Move `id_abbrev` to a more reasonable place where it packs more nicely
(before anybody starts using it).

After 1cd65991, we were passing a pointer to an `unsigned long` to
a function that now expected a pointer to a `size_t`.  These types
differ on 64-bit Windows, which means that we trash the stack.

Use `size_t`s in the packbuilder to avoid this.

Add GIT_REPOSITORY_OPEN_FROM_ENV flag to respect $GIT_* environment vars

Reading patch files

git_repository_open_ext provides parameters for the start path, whether
to search across filesystems, and what ceiling directories to stop at.
git commands have standard environment variables and defaults for each
of those, as well as various other parameters of the repository. To
avoid duplicate environment variable handling in users of libgit2, add a
GIT_REPOSITORY_OPEN_FROM_ENV flag, which makes git_repository_open_ext
automatically handle the appropriate environment variables. Commands
that intend to act just like those built into git itself can use this
flag to get the expected default behavior.

git_repository_open_ext with the GIT_REPOSITORY_OPEN_FROM_ENV flag
respects $GIT_DIR, $GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM,
$GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES, $GIT_INDEX_FILE, $GIT_NAMESPACE,
$GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY, and $GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES.  In the
future, when libgit2 gets worktree support, git_repository_open_env will
also respect $GIT_WORK_TREE and $GIT_COMMON_DIR; until then,
git_repository_open_ext with this flag will error out if either
$GIT_WORK_TREE or $GIT_COMMON_DIR is set.

GIT_REPOSITORY_OPEN_NO_SEARCH does not search up through parent
directories, but still tries the specified path both directly and with
/.git appended.  GIT_REPOSITORY_OPEN_BARE avoids appending /.git, but
opens the repository in bare mode even if it has a working directory.
To support the semantics git uses when given $GIT_DIR in the
environment, provide a new GIT_REPOSITORY_OPEN_NO_DOTGIT flag to not try
appending /.git.

`git_checkout_head` is sadly misunderstood as something that can
switch branches.  It cannot.  Update the documentation to reflect this.

Like `git_patch_to_buf`, provide a simple helper method that can
print an entire diff directory to a `git_buf`.