Refactor git_cache to use an rwlock

This significantly reduces contention when many threads are trying to
read from the cache simultaneously.

Fix bugs with negative ignores inside an ignored parent directory

add Julia to the language bindings list

pack: return the correct final offset

The callers of git_packfile_unpack() expect the obj_offset argument to
be set to the beginning of the next object. We were mistakenly returning
the the offset of the object's data, which causes the CRC function to
try to use the wrong offset.

Set obj_offset to curpos instead of elem->offset to point to the next
element and bring back expected behaviour.

merge base: Correctly raise an error if a non-commit object is passed.