Integrating with the OS
=======================

How to redirect output
----------------------

See :ref:`features/redirection:Output Redirection and Pipes`

Executing OS commands from within ``cmd2``
------------------------------------------

``cmd2`` includes a ``shell`` command which executes it's arguments in the
operating system shell::

    (Cmd) shell ls -al

If you use the default :ref:`features/shortcuts_aliases_macros:Shortcuts`
defined in ``cmd2`` you'll get a ``!`` shortcut for ``shell``, which allows you
to type::

    (Cmd) !ls -al

NOTE: ``cmd2`` provides user-friendly tab completion throughout the process of
running a shell command - first for the shell command name itself, and then for
file paths in the argument section.

Editors
-------

``cmd2`` includes the built-in ``edit`` command which runs a text editor and
optionally opens a file with it::

    (Cmd) edit foo.txt

The editor used is determined by the ``editor`` settable parameter and can
be either a text editor such as **vim** or a graphical editor such as
**VSCode**. To set it::

    set editor <program_name>

If you have the ``EDITOR`` environment variable set, then this will be the
default value for ``editor``.  If not, then ``cmd2`` will attempt to search
for any in a list of common editors for your operating system.

Terminal pagers
---------------

Output of any command can be displayed one page at a time using the
:meth:`~.cmd2.Cmd.ppaged` method.

Alternatively, a terminal pager can be invoked directly using the ability
to run shell commands with the ``!`` shortcut like so::

    (Cmd) !less foo.txt

NOTE: Once you are in a terminal pager, that program temporarily has control
of your terminal, **NOT** ``cmd2``.  Typically you can use either the arrow
keys or <PageUp>/<PageDown> keys to scroll around or type ``q`` to quit the
pager and return control to your ``cmd2`` application.

Exit codes
----------

The ``self.exit_code`` attribute of your ``cmd2`` application controls what
exit code is returned from ``cmdloop()`` when it completes.  It is your job to
make sure that this exit code gets sent to the shell when your application
exits by calling ``sys.exit(app.cmdloop())``.

Invoking With Arguments
-----------------------

Typically you would invoke a ``cmd2`` program by typing::

    $ python mycmd2program.py

or::

    $ mycmd2program.py

Either of these methods will launch your program and enter the ``cmd2`` command
loop, which allows the user to enter commands, which are then executed by your
program.

You may want to execute commands in your program without prompting the user for
any input. There are several ways you might accomplish this task. The easiest
one is to pipe commands and their arguments into your program via standard
input. You don't need to do anything to your program in order to use this
technique. Here's a demonstration using the ``examples/example.py`` included in
the source code of ``cmd2``::

    $ echo "speak -p some words" | python examples/example.py
    omesay ordsway

Using this same approach you could create a text file containing the commands
you would like to run, one command per line in the file. Say your file was
called ``somecmds.txt``. To run the commands in the text file using your
``cmd2`` program (from a Windows command prompt)::

    c:\cmd2> type somecmds.txt | python.exe examples/example.py
    omesay ordsway

By default, ``cmd2`` programs also look for commands pass as arguments from the
operating system shell, and execute those commands before entering the command
loop::

    $ python examples/example.py help

    Documented commands (use 'help -v' for verbose/'help <topic>' for details):
    ===========================================================================
    alias  help     macro   orate  quit          run_script  set    shortcuts
    edit   history  mumble  py     run_pyscript  say         shell  speak

    (Cmd)

You may need more control over command line arguments passed from the operating
system shell. For example, you might have a command inside your ``cmd2``
program which itself accepts arguments, and maybe even option strings. Say you
wanted to run the ``speak`` command from the operating system shell, but have
it say it in pig latin::

    $ python example/example.py speak -p hello there
    python example.py speak -p hello there
    usage: speak [-h] [-p] [-s] [-r REPEAT] words [words ...]
    speak: error: the following arguments are required: words
    *** Unknown syntax: -p
    *** Unknown syntax: hello
    *** Unknown syntax: there
    (Cmd)

Uh-oh, that's not what we wanted. ``cmd2`` treated ``-p``, ``hello``, and
``there`` as commands, which don't exist in that program, thus the syntax
errors.

There is an easy way around this, which is demonstrated in
``examples/cmd_as_argument.py``. By setting ``allow_cli_args=False`` you can so
your own argument parsing of the command line::

    $ python examples/cmd_as_argument.py speak -p hello there
    ellohay heretay

Check the source code of this example, especially the ``main()`` function, to
see the technique.

Alternatively you can simply wrap the command plus arguments in quotes (either
single or double quotes)::

    $ python example/example.py "speak -p hello there"
    ellohay heretay
    (Cmd)

Automating cmd2 apps from other CLI/CLU tools
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

While ``cmd2`` is designed to create **interactive** command-line applications
which enter a Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop (REPL), there are a great many times
when it would be useful to use a ``cmd2`` application as a run-and-done
command-line utility for purposes of automation and scripting.

This is easily achieved by combining the following capabilities of ``cmd2``:

#. Ability to invoke a ``cmd2`` application with arguments
#. Ability to set an exit code when leaving a ``cmd2`` application
#. Ability to exit a ``cmd2`` application with the  ``quit`` command

Here is a simple example which doesn't require the quit command since the
custom ``exit`` command quits while returning an exit code::

    $ python examples/exit_code.py "exit 23"
    'examples/exit_code.py' exiting with code: 23
    $ echo $?
    23

Here is another example using ``quit``::

    $ python example/example.py "speak -p hello there" quit
    ellohay heretay
    $