adds `#build_notification_recipients` to `NotificationRecipientService`
that returns the `NotificationRecipient` objects in order to be able to
access the new attribute `reason`.

This new attribute is used in the different notifier methods in order to
add the reason as a header: `X-GitLab-NotificationReason`.

Only the reason with the most priority gets sent.

Backport authorized_keys

Closes gitlab-ee#3953

See merge request gitlab-org/gitlab-ce!16014

Originally from branch 'fix-authorized-keys-enabled-default-2738' via merge request https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ee/merge_requests/2240

Removed background migrations which were intended to fix state after using Gitlab
without a default having been set

Squashed commits:
Locally, if Spring was not restarted, `current_application_settings` was still cached, which prevented the migration from editing the file. This will also ensure that any app server somehow hitting old cache data will properly default this setting regardless.
Retroactively fix migration
  This allows us to identify customers who ran the broken migration. Their `authorized_keys_enabled` column does not have a default at this point.
  We will fix the column after we fix the `authorized_keys` file.
Fix authorized_keys file if needed
Add default to authorized_keys_enabled setting
  Reminder: The original migration was fixed retroactively a few commits ago, so people who did not ever run GitLab 9.3.0 already have a column that defaults to true and disallows nulls. I have tested on PostgreSQL and MySQL that it is safe to run this migration regardless.
  Affected customers who did run 9.3.0 are the ones who need this migration to fix the authorized_keys_enabled column.
  The reason for the retroactive fix plus this migration is that it allows us to run a migration in between to fix the authorized_keys file only for those who ran 9.3.0.
Tweaks to address feedback
Extract work into background migration
Move batch-add-logic to background migration
  Do the work synchronously to avoid multiple workers attempting to add batches of keys at the same time.
  Also, make the delete portion wait until after adding is done.
Do read and delete work in background migration
Fix Rubocop offenses
Add changelog entry
Inform the user of actions taken or not taken
Prevent unnecessary `select`s and `remove_key`s
Add logs for action taken
Fix optimization
Reuse `Gitlab::ShellAdapter`
Guarantee the earliest key
Fix migration spec for MySQL

Run background migrations with a minimum interval

Closes #41624

See merge request gitlab-org/gitlab-ce!16230

Protected branch is now created for default branch on import

Closes #3968

See merge request gitlab-org/gitlab-ce!16198