We've accumulated quite some functions which are never used outside of
their respective code unit, but which are lacking the `static` keyword.
Add it to reduce their linkage scope and allow the compiler to optimize
better.

Our hand-rolled fallback sorting function `git__insertsort_r` does an
in-place sort of the given array. As elements may not necessarily be
pointers, it needs a way of swapping two values of arbitrary size, which
is currently implemented by allocating a temporary buffer of the
element's size. This is problematic, though, as the emulated `qsort`
interface doesn't provide any return values and thus cannot signal an
error if allocation of that temporary buffer has failed.

Convert the function to swap via a temporary buffer allocated on the
stack. Like this, it can `memcpy` contents of both elements in small
batches without requiring a heap allocation. The buffer size has been
chosen such that in most cases, a single iteration of copying will
suffice. Most importantly, it can fully contain `git_oid` structures and
pointers.

Add a bunch of tests for the `git__qsort_r` interface to verify nothing
breaks. Furthermore, this removes the declaration of `git__insertsort_r`
and makes it static as it is not used anywhere else.

The `git__utf8_charlen` now takes `size_t` as the buffer length, since
it contains the full length of the buffer at the current position.  It
now returns `-1` in all cases where utf8 codepoints are invalid, since
callers only care about a valid length of a sequence of codepoints, or
if the current position is not valid utf8.

`git_time_monotonic` was added so that non-native bindings like rugged
could get high-resolution timing for benchmarking.  However, this is
outside the scope of libgit2 *and* rugged decided not to use this
function in the first place.

Google suggests that absolutely _nobody_ is using this function and we
don't want to be in the benchmarking business.  Remove the function.

Move to the `git_error` name in the internal API for error-related
functions.