Next to including several files, our "common.h" header also declares
various macros which are then used throughout the project. As such, we
have to make sure to always include this file first in all
implementation files. Otherwise, we might encounter problems or even
silent behavioural differences due to macros or defines not being
defined as they should be. So in fact, our header and implementation
files should make sure to always include "common.h" first.

This commit does so by establishing a common include pattern. Header
files inside of "src" will now always include "common.h" as its first
other file, separated by a newline from all the other includes to make
it stand out as special. There are two cases for the implementation
files. If they do have a matching header file, they will always include
this one first, leading to "common.h" being transitively included as
first file. If they do not have a matching header file, they instead
include "common.h" as first file themselves.

This fixes the outlined problems and will become our standard practice
for header and source files inside of the "src/" from now on.

Freshen the tree object that a commit points to during commit time.

When extracting a commit's signature, we first free the object and only
afterwards put its signature contents into the result buffer. This works
in most cases - the free'd object will normally be cached anyway, so we
only end up decrementing its reference count without actually freeing
its contents. But in some more exotic setups, where caching is disabled,
this can definitly be a problem, as we might be the only instance
currently holding a reference to this object.

Fix this issue by first extracting the contents and freeing the object
afterwards only.

The functions `git_commit_header_field` and
`git_commit_extract_signature` both receive buffers used to hand back
the results to the user. While these functions called `git_buf_sanitize`
on these buffers, this is not the right thing to do, as it will simply
initialize or zero-terminate passed buffers. As we want to overwrite
contents, we instead have to call `git_buf_clear` to completely reset
them.

Error messages should be sentence fragments, and therefore:

1. Should not begin with a capital letter,
2. Should not conclude with punctuation, and
3. Should not end a sentence and begin a new one

When parsing a commit, we will treat all bytes left after parsing
the headers as the commit message. When no bytes are left, we
leave the commit's message uninitialized. While uncommon to have
a commit without message, this is the right behavior as Git
unfortunately allows for empty commit messages.

Given that this scenario is so uncommon, most programs acting on
the commit message will never check if the message is actually
set, which may lead to errors. To work around the error and not
lay the burden of checking for empty commit messages to the
developer, initialize the commit message with an empty string
when no commit message is given.

When calling `git_commit_create` with an empty array of `parents` and `parent_count == 0` 
the call will segfault at https://github.com/libgit2/libgit2/blob/master/src/commit.c#L107 
when it's trying to compare `current_id` to a null parent oid. 

This just puts in a check to stop that segfault.

commit: add function to attach a signature to a commit