libgit2 does not use `type_t` suffixes as it's redundant; thus, rename
`git_iterator_type_t` to `git_iterator_t` for consistency.

Introduce a `git_iterator_foreach` helper function which invokes a
callback on all files for a given iterator.

Optionally hash the contents of files encountered in the filesystem or
working directory iterators.  This is not expected to be used in
production code paths, but may allow us to simplify some test contexts.

For working directory iterators, apply filters as appropriate, since we
have the context able to do it.

Perform some error checking when examining symlink directories.

 Native Git allows symlinked directories under .git/refs. This
 change allows libgit2 to also look for references that live under
 symlinked directories.

Signed-off-by: Andy Doan <andy@opensourcefoundries.com>

Next to including several files, our "common.h" header also declares
various macros which are then used throughout the project. As such, we
have to make sure to always include this file first in all
implementation files. Otherwise, we might encounter problems or even
silent behavioural differences due to macros or defines not being
defined as they should be. So in fact, our header and implementation
files should make sure to always include "common.h" first.

This commit does so by establishing a common include pattern. Header
files inside of "src" will now always include "common.h" as its first
other file, separated by a newline from all the other includes to make
it stand out as special. There are two cases for the implementation
files. If they do have a matching header file, they will always include
this one first, leading to "common.h" being transitively included as
first file. If they do not have a matching header file, they instead
include "common.h" as first file themselves.

This fixes the outlined problems and will become our standard practice
for header and source files inside of the "src/" from now on.

Remove some unused functions, refactor some ugliness.

Since the three iterators implement `advance_over` differently,
mandate it and implement each.