Some diff refactorings to help code reuse

There are some diff functions that are useful in a rewritten
checkout and this lays some groundwork for that.  This contains
three main things:

1. Share the function diff uses to calculate the OID for a file
   in the working directory (now named `git_diff__oid_for_file`
2. Add a `git_diff__paired_foreach` function to iterator over
   two diff lists concurrently.  Convert status to use it.
3. Move all the string/prefix/index entry comparisons into
   function pointers inside the `git_diff_list` object so they
   can be switched between case sensitive and insensitive
   versions.  This makes them easier to reuse in various
   functions without replicating logic.  As part of this, move
   a couple of index functions out of diff.c and into index.c.

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