Some tests shall be run against our own SSH server we spin up in Travis.
As those need to be run separate from our previous tests which run
against git-daemon, we have to do this in a separate step. Instead of
bundling all that knowledge in the CI script, move it into the test
build instructions by creating a new test target.

Right now, we test our credential callback code twice, once via SSH on
localhost and once via a non-existent GitHub repository. While the first
URL makes sense to be configurable, it does not make sense to hard-code
the non-existing repository, which requires us to call tests multiple
times. Instead, we can just inline the URL into another set of tests.

We support two types of passing credentials to the proxy, either via the
URL or explicitly by specifying user and password. We test these types
by modifying the proxy URL and executing the tests twice, which is
in fact unnecessary and requires us to maintain the list of environment
variables and test executions across multiple CI infrastructures.

To fix the situation, we can just always pass the host, port, user and
password to the tests. The tests can then assemble the complete URL
either with or without included credentials, allowing us to test both
cases in-process.

travis: put clar's sandbox in a ramdisk on macOS

By default, CMake will not build our examples directory. As we do not
instruct either the MinGW or MSVC builds on AppVeyor to enable building
these examples, we cannot verify that those examples at least build on
Windows systems.

Fix that by passing `-DBUILD_EXAMPLES=ON` to AppVeyor's CMake
invocation.

The macOS tests are by far the slowest right now. This attempts to remedy the
situation somewhat by asking clar to put its test data on a ramdisk.

Move back to Travis's VM infrastructure for efficiency.