* t00 / 6e86fb3 (mentioned in #406)
* t01 / fc60c4a (mentioned in #406)
* t03 / bcbabe6
* t04 / PR #606
* t05 / d96f2c3
* t06 / 6c106ee
* t07 / 2ef582b
* t08 / b482c42
* t09 / 9a39a36
* t10 / 00a4893
* t12 / 7c3a4a7
* t13 / 1cb9b31
* t17 / cdaa6ff (mentioned in #406)
* t18 / efabc08

This takes all of the functions that look up simple data about
paths (such as `git_futils_isdir`) and moves them over to path.h
(becoming `git_path_isdir`).  This leaves fileops.h just with
functions that actually manipulate the filesystem or look at
the file contents in some way.

As part of this, the dir.h header which is really just for win32
support was moved into win32 (with some minor changes).

There's no difference between `_free` and `_close` semantics: keep
everything with the same name to avoid confusions.

The ownership semantics have been changed all over the library to be
consistent. There are no more "borrowed" or duplicated references.

Main changes:

	- `git_repository_open2` and `3` have been dropped.

	- Added setters and getters to hotswap all the repository owned
	objects:

		`git_repository_index`
		`git_repository_set_index`
		`git_repository_odb`
		`git_repository_set_odb`
		`git_repository_config`
		`git_repository_set_config`
		`git_repository_workdir`
		`git_repository_set_workdir`

	Now working directories/index files/ODBs and so on can be
	hot-swapped after creating a repository and between operations.

	- All these objects now have proper ownership semantics with
	refcounting: they all require freeing after they are no longer
	needed (the repository always keeps its internal reference).

	- Repository open and initialization has been updated to keep in
	mind the configuration files. Bare repositories are now always
	detected, and a default config file is created on init.

	- All the tests affected by these changes have been dropped from the
	old test suite and ported to the new one.

To further match how Git behaves, this change makes most of the
directories libgit2 creates in a git repo have a file mode of
0777. Specifically:

- Intermediate directories created with git_futils_mkpath2file() have
  0777 permissions. This affects odb_loose, reflog, and refs.

- The top level folder for bare repos is created with 0777
  permissions.

- The top level folder for non-bare repos is created with 0755
  permissions.

- /objects/info/, /objects/pack/, /refs/heads/, and /refs/tags/ are
  created with 0777 permissions.

Additionally, the following changes have been made:

- fileops functions that create intermediate directories have grown a
  new dirmode parameter. The only exception to this is filebuf's
  lock_file(), which unconditionally creates intermediate directories
  with 0777 permissions when GIT_FILEBUF_FORCE is set.

- The test runner now sets the umask to 0 before running any
  tests. This ensurses all file mode checks are consistent across
  systems.

- t09-tree.c now does a directory permissions check. I've avoided
  adding this check to other tests that might reuse existing
  directories from the prefabricated test repos. Because they're
  checked into the repo, they have 0755 permissions.

- Other assorted directories created by tests have 0777 permissions.

Cleaned up the structure of the whole OS-abstraction layer.

fileops.c now contains a set of utility methods for file management used
by the library. These are abstractions on top of the original POSIX
calls.

There's a new file called `posix.c` that contains
emulations/reimplementations of all the POSIX calls the library uses.
These are prefixed with `p_`. There's a specific posix file for each
platform (win32 and unix).

All the path-related methods have been moved from `utils.c` to `path.c`
and have their own prefix.

Yeah. Finally. Fuck the old names, this ain't POSIX
and they don't make any sense at all.

Hey. Apologies in advance -- I broke your bindings.

This is a major commit that includes a long-overdue redesign of the
whole object-database structure. This is expected to be the last major
external API redesign of the library until the first non-alpha release.

Please get your bindings up to date with these changes. They will be
included in the next minor release. Sorry again!

Major features include:

	- Real caching and refcounting on parsed objects
	- Real caching and refcounting on objects read from the ODB
	- Streaming writes & reads from the ODB
	- Single-method writes for all object types
	- The external API is now partially thread-safe

The speed increases are significant in all aspects, specially when
reading an object several times from the ODB (revwalking) and when
writing big objects to the ODB.

Here's a full changelog for the external API:

blob.h
------

	- Remove `git_blob_new`
	- Remove `git_blob_set_rawcontent`
	- Remove `git_blob_set_rawcontent_fromfile`
	- Rename `git_blob_writefile` -> `git_blob_create_fromfile`
	- Change `git_blob_create_fromfile`:
		The `path` argument is now relative to the repository's working dir
	- Add `git_blob_create_frombuffer`

commit.h
--------

	- Remove `git_commit_new`
	- Remove `git_commit_add_parent`
	- Remove `git_commit_set_message`
	- Remove `git_commit_set_committer`
	- Remove `git_commit_set_author`
	- Remove `git_commit_set_tree`

	- Add `git_commit_create`
	- Add `git_commit_create_v`
	- Add `git_commit_create_o`
	- Add `git_commit_create_ov`

tag.h
-----

	- Remove `git_tag_new`
	- Remove `git_tag_set_target`
	- Remove `git_tag_set_name`
	- Remove `git_tag_set_tagger`
	- Remove `git_tag_set_message`

	- Add `git_tag_create`
	- Add `git_tag_create_o`

tree.h
------

	- Change `git_tree_entry_2object`:
		New signature is `(git_object **object_out, git_repository *repo, git_tree_entry *entry)`

	- Remove `git_tree_new`
	- Remove `git_tree_add_entry`
	- Remove `git_tree_remove_entry_byindex`
	- Remove `git_tree_remove_entry_byname`
	- Remove `git_tree_clearentries`
	- Remove `git_tree_entry_set_id`
	- Remove `git_tree_entry_set_name`
	- Remove `git_tree_entry_set_attributes`

object.h
------------

	- Remove `git_object_new
	- Remove `git_object_write`

	- Change `git_object_close`:
		This method is now *mandatory*. Not closing an object causes a
		memory leak.

odb.h
-----

	- Remove type `git_rawobj`
	- Remove `git_rawobj_close`
	- Rename `git_rawobj_hash` -> `git_odb_hash`
	- Change `git_odb_hash`:
		New signature is `(git_oid *id, const void *data, size_t len, git_otype type)`

	- Add type `git_odb_object`
	- Add `git_odb_object_close`

	- Change `git_odb_read`:
		New signature is `(git_odb_object **out, git_odb *db, const git_oid *id)`
	- Change `git_odb_read_header`:
		New signature is `(size_t *len_p, git_otype *type_p, git_odb *db, const git_oid *id)`
	- Remove `git_odb_write`
	- Add `git_odb_open_wstream`
	- Add `git_odb_open_rstream`

odb_backend.h
-------------

	- Change type `git_odb_backend`:
		New internal signatures are as follows

			int (* read)(void **, size_t *, git_otype *, struct git_odb_backend *, const git_oid *)
			int (* read_header)(size_t *, git_otype *, struct git_odb_backend *, const git_oid *)
			int (* writestream)(struct git_odb_stream **, struct git_odb_backend *, size_t, git_otype)
			int (* readstream)( struct git_odb_stream **, struct git_odb_backend *, const git_oid *)

	- Add type `git_odb_stream`
	- Add enum `git_odb_streammode`

Signed-off-by: Vicent Marti <tanoku@gmail.com>

Tests are now declared with detailed descriptions and a short test name:

	BEGIN_TEST(the_test0, "this is an example test that does something")
		...
	END_TEST

Modules are declared through a simple macro interface:

	BEGIN_MODULE(mod_name)
		ADD_TEST(the_test0);
		...
	END_MODULE

Error messages when tests fail have been greatly improved.

Signed-off-by: Vicent Marti <tanoku@gmail.com>

Configure again the build system to look for SQLite3. If the library is
found, the SQLite backend will be automatically compiled.

Enjoy *very* fast reads and writes.

MASTER PROTIP: Initialize the backend with ":memory" as the path to the
SQLite database for fully-hosted in-memory repositories. Rejoice.

Signed-off-by: Vicent Marti <tanoku@gmail.com>