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* Merge "Add a third labeling mode for SELECT statements"mike bayer2020-03-301-0/+21
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| * Add a third labeling mode for SELECT statementsMike Bayer2020-03-291-0/+21
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Enhanced the disambiguating labels feature of the :func:`~.sql.expression.select` construct such that when a select statement is used in a subquery, repeated column names from different tables are now automatically labeled with a unique label name, without the need to use the full "apply_labels()" feature that conbines tablename plus column name. The disambigated labels are available as plain string keys in the .c collection of the subquery, and most importantly the feature allows an ORM :func:`.orm.aliased` construct against the combination of an entity and an arbitrary subquery to work correctly, targeting the correct columns despite same-named columns in the source tables, without the need for an "apply labels" warning. The existing labeling style is now called LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL. This labeling style will remain used throughout the ORM as has been the case for over a decade, however, the new disambiguation scheme could theoretically replace this scheme entirely. The new scheme would dramatically alter how SQL looks when rendered from the ORM to be more succinct but arguably harder to read. The tablename_columnname scheme used by Join.c is unaffected here, as that's still hardcoded to that scheme. Fixes: #5221 Change-Id: Ib47d9e0f35046b3afc77bef6e65709b93d0c3026
* | Remove support for python 3.4Federico Caselli2020-03-301-1/+1
|/ | | | | | Also remove no longer used compat code Change-Id: Ifda239fd84b425e43f4028cb55a5b3b8efa4dfc6
* Improve the method ``__str__`` of :class:`ColumnCollection`Federico Caselli2020-03-241-3/+6
| | | | | | | | The change avoids confusing a :class:`ColumnCollection` with a python list since the previous string representation was the same. Fixes: #5191 Change-Id: Icdbc08f9991d31ce86372505e3614740eaee56e2
* Deprecate plain string in execute and introduce `exec_driver_sql`Federico Caselli2020-03-211-22/+22
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Execution of literal sql string is deprecated in the :meth:`.Connection.execute` and a warning is raised when used stating that it will be coerced to :func:`.text` in a future release. To execute a raw sql string the new connection method :meth:`.Connection.exec_driver_sql` was added, that will retain the previous behavior, passing the string to the DBAPI driver unchanged. Usage of scalar or tuple positional parameters in :meth:`.Connection.execute` is also deprecated. Fixes: #4848 Fixes: #5178 Change-Id: I2830181054327996d594f7f0d59c157d477c3aa9
* Merge "Rework select(), CompoundSelect() in terms of CompileState"mike bayer2020-03-111-2/+86
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| * Rework select(), CompoundSelect() in terms of CompileStateMike Bayer2020-03-101-2/+86
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Continuation of I408e0b8be91fddd77cf279da97f55020871f75a9 - add an options() method to the base Generative construct. this will be where ORM options can go - Change Null, False_, True_ to be singletons, so that we aren't instantiating them and having to use isinstance. The previous issue with this was that they would produce dupe labels in SELECT statements. Apply the duplicate column logic, newly added in 1.4, to these objects as well as to non-apply-labels SELECT statements in general as a means of improving this. - create a revised system for generating ClauseList compilation constructs that simplfies up front creation to not actually use ClauseList; a simple tuple is rendered by the compiler using the same constrcution rules as what are used for ClauseList but without creating the actual object. Apply to Select, CompoundSelect, revise Update, Delete - Select, CompoundSelect get an initial CompileState implementation. All methods used only within compilation are moved here - refine update/insert/delete compile state to not require an outside boolean - refine and simplify Select._copy_internals - rework bind(), which is going away, to not use some of the internal traversal stuff - remove "autocommit", "for_update" parameters from Select, references #4643 - remove "autocommit" parameter from TextClause , references #4643 - add deprecation warnings for statement.execute(), engine.execute(), statement.scalar(), engine.scalar(). Fixes: #5193 Change-Id: I04ca0152b046fd42c5054ba10f37e43fc6e5a57b
* | Simplified module pre-loading strategy and made it linter friendlyFederico Caselli2020-03-071-7/+8
|/ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Introduced a modules registry to register modules that should be lazily loaded in the package init. This ensures that they are in the system module cache, avoiding potential thread safety issues as when importing them directly in the function that uses them. The module registry is used to obtain these modules directly, ensuring that the all the lazily loaded modules are resolved at the proper time This replaces dependency_for decorator and the dependencies decorator logic, removing the need to pass the resolved modules as arguments of the decodated functions and removes possible errors caused by linters. Fixes: #4689 Fixes: #4656 Change-Id: I2e291eba4297867fc0ddb5d875b9f7af34751d01
* Decouple compiler state from DML objects; make cacheableMike Bayer2020-03-061-0/+47
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Targeting select / insert / update / delete, the goal is to minimize overhead of construction and generative methods so that only the raw arguments passed are handled. An interim stage that converts the raw state into more compiler-ready state is added, which is analogous to the ORM QueryContext which will also be rolled in to be a similar concept, as is currently being prototyped in I19e05b3424b07114cce6c439b05198ac47f7ac10. the ORM update/delete BulkUD concept is also going to be rolled onto this idea. So while the compiler-ready state object, here called DMLState, looks a little thin, it's the base of a bigger pattern that will allow for ORM functionality to embed itself directly into the compiler, execution context, and result set objects. This change targets the DML objects, primarily focused on the values() method which is the most complex process. The work done by values() is minimized as much as possible while still being able to create a cache key. Additional computation is then offloaded to a new object ValuesState that is handled by the compiler. Architecturally, a big change here is that insert.values() and update.values() will generate BindParameter objects for the values now, which are then carefully received by crud.py so that they generate the expected names. This is so that the values() portion of these constructs is cacheable. for the "multi-values" version of Insert, this is all skipped and the plan right now is that a multi-values insert is not worth caching (can always be revisited). Using the coercions system in values() also gets us nicer validation for free, we can remove the NotAClauseElement thing from schema, and we also now require scalar_subquery() is called for an insert/update that uses a SELECT as a column value, 1.x deprecation path is added. The traversal system is then applied to the DML objects including tests so that they have traversal, cloning, and cache key support. cloning is not a use case for DML however having it present allows better validation of the structure within the tests. Special per-dialect DML is explicitly not cacheable at the moment, more as a proof of concept that third party DML constructs can exist as gracefully not-cacheable rather than producing an incomplete cache key. A few selected performance improvements have been added as well, simplifying the immutabledict.union() method and adding a new SQLCompiler function that can generate delimeter-separated clauses like WHERE and ORDER BY without having to build a ClauseList object at all. The use of ClauseList will be removed from Select in an upcoming commit. Overall, ClaustList is unnecessary for internal use and only adds overhead to statement construction and will likely be removed as much as possible except for explcit use of conjunctions like and_() and or_(). Change-Id: I408e0b8be91fddd77cf279da97f55020871f75a9
* Ensure all nested exception throws have a causeMike Bayer2020-03-021-11/+14
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Applied an explicit "cause" to most if not all internally raised exceptions that are raised from within an internal exception catch, to avoid misleading stacktraces that suggest an error within the handling of an exception. While it would be preferable to suppress the internally caught exception in the way that the ``__suppress_context__`` attribute would, there does not as yet seem to be a way to do this without suppressing an enclosing user constructed context, so for now it exposes the internally caught exception as the cause so that full information about the context of the error is maintained. Fixes: #4849 Change-Id: I55a86b29023675d9e5e49bc7edc5a2dc0bcd4751
* Enable F821Mike Bayer2020-01-041-3/+6
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | In Ia63a510f9c1d08b055eef62cf047f1f427f0450c we introduced "lambda combinations" which use a bit of function closure inspection in order to allow for testing combinations that make use of symbols that come from test fixtures, or from the test itself. Two problems. One is that we can't use F821 flake8 rule without either adding lots of noqas, skipping the file, or adding arguments to the lambdas themselves that are then populated, which makes for a very verbose system. The other is that the system is already verbose with all those lambdas and the magic in use is a non-explicit kind, hence F821 reminds us that if we can improve upon this, we should. So let's improve upon it by making it so that the "lambda" is just once and up front for the whole thing, and let it accept the arguments directly. This still requires magic, because these test cases need to resolve at test collection time, not test runtime. But we will instead substitute a namespace up front that can be coerced into its desired form within the tests. Additionally, there's a little bit of py2k compatible type annotations present; f821 is checking these, so we have to add those imports also using the TYPE_CHECKING boolean so they don't take place in py2k. Change-Id: Idb7e7a0c8af86d9ab133f548511306ef68cdba14
* happy new yearMike Bayer2020-01-011-1/+1
| | | | Change-Id: I08440dc25e40ea1ccea1778f6ee9e28a00808235
* Fix rst for flake8-rst-docstrings-0.0.12Mike Bayer2019-11-221-2/+2
| | | | | | A few new formatting errors are caught by this version. Change-Id: I737b33267a00f400b7ba7696a03ddb07a4c95bc0
* Add anonymizing context to cache keys, comparison; convert traversalMike Bayer2019-11-041-7/+29
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Created new visitor system called "internal traversal" that applies a data driven approach to the concept of a class that defines its own traversal steps, in contrast to the existing style of traversal now known as "external traversal" where the visitor class defines the traversal, i.e. the SQLCompiler. The internal traversal system now implements get_children(), _copy_internals(), compare() and _cache_key() for most Core elements. Core elements with special needs like Select still implement some of these methods directly however most of these methods are no longer explicitly implemented. The data-driven system is also applied to ORM elements that take part in SQL expressions so that these objects, like mappers, aliasedclass, query options, etc. can all participate in the cache key process. Still not considered is that this approach to defining traversibility will be used to create some kind of generic introspection system that works across Core / ORM. It's also not clear if real statement caching using the _cache_key() method is feasible, if it is shown that running _cache_key() is nearly as expensive as compiling in any case. Because it is data driven, it is more straightforward to optimize using inlined code, as is the case now, as well as potentially using C code to speed it up. In addition, the caching sytem now accommodates for anonymous name labels, which is essential so that constructs which have anonymous labels can be cacheable, that is, their position within a statement in relation to other anonymous names causes them to generate an integer counter relative to that construct which will be the same every time. Gathering of bound parameters from any cache key generation is also now required as there is no use case for a cache key that does not extract bound parameter values. Applies-to: #4639 Change-Id: I0660584def8627cad566719ee98d3be045db4b8d
* Unify generation between Core and ORM queryMike Bayer2019-09-261-6/+11
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | generation is to be enhanced to include caching functionality, so ensure that Query and all generative in Core (e.g. select, DML etc) are using the same generations system. Additionally, deprecate Select.append methods and state Select methods independently of their append versions. Mutability of expression objects is a special case only when generating new objects during a visit. Fixes: #4637 Change-Id: I3dfac00d5e0f710c833b236f7a0913e1ca24dde4
* Allow duplicate columns in from clauses and selectablesMike Bayer2019-07-111-131/+316
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The :func:`.select` construct and related constructs now allow for duplication of column labels and columns themselves in the columns clause, mirroring exactly how column expressions were passed in. This allows the tuples returned by an executed result to match what was SELECTed for in the first place, which is how the ORM :class:`.Query` works, so this establishes better cross-compatibility between the two constructs. Additionally, it allows column-positioning-sensitive structures such as UNIONs (i.e. :class:`.CompoundSelect`) to be more intuitively constructed in those cases where a particular column might appear in more than one place. To support this change, the :class:`.ColumnCollection` has been revised to support duplicate columns as well as to allow integer index access. Fixes: #4753 Change-Id: Ie09a8116f05c367995c1e43623c51e07971d3bf0
* SelectBase no longer a FromClauseMike Bayer2019-07-061-0/+144
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | As part of the SQLAlchemy 2.0 migration project, a conceptual change has been made to the role of the :class:`.SelectBase` class hierarchy, which is the root of all "SELECT" statement constructs, in that they no longer serve directly as FROM clauses, that is, they no longer subclass :class:`.FromClause`. For end users, the change mostly means that any placement of a :func:`.select` construct in the FROM clause of another :func:`.select` requires first that it be wrapped in a subquery first, which historically is through the use of the :meth:`.SelectBase.alias` method, and is now also available through the use of :meth:`.SelectBase.subquery`. This was usually a requirement in any case since several databases don't accept unnamed SELECT subqueries in their FROM clause in any case. See the documentation in this change for lots more detail. Fixes: #4617 Change-Id: I0f6174ee24b9a1a4529168e52e855e12abd60667
* Implement new ClauseElement role and coercion systemMike Bayer2019-05-181-4/+5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A major refactoring of all the functions handle all detection of Core argument types as well as perform coercions into a new class hierarchy based on "roles", each of which identify a syntactical location within a SQL statement. In contrast to the ClauseElement hierarchy that identifies "what" each object is syntactically, the SQLRole hierarchy identifies the "where does it go" of each object syntactically. From this we define a consistent type checking and coercion system that establishes well defined behviors. This is a breakout of the patch that is reorganizing select() constructs to no longer be in the FromClause hierarchy. Also includes a rename of as_scalar() into scalar_subquery(); deprecates automatic coercion to scalar_subquery(). Partially-fixes: #4617 Change-Id: I26f1e78898693c6b99ef7ea2f4e7dfd0e8e1a1bd
* Add getters for all execution_optionsDaniel Lister2019-01-251-2/+15
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Added accessors for execution options to Core and ORM, via :meth:`.Query.get_execution_options`, :meth:`.Connection.get_execution_options`, :meth:`.Engine.get_execution_options`, and :meth:`.Executable.get_execution_options`. PR courtesy Daniel Lister. Fixes: #4406 Closes: #4465 Pull-request: https://github.com/sqlalchemy/sqlalchemy/pull/4465 Pull-request-sha: 9674688bb5e80471a6a421bac06f995c2e64f8f7 Change-Id: I93ba51d7a2d687e255edd6938db15615e56dd237
* happy new yearMike Bayer2019-01-111-1/+1
| | | | Change-Id: I6a71f4924d046cf306961c58dffccf21e9c03911
* Post black reformattingMike Bayer2019-01-061-7/+10
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Applied on top of a pure run of black -l 79 in I7eda77fed3d8e73df84b3651fd6cfcfe858d4dc9, this set of changes resolves all remaining flake8 conditions for those codes we have enabled in setup.cfg. Included are resolutions for all remaining flake8 issues including shadowed builtins, long lines, import order, unused imports, duplicate imports, and docstring issues. Change-Id: I4f72d3ba1380dd601610ff80b8fb06a2aff8b0fe
* Run black -l 79 against all source filesMike Bayer2019-01-061-48/+66
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | This is a straight reformat run using black as is, with no edits applied at all. The black run will format code consistently, however in some cases that are prevalent in SQLAlchemy code it produces too-long lines. The too-long lines will be resolved in the following commit that will resolve all remaining flake8 issues including shadowed builtins, long lines, import order, unused imports, duplicate imports, and docstring issues. Change-Id: I7eda77fed3d8e73df84b3651fd6cfcfe858d4dc9
* Add missing spacewodim2018-10-301-1/+1
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* Import from collections.abcxtreak2018-09-271-3/+2
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fixed additional warnings generated by Python 3.7 due to changes in the organization of the Python ``collections`` and ``collections.abc`` packages. Previous ``collections`` warnings were fixed in version 1.2.11. Pull request courtesy xtreak. See I2d1c0ef97c8ecac7af152cc56263422a40faa6bb for the original collections.abc fixes. Fixes: #4339 Change-Id: Ia92d2461f20309fb33ea6c6f592f7d4e7e32ae7a Pull-request: https://github.com/zzzeek/sqlalchemy/pull/475
* happy new yearMike Bayer2018-01-121-1/+1
| | | | Change-Id: I3ef36bfd0cb0ba62b3123c8cf92370a43156cf8f
* Ensure Oracle index w/ col DESC etc. is reflectedMike Bayer2017-08-141-0/+4
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fixed bug where an index reflected under Oracle with an expression like "column DESC" would not be returned, if the table also had no primary key, as a result of logic that attempts to filter out the index implicitly added by Oracle onto the primary key columns. Reworked the "filter out the primary key index" logic in oracle get_indexes() to be clearer. This changeset also adds an internal check to ColumnCollection to accomodate for the case of a column being added twice, as well as adding a private _table argument to Index such that reflection can specify the Table explicitly. The _table argument can become part of public API in a later revision or release if needed. Change-Id: I745711e03b3e450b7f31185fc70e10d3823063fa Fixes: #4042
* update for 2017 copyrightMike Bayer2017-01-041-1/+1
| | | | Change-Id: I4e8c2aa8fe817bb2af8707410fa0201f938781de
* Ensure TypeDecorator delegates _set_parent_with_dispatchMike Bayer2016-10-201-2/+0
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ensure TypeDecorator delegates _set_parent_with_dispatch as well as _set_parent to itself as well as its impl, as the TypeDecorator class itself may have an active SchemaType implementation as well. Fixed regression which occurred as a side effect of :ticket:`2919`, which in the less typical case of a user-defined :class:`.TypeDecorator` that was also itself an instance of :class:`.SchemaType` (rather than the implementation being such) would cause the column attachment events to be skipped for the type itself. Change-Id: I0afb498fd91ab7d948e4439e7323a89eafcce0bc Fixes: #3832
* - happy new yearMike Bayer2016-01-291-1/+1
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* - unfortunately we need to match within join where col.key does not matchMike Bayer2016-01-261-2/+1
| | | | | what's given so we need to use a set() here. contains_column is not within any performance paths
* - rework ColumnCollection to no longer persist "all_col_set"; we don'tMike Bayer2016-01-261-20/+9
| | | | | | | | | | | | | need this collection except in the extend/update uses where we create it ad-hoc. simplifies pickling. Compatibility with 1.0 should be OK as ColumnColleciton uses __getstate__ in any case and the __setstate__ contract hasn't changed. - Fixed bug in :class:`.Table` metadata construct which appeared around the 0.9 series where adding columns to a :class:`.Table` that was unpickled would fail to correctly establish the :class:`.Column` within the 'c' collection, leading to issues in areas such as ORM configuration. This could impact use cases such as ``extend_existing`` and others. fixes #3632
* - copyright 2015Mike Bayer2015-03-101-1/+1
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* - add MemoizedSlots, a generalized solution to using __getattr__Mike Bayer2015-01-051-9/+12
| | | | | for memoization on a class that uses slots. - apply many more __slots__. mem use for nova now at 46% savings
* - Added a supported :meth:`.FunctionElement.alias` method to functions,Mike Bayer2014-07-241-1/+3
| | | | | | | | | e.g. the ``func`` construct. Previously, behavior for this method was undefined. The current behavior mimics that of pre-0.9.4, which is that the function is turned into a single-column FROM clause with the given alias name, where the column itself is anonymously named. fixes #3137
* - apply pep8 formatting to sqlalchemy/sql, sqlalchemy/util, sqlalchemy/dialects,Brian Jarrett2014-07-201-47/+62
| | | | sqlalchemy/orm, sqlalchemy/event, sqlalchemy/testing
* - Added a "str()" step to the dialect_kwargs iteration forMike Bayer2014-07-141-1/+1
| | | | | | | Python version < 2.6.5, working around the "no unicode keyword arg" bug as these args are passed along as keyword args within some reflection processes. fixes #3123
* - break up the <authors> copyright comment as part of a passMike Bayer2014-07-091-1/+2
| | | | to get all flake8 passing
* - Liberalized the contract for :class:`.Index` a bit in that you canMike Bayer2014-04-191-0/+3
| | | | | | | specify a :func:`.text` expression as the target; the index no longer needs to have a table-bound column present if the index is to be manually added to the table, either via inline declaration or via :meth:`.Table.append_constraint`. fixes #3028
* - Fixed bug in new :meth:`.DialectKWArgs.argument_for` method whereMike Bayer2014-04-151-0/+2
| | | | | adding an argument for a construct not previously included for any special arguments would fail. fixes #3024
* restore the contracts of update/extend to the degree that the same column ↵Mike Bayer2014-02-271-3/+5
| | | | | | identity isn't appended to the list. reflection makes use of this.
* - Some changes to how the :attr:`.FromClause.c` collection behavesMike Bayer2014-02-261-25/+46
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | when presented with duplicate columns. The behavior of emitting a warning and replacing the old column with the same name still remains to some degree; the replacement in particular is to maintain backwards compatibility. However, the replaced column still remains associated with the ``c`` collection now in a collection ``._all_columns``, which is used by constructs such as aliases and unions, to deal with the set of columns in ``c`` more towards what is actually in the list of columns rather than the unique set of key names. This helps with situations where SELECT statements with same-named columns are used in unions and such, so that the union can match the columns up positionally and also there's some chance of :meth:`.FromClause.corresponding_column` still being usable here (it can now return a column that is only in selectable.c._all_columns and not otherwise named). The new collection is underscored as we still need to decide where this list might end up. Theoretically it would become the result of iter(selectable.c), however this would mean that the length of the iteration would no longer match the length of keys(), and that behavior needs to be checked out. fixes #2974 - add a bunch more tests for ColumnCollection
* - use MutableMapping to make this more succinct, completeMike Bayer2014-02-261-47/+35
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* docsMike Bayer2014-02-251-3/+10
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* - The new dialect-level keyword argument system for schema-levelMike Bayer2014-02-251-13/+156
| | | | | | | | | constructs has been enhanced in order to assist with existing schemes that rely upon addition of ad-hoc keyword arguments to constructs. - To suit the use case of allowing custom arguments at construction time, the :meth:`.DialectKWArgs.argument_for` method now allows this registration. fixes #2962
* - alter behavior such that dialect_kwargs is still immutable, butMike Bayer2014-01-191-10/+5
| | | | | | now represents exactly the kwargs that were passed, and not the defaults. the defaults are still in dialect_options. This allows repr() schemes such as that of alembic to not need to look through and compare for defaults.
* - implement kwarg validation and type system for dialect-specificMike Bayer2014-01-181-1/+118
| | | | | arguments; [ticket:2866] - add dialect specific kwarg functionality to ForeignKeyConstraint, ForeignKey
* - happy new yearMike Bayer2014-01-051-1/+1
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* - A rework to the way that "quoted" identifiers are handled, in thatMike Bayer2013-08-271-0/+1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | instead of relying upon various ``quote=True`` flags being passed around, these flags are converted into rich string objects with quoting information included at the point at which they are passed to common schema constructs like :class:`.Table`, :class:`.Column`, etc. This solves the issue of various methods that don't correctly honor the "quote" flag such as :meth:`.Engine.has_table` and related methods. The :class:`.quoted_name` object is a string subclass that can also be used explicitly if needed; the object will hold onto the quoting preferences passed and will also bypass the "name normalization" performed by dialects that standardize on uppercase symbols, such as Oracle, Firebird and DB2. The upshot is that the "uppercase" backends can now work with force-quoted names, such as lowercase-quoted names and new reserved words. [ticket:2812]
* - apply an import refactoring to the ORM as wellMike Bayer2013-08-141-0/+18
| | | | | | | | | - rework the event system so that event modules load after their targets, dependencies are reversed - create an improved strategy lookup system for the ORM - rework the ORM to have very few import cycles - move out "importlater" to just util.dependency - other tricks to cross-populate modules in as clear a way as possible
* - A large refactoring of the ``sqlalchemy.sql`` package has reorganizedMike Bayer2013-08-121-0/+329
the import structure of many core modules. ``sqlalchemy.schema`` and ``sqlalchemy.types`` remain in the top-level package, but are now just lists of names that pull from within ``sqlalchemy.sql``. Their implementations are now broken out among ``sqlalchemy.sql.type_api``, ``sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes``, ``sqlalchemy.sql.schema`` and ``sqlalchemy.sql.ddl``, the last of which was moved from ``sqlalchemy.engine``. ``sqlalchemy.sql.expression`` is also a namespace now which pulls implementations mostly from ``sqlalchemy.sql.elements``, ``sqlalchemy.sql.selectable``, and ``sqlalchemy.sql.dml``. Most of the "factory" functions used to create SQL expression objects have been moved to classmethods or constructors, which are exposed in ``sqlalchemy.sql.expression`` using a programmatic system. Care has been taken such that all the original import namespaces remain intact and there should be no impact on any existing applications. The rationale here was to break out these very large modules into smaller ones, provide more manageable lists of function names, to greatly reduce "import cycles" and clarify the up-front importing of names, and to remove the need for redundant functions and documentation throughout the expression package.
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