Previously, gitlab-shell did not pass a context through the application.
Correlation IDs were generated down the call stack instead of passed
around from the start execution.

This has several potential downsides:

1. It's easier for programming mistakes to be made in future that lead
to multiple correlation IDs being generated for a single request.
2. Correlation IDs cannot be passed in from upstream requests
3. Other advantages of context passing, such as distributed tracing is
not possible.

This commit changes the behavior:

1. Extract the correlation ID from the environment at the start of
the application.
2. If no correlation ID exists, generate a random one.
3. Pass the correlation ID to the GitLabNet API requests.

This change also enables other clients of GitLabNet (e.g. Gitaly) to
pass along the correlation ID in the internal API requests
(https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitaly/-/issues/2725).

Fixes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-shell/-/issues/474

This will make it easier to tie an SSH access request to Rails API and
Gitaly requests.

Right now when a client such as gitlab-shell calls the
`/api/v4/internal/allowed` API, the response only tells the client what
user has been granted access, and it's impossible to tell which deploy
key/token was used in the authentication request.

This commit adds logs for the following when available:

1. `gl_key_type` (e.g. `deploy_key` or `key`)
2. `gl_key_id`

These fields make it possible for admins to identify the exact record
that was used to authenticate the user.

API changes in the `/internal/allowed` endpoint in
https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/37289 are needed
to support this.

Relates to https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-shell/-/issues/203