libgit2 has two distinct requirements that were previously solved by
`git_buf`.  We require:

1. A general purpose string class that provides a number of utility APIs
   for manipulating data (eg, concatenating, truncating, etc).
2. A structure that we can use to return strings to callers that they
   can take ownership of.

By using a single class (`git_buf`) for both of these purposes, we have
confused the API to the point that refactorings are difficult and
reasoning about correctness is also difficult.

Move the utility class `git_buf` to be called `git_str`: this represents
its general purpose, as an internal string buffer class.  The name also
is an homage to Junio Hamano ("gitstr").

The public API remains `git_buf`, and has a much smaller footprint.  It
is generally only used as an "out" param with strict requirements that
follow the documentation.  (Exceptions exist for some legacy APIs to
avoid breaking callers unnecessarily.)

Utility functions exist to convert a user-specified `git_buf` to a
`git_str` so that we can call internal functions, then converting it
back again.

Using a `git_oid *` in filter options was a mistake; it is a deviation
from our typical pattern, and callers in some languages that GC may need
very special treatment in order to pass both an options structure and a
pointer outside of it.

Provide a mechanism to filter using attribute data from a specific
commit (making use of `GIT_ATTR_CHECK_INCLUDE_COMMIT`).

buf: remove unnecessary buf_text namespace

The `git_buf_text` namespace is unnecessary and strange.  Remove it,
just keep the functions prefixed with `git_buf`.

Deprecate `git_filter_list_apply_to_data` as it takes user input as a
`git_buf`.  Users should use `git_filter_list_apply_to_buffer` instead.

`GIT_BLOB_FILTER_ATTTRIBUTES_FROM_HEAD` is misspelled, it should be
`GIT_BLOB_FILTER_ATTRIBUTES_FROM_HEAD`, and it would be if it were not
for the MacBook Pro keyboard and my inattentiveness.

Ensure that a `.gitattributes` file that is deeper in the tree is
honored, not just an attributes file at the root.