In attempt to provide adequate Git command analogy in regards to
ignored files handling, `git_ignore_path_is_ignored` description
mentions doing `git add .` on directory containing the file, and
whether the file in question would be added or not - but behavior of
the two matches for untracked files only, making the comparison
misleading in general sense.

For tracked files, Git doesn't subject them to ignore rules, so even
if a rule applies, `git add .` would actually add the tracked file
changes to index, while `git_ignore_path_is_ignored` would still
consider the file being ignored (as it doesn't check the index, as
documented).

Let's provide `git check-ignore --no-index` as analogous Git command
example instead, being more aligned with what `git_ignore_path_is_ignored`
is about, no matter if the file in question is already tracked or not.

See issue #4720 (git_ignore_path_is_ignored documentation
misleading?, 2018-07-10)[1] for additional information.

[1] https://github.com/libgit2/libgit2/issues/4720

This adds "." ".." and ".git" to the internal ignores list by
default - asking about paths with these files will always say
that they are ignored.

To answer if a single given file should be ignored, the path to
that file has to be processed progressively checking that there
are no intermediate ignored directories in getting to the file
in question.  This enables that, fixing the broken old behavior,
and adds tests to exercise various ignore situations.

This fills out the ignore API and adds tests.