from sqlalchemy.test.testing import eq_, assert_raises, assert_raises_message
import datetime, re, operator
from sqlalchemy import *
from sqlalchemy import exc, sql, util
from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, label, compiler
from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import ClauseList
from sqlalchemy.engine import default
from sqlalchemy.databases import *
from sqlalchemy.test import *

table1 = table('mytable',
    column('myid', Integer),
    column('name', String),
    column('description', String),
)

table2 = table(
    'myothertable',
    column('otherid', Integer),
    column('othername', String),
)

table3 = table(
    'thirdtable',
    column('userid', Integer),
    column('otherstuff', String),
)

metadata = MetaData()

# table with a schema
table4 = Table(
    'remotetable', metadata,
    Column('rem_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('datatype_id', Integer),
    Column('value', String(20)),
    schema = 'remote_owner'
)

# table with a 'multipart' schema
table5 = Table(
    'remotetable', metadata,
    Column('rem_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('datatype_id', Integer),
    Column('value', String(20)),
    schema = 'dbo.remote_owner'
)

users = table('users',
    column('user_id'),
    column('user_name'),
    column('password'),
)

addresses = table('addresses',
    column('address_id'),
    column('user_id'),
    column('street'),
    column('city'),
    column('state'),
    column('zip')
)

class SelectTest(TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):

    def test_attribute_sanity(self):
        assert hasattr(table1, 'c')
        assert hasattr(table1.select(), 'c')
        assert not hasattr(table1.c.myid.self_group(), 'columns')
        assert hasattr(table1.select().self_group(), 'columns')
        assert not hasattr(select([table1.c.myid]).as_scalar().self_group(), 'columns')
        assert not hasattr(table1.c.myid, 'columns')
        assert not hasattr(table1.c.myid, 'c')
        assert not hasattr(table1.select().c.myid, 'c')
        assert not hasattr(table1.select().c.myid, 'columns')
        assert not hasattr(table1.alias().c.myid, 'columns')
        assert not hasattr(table1.alias().c.myid, 'c')

    def test_table_select(self):
        self.assert_compile(table1.select(), "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable")

        self.assert_compile(select([table1, table2]), "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, myothertable.otherid, \
myothertable.othername FROM mytable, myothertable")
    
    def test_invalid_col_argument(self):
        assert_raises(exc.ArgumentError, select, table1)
        assert_raises(exc.ArgumentError, select, table1.c.myid)
        
    def test_from_subquery(self):
        """tests placing select statements in the column clause of another select, for the
        purposes of selecting from the exported columns of that select."""
        
        s = select([table1], table1.c.name == 'jack')
        self.assert_compile(
            select(
                [s],
                s.c.myid == 7
            )
            ,
        "SELECT myid, name, description FROM (SELECT mytable.myid AS myid, mytable.name AS name, mytable.description AS description FROM mytable "\
        "WHERE mytable.name = :name_1) WHERE myid = :myid_1")

        sq = select([table1])
        self.assert_compile(
            sq.select(),
            "SELECT myid, name, description FROM (SELECT mytable.myid AS myid, mytable.name AS name, mytable.description AS description FROM mytable)"
        )

        sq = select(
            [table1],
        ).alias('sq')

        self.assert_compile(
            sq.select(sq.c.myid == 7),
            "SELECT sq.myid, sq.name, sq.description FROM \
(SELECT mytable.myid AS myid, mytable.name AS name, mytable.description AS description FROM mytable) AS sq WHERE sq.myid = :myid_1"
        )

        sq = select(
            [table1, table2],
            and_(table1.c.myid ==7, table2.c.otherid==table1.c.myid),
            use_labels = True
        ).alias('sq')

        sqstring = "SELECT mytable.myid AS mytable_myid, mytable.name AS mytable_name, \
mytable.description AS mytable_description, myothertable.otherid AS myothertable_otherid, \
myothertable.othername AS myothertable_othername FROM mytable, myothertable \
WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1 AND myothertable.otherid = mytable.myid"

        self.assert_compile(sq.select(), "SELECT sq.mytable_myid, sq.mytable_name, sq.mytable_description, sq.myothertable_otherid, \
sq.myothertable_othername FROM (" + sqstring + ") AS sq")

        sq2 = select(
            [sq],
            use_labels = True
        ).alias('sq2')

        self.assert_compile(sq2.select(), "SELECT sq2.sq_mytable_myid, sq2.sq_mytable_name, sq2.sq_mytable_description, \
sq2.sq_myothertable_otherid, sq2.sq_myothertable_othername FROM \
(SELECT sq.mytable_myid AS sq_mytable_myid, sq.mytable_name AS sq_mytable_name, \
sq.mytable_description AS sq_mytable_description, sq.myothertable_otherid AS sq_myothertable_otherid, \
sq.myothertable_othername AS sq_myothertable_othername FROM (" + sqstring + ") AS sq) AS sq2")

    def test_select_from_clauselist(self):
        self.assert_compile(
            select([ClauseList(column('a'), column('b'))]).select_from('sometable'), 
            'SELECT a, b FROM sometable'
        )
        
    def test_use_labels(self):
        self.assert_compile(
            select([table1.c.myid==5], use_labels=True),
            "SELECT mytable.myid = :myid_1 AS anon_1 FROM mytable"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([func.foo()], use_labels=True),
            "SELECT foo() AS foo_1"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([not_(True)], use_labels=True),
            "SELECT NOT :param_1"       # TODO: should this make an anon label ??
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([cast("data", Integer)], use_labels=True),      # this will work with plain Integer in 0.6
            "SELECT CAST(:param_1 AS INTEGER) AS anon_1"
        )
    
    def test_paramstyles(self):
        stmt = text("select :foo, :bar, :bat from sometable")
        
        self.assert_compile(
            stmt,
            "select ?, ?, ? from sometable"
            , dialect=default.DefaultDialect(paramstyle='qmark')
        )
        self.assert_compile(
            stmt,
            "select :foo, :bar, :bat from sometable"
            , dialect=default.DefaultDialect(paramstyle='named')
        )
        self.assert_compile(
            stmt,
            "select %s, %s, %s from sometable"
            , dialect=default.DefaultDialect(paramstyle='format')
        )
        self.assert_compile(
            stmt,
            "select :1, :2, :3 from sometable"
            , dialect=default.DefaultDialect(paramstyle='numeric')
        )
        self.assert_compile(
            stmt,
            "select %(foo)s, %(bar)s, %(bat)s from sometable"
            , dialect=default.DefaultDialect(paramstyle='pyformat')
        )
        
    def test_dupe_columns(self):
        """test that deduping is performed against clause element identity, not rendered result."""
        
        self.assert_compile(
            select([column('a'), column('a'), column('a')]),
            "SELECT a, a, a"
            , dialect=default.DefaultDialect()
        )

        c = column('a')
        self.assert_compile(
            select([c, c, c]),
            "SELECT a"
            , dialect=default.DefaultDialect()
        )

        a, b = column('a'), column('b')
        self.assert_compile(
            select([a, b, b, b, a, a]),
            "SELECT a, b"
            , dialect=default.DefaultDialect()
        )
        
        self.assert_compile(
            select([bindparam('a'), bindparam('b'), bindparam('c')]),
            "SELECT :a, :b, :c"
            , dialect=default.DefaultDialect(paramstyle='named')
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([bindparam('a'), bindparam('b'), bindparam('c')]),
            "SELECT ?, ?, ?"
            , dialect=default.DefaultDialect(paramstyle='qmark'),
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select(["a", "a", "a"]),
            "SELECT a, a, a"
        )
        
        s = select([bindparam('a'), bindparam('b'), bindparam('c')])
        s = s.compile(dialect=default.DefaultDialect(paramstyle='qmark'))
        eq_(s.positiontup, ['a', 'b', 'c'])
        
    def test_nested_uselabels(self):
        """test nested anonymous label generation.  this
        essentially tests the ANONYMOUS_LABEL regex.

        """
        s1 = table1.select()
        s2 = s1.alias()
        s3 = select([s2], use_labels=True)
        s4 = s3.alias()
        s5 = select([s4], use_labels=True)
        self.assert_compile(s5, "SELECT anon_1.anon_2_myid AS anon_1_anon_2_myid, anon_1.anon_2_name AS anon_1_anon_2_name, "\
        "anon_1.anon_2_description AS anon_1_anon_2_description FROM (SELECT anon_2.myid AS anon_2_myid, anon_2.name AS anon_2_name, "\
        "anon_2.description AS anon_2_description FROM (SELECT mytable.myid AS myid, mytable.name AS name, mytable.description "\
        "AS description FROM mytable) AS anon_2) AS anon_1")
        
    def test_dont_overcorrelate(self):
        self.assert_compile(select([table1], from_obj=[table1, table1.select()]), """SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable, (SELECT mytable.myid AS myid, mytable.name AS name, mytable.description AS description FROM mytable)""")
    
    def test_full_correlate(self):
        # intentional
        t = table('t', column('a'), column('b'))
        s = select([t.c.a]).where(t.c.a==1).correlate(t).as_scalar()

        s2 = select([t.c.a, s])
        self.assert_compile(s2, """SELECT t.a, (SELECT t.a WHERE t.a = :a_1) AS anon_1 FROM t""")
    
        # unintentional
        t2 = table('t2', column('c'), column('d'))
        s = select([t.c.a]).where(t.c.a==t2.c.d).as_scalar()
        s2 =select([t, t2, s])
        assert_raises(exc.InvalidRequestError, str, s2)

        # intentional again
        s = s.correlate(t, t2)
        s2 =select([t, t2, s])
        self.assert_compile(s, "SELECT t.a WHERE t.a = t2.d")
        
    def test_exists(self):
        s = select([table1.c.myid]).where(table1.c.myid==5)
        
        self.assert_compile(exists(s), 
                    "EXISTS (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1)"
                )
        
        self.assert_compile(exists(s.as_scalar()), 
                    "EXISTS (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1)"
                )
        
        self.assert_compile(exists([table1.c.myid], table1.c.myid==5).select(), "SELECT EXISTS (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1)", params={'mytable_myid':5})

        self.assert_compile(select([table1, exists([1], from_obj=table2)]), "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM myothertable) FROM mytable", params={})

        self.assert_compile(select([table1, exists([1], from_obj=table2).label('foo')]), "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM myothertable) AS foo FROM mytable", params={})

        self.assert_compile(
          table1.select(exists().where(table2.c.otherid == table1.c.myid).correlate(table1)),
          "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM myothertable WHERE myothertable.otherid = mytable.myid)"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
          table1.select(exists().where(table2.c.otherid == table1.c.myid).correlate(table1)),
          "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM myothertable WHERE myothertable.otherid = mytable.myid)"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
          table1.select(exists().where(table2.c.otherid == table1.c.myid).correlate(table1)).replace_selectable(table2, table2.alias()),
          "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM myothertable AS myothertable_1 WHERE myothertable_1.otherid = mytable.myid)"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
          table1.select(exists().where(table2.c.otherid == table1.c.myid).correlate(table1)).select_from(table1.join(table2, table1.c.myid==table2.c.otherid)).replace_selectable(table2, table2.alias()),
          "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable JOIN myothertable AS myothertable_1 ON mytable.myid = myothertable_1.otherid WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM myothertable AS myothertable_1 WHERE myothertable_1.otherid = mytable.myid)"
        )
        
        self.assert_compile(
            select([
                or_(
                    exists().where(table2.c.otherid=='foo'),
                    exists().where(table2.c.otherid=='bar')
                )
            ]),
            "SELECT (EXISTS (SELECT * FROM myothertable WHERE myothertable.otherid = :otherid_1)) "\
            "OR (EXISTS (SELECT * FROM myothertable WHERE myothertable.otherid = :otherid_2)) AS anon_1"
        )
        

    def test_where_subquery(self):
        s = select([addresses.c.street], addresses.c.user_id==users.c.user_id, correlate=True).alias('s')
        self.assert_compile(
            select([users, s.c.street], from_obj=s),
            """SELECT users.user_id, users.user_name, users.password, s.street FROM users, (SELECT addresses.street AS street FROM addresses WHERE addresses.user_id = users.user_id) AS s""")

        self.assert_compile(
            table1.select(table1.c.myid == select([table1.c.myid], table1.c.name=='jack')),
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable WHERE mytable.name = :name_1)"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            table1.select(table1.c.myid == select([table2.c.otherid], table1.c.name == table2.c.othername)),
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = (SELECT myothertable.otherid FROM myothertable WHERE mytable.name = myothertable.othername)"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            table1.select(exists([1], table2.c.otherid == table1.c.myid)),
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM myothertable WHERE myothertable.otherid = mytable.myid)"
        )


        talias = table1.alias('ta')
        s = subquery('sq2', [talias], exists([1], table2.c.otherid == talias.c.myid))
        self.assert_compile(
            select([s, table1])
            ,"SELECT sq2.myid, sq2.name, sq2.description, mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM (SELECT ta.myid AS myid, ta.name AS name, ta.description AS description FROM mytable AS ta WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM myothertable WHERE myothertable.otherid = ta.myid)) AS sq2, mytable")

        s = select([addresses.c.street], addresses.c.user_id==users.c.user_id, correlate=True).alias('s')
        self.assert_compile(
            select([users, s.c.street], from_obj=s),
            """SELECT users.user_id, users.user_name, users.password, s.street FROM users, (SELECT addresses.street AS street FROM addresses WHERE addresses.user_id = users.user_id) AS s""")

        # test constructing the outer query via append_column(), which occurs in the ORM's Query object
        s = select([], exists([1], table2.c.otherid==table1.c.myid), from_obj=table1)
        s.append_column(table1)
        self.assert_compile(
            s,
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM myothertable WHERE myothertable.otherid = mytable.myid)"
        )


    def test_orderby_subquery(self):
        self.assert_compile(
            table1.select(order_by=[select([table2.c.otherid], table1.c.myid==table2.c.otherid)]),
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable ORDER BY (SELECT myothertable.otherid FROM myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid)"
        )
        self.assert_compile(
            table1.select(order_by=[desc(select([table2.c.otherid], table1.c.myid==table2.c.otherid))]),
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable ORDER BY (SELECT myothertable.otherid FROM myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid) DESC"
        )

    @testing.uses_deprecated('scalar option')
    def test_scalar_select(self):
        assert_raises_message(
            exc.InvalidRequestError,
            r"Select objects don't have a type\.  Call as_scalar\(\) "
            "on this Select object to return a 'scalar' version of this Select\.",
            func.coalesce, select([table1.c.myid])
        )

        s = select([table1.c.myid], correlate=False).as_scalar()
        self.assert_compile(select([table1, s]), "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable) AS anon_1 FROM mytable")

        s = select([table1.c.myid]).as_scalar()
        self.assert_compile(select([table2, s]), "SELECT myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername, (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable) AS anon_1 FROM myothertable")

        s = select([table1.c.myid]).correlate(None).as_scalar()
        self.assert_compile(select([table1, s]), "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable) AS anon_1 FROM mytable")

        # test that aliases use as_scalar() when used in an explicitly scalar context
        s = select([table1.c.myid]).alias()
        self.assert_compile(select([table1.c.myid]).where(table1.c.myid==s), "SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable)")
        self.assert_compile(select([table1.c.myid]).where(s > table1.c.myid), "SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid < (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable)")


        s = select([table1.c.myid]).as_scalar()
        self.assert_compile(select([table2, s]), "SELECT myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername, (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable) AS anon_1 FROM myothertable")

        # test expressions against scalar selects
        self.assert_compile(select([s - literal(8)]), "SELECT (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable) - :param_1 AS anon_1")
        self.assert_compile(select([select([table1.c.name]).as_scalar() + literal('x')]), "SELECT (SELECT mytable.name FROM mytable) || :param_1 AS anon_1")
        self.assert_compile(select([s > literal(8)]), "SELECT (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable) > :param_1 AS anon_1")

        self.assert_compile(select([select([table1.c.name]).label('foo')]), "SELECT (SELECT mytable.name FROM mytable) AS foo")

        # scalar selects should not have any attributes on their 'c' or 'columns' attribute
        s = select([table1.c.myid]).as_scalar()
        try:
            s.c.foo
        except exc.InvalidRequestError, err:
            assert str(err) == 'Scalar Select expression has no columns; use this object directly within a column-level expression.'

        try:
            s.columns.foo
        except exc.InvalidRequestError, err:
            assert str(err) == 'Scalar Select expression has no columns; use this object directly within a column-level expression.'

        zips = table('zips',
            column('zipcode'),
            column('latitude'),
            column('longitude'),
        )
        places = table('places',
            column('id'),
            column('nm')
        )
        zip = '12345'
        qlat = select([zips.c.latitude], zips.c.zipcode == zip).correlate(None).as_scalar()
        qlng = select([zips.c.longitude], zips.c.zipcode == zip).correlate(None).as_scalar()

        q = select([places.c.id, places.c.nm, zips.c.zipcode, func.latlondist(qlat, qlng).label('dist')],
                         zips.c.zipcode==zip,
                         order_by = ['dist', places.c.nm]
                         )

        self.assert_compile(q,"SELECT places.id, places.nm, zips.zipcode, latlondist((SELECT zips.latitude FROM zips WHERE "
        "zips.zipcode = :zipcode_1), (SELECT zips.longitude FROM zips WHERE zips.zipcode = :zipcode_2)) AS dist "
        "FROM places, zips WHERE zips.zipcode = :zipcode_3 ORDER BY dist, places.nm")

        zalias = zips.alias('main_zip')
        qlat = select([zips.c.latitude], zips.c.zipcode == zalias.c.zipcode).as_scalar()
        qlng = select([zips.c.longitude], zips.c.zipcode == zalias.c.zipcode).as_scalar()
        q = select([places.c.id, places.c.nm, zalias.c.zipcode, func.latlondist(qlat, qlng).label('dist')],
                         order_by = ['dist', places.c.nm]
                         )
        self.assert_compile(q, "SELECT places.id, places.nm, main_zip.zipcode, latlondist((SELECT zips.latitude FROM zips WHERE zips.zipcode = main_zip.zipcode), (SELECT zips.longitude FROM zips WHERE zips.zipcode = main_zip.zipcode)) AS dist FROM places, zips AS main_zip ORDER BY dist, places.nm")

        a1 = table2.alias('t2alias')
        s1 = select([a1.c.otherid], table1.c.myid==a1.c.otherid).as_scalar()
        j1 = table1.join(table2, table1.c.myid==table2.c.otherid)
        s2 = select([table1, s1], from_obj=j1)
        self.assert_compile(s2, "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, (SELECT t2alias.otherid FROM myothertable AS t2alias WHERE mytable.myid = t2alias.otherid) AS anon_1 FROM mytable JOIN myothertable ON mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid")

    def test_label_comparison(self):
        x = func.lala(table1.c.myid).label('foo')
        self.assert_compile(select([x], x==5), "SELECT lala(mytable.myid) AS foo FROM mytable WHERE lala(mytable.myid) = :param_1")

        self.assert_compile(label('bar', column('foo', type_=String)) + "foo", "foo || :param_1")
    

    def test_conjunctions(self):
        a, b, c = 'a', 'b', 'c'
        x = and_(a, b, c)
        assert isinstance(x.type,  Boolean)
        assert str(x) == 'a AND b AND c'
        self.assert_compile(
            select([x.label('foo')]),
            'SELECT a AND b AND c AS foo'
        )
    
        self.assert_compile(
            and_(table1.c.myid == 12, table1.c.name=='asdf', table2.c.othername == 'foo', "sysdate() = today()"),
            "mytable.myid = :myid_1 AND mytable.name = :name_1 "\
            "AND myothertable.othername = :othername_1 AND sysdate() = today()"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            and_(
                table1.c.myid == 12,
                or_(table2.c.othername=='asdf', table2.c.othername == 'foo', table2.c.otherid == 9),
                "sysdate() = today()",
            ),
            "mytable.myid = :myid_1 AND (myothertable.othername = :othername_1 OR "\
            "myothertable.othername = :othername_2 OR myothertable.otherid = :otherid_1) AND sysdate() = today()",
            checkparams = {'othername_1': 'asdf', 'othername_2':'foo', 'otherid_1': 9, 'myid_1': 12}
        )
        

    def test_distinct(self):
        self.assert_compile(
            select([table1.c.myid.distinct()]), "SELECT DISTINCT mytable.myid FROM mytable"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([distinct(table1.c.myid)]), "SELECT DISTINCT mytable.myid FROM mytable"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([table1.c.myid]).distinct(), "SELECT DISTINCT mytable.myid FROM mytable"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([func.count(table1.c.myid.distinct())]), "SELECT count(DISTINCT mytable.myid) AS count_1 FROM mytable"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([func.count(distinct(table1.c.myid))]), "SELECT count(DISTINCT mytable.myid) AS count_1 FROM mytable"
        )

    def test_operators(self):
        for (py_op, sql_op) in ((operator.add, '+'), (operator.mul, '*'),
                                (operator.sub, '-'), 
                                # Py3K
                                #(operator.truediv, '/'),
                                # Py2K
                                (operator.div, '/'),
                                # end Py2K
                                ):
            for (lhs, rhs, res) in (
                (5, table1.c.myid, ':myid_1 %s mytable.myid'),
                (5, literal(5), ':param_1 %s :param_2'),
                (table1.c.myid, 'b', 'mytable.myid %s :myid_1'),
                (table1.c.myid, literal(2.7), 'mytable.myid %s :param_1'),
                (table1.c.myid, table1.c.myid, 'mytable.myid %s mytable.myid'),
                (literal(5), 8, ':param_1 %s :param_2'),
                (literal(6), table1.c.myid, ':param_1 %s mytable.myid'),
                (literal(7), literal(5.5), ':param_1 %s :param_2'),
                ):
                self.assert_compile(py_op(lhs, rhs), res % sql_op)

        dt = datetime.datetime.today()
        # exercise comparison operators
        for (py_op, fwd_op, rev_op) in ((operator.lt, '<', '>'),
                                        (operator.gt, '>', '<'),
                                        (operator.eq, '=', '='),
                                        (operator.ne, '!=', '!='),
                                        (operator.le, '<=', '>='),
                                        (operator.ge, '>=', '<=')):
            for (lhs, rhs, l_sql, r_sql) in (
                ('a', table1.c.myid, ':myid_1', 'mytable.myid'),
                ('a', literal('b'), ':param_2', ':param_1'), # note swap!
                (table1.c.myid, 'b', 'mytable.myid', ':myid_1'),
                (table1.c.myid, literal('b'), 'mytable.myid', ':param_1'),
                (table1.c.myid, table1.c.myid, 'mytable.myid', 'mytable.myid'),
                (literal('a'), 'b', ':param_1', ':param_2'),
                (literal('a'), table1.c.myid, ':param_1', 'mytable.myid'),
                (literal('a'), literal('b'), ':param_1', ':param_2'),
                (dt, literal('b'), ':param_2', ':param_1'),
                (literal('b'), dt, ':param_1', ':param_2'),
                ):

                # the compiled clause should match either (e.g.):
                # 'a' < 'b' -or- 'b' > 'a'.
                compiled = str(py_op(lhs, rhs))
                fwd_sql = "%s %s %s" % (l_sql, fwd_op, r_sql)
                rev_sql = "%s %s %s" % (r_sql, rev_op, l_sql)

                self.assert_(compiled == fwd_sql or compiled == rev_sql,
                             "\n'" + compiled + "'\n does not match\n'" +
                             fwd_sql + "'\n or\n'" + rev_sql + "'")
        
        for (py_op, op) in (
            (operator.neg, '-'),
            (operator.inv, 'NOT '),
        ):
            for expr, sql in (
                (table1.c.myid, "mytable.myid"),
                (literal("foo"), ":param_1"),
            ):
            
                compiled = str(py_op(expr))
                sql = "%s%s" % (op, sql)
                eq_(compiled, sql)
        
        self.assert_compile(
         table1.select((table1.c.myid != 12) & ~(table1.c.name=='john')),
         "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid != :myid_1 AND mytable.name != :name_1"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
         table1.select((table1.c.myid != 12) & ~(table1.c.name.between('jack','john'))),
         "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid != :myid_1 AND "\
         "NOT (mytable.name BETWEEN :name_1 AND :name_2)"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
         table1.select((table1.c.myid != 12) & ~and_(table1.c.name=='john', table1.c.name=='ed', table1.c.name=='fred')),
         "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid != :myid_1 AND "\
         "NOT (mytable.name = :name_1 AND mytable.name = :name_2 AND mytable.name = :name_3)"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
         table1.select((table1.c.myid != 12) & ~table1.c.name),
         "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid != :myid_1 AND NOT mytable.name"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
         literal("a") + literal("b") * literal("c"), ":param_1 || :param_2 * :param_3"
        )

        # test the op() function, also that its results are further usable in expressions
        self.assert_compile(
            table1.select(table1.c.myid.op('hoho')(12)==14),
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE (mytable.myid hoho :myid_1) = :param_1"
        )

        # test that clauses can be pickled (operators need to be module-level, etc.)
        clause = (table1.c.myid == 12) & table1.c.myid.between(15, 20) & table1.c.myid.like('hoho')
        assert str(clause) == str(util.pickle.loads(util.pickle.dumps(clause)))


    def test_like(self):
        for expr, check, dialect in [
            (table1.c.myid.like('somstr'), "mytable.myid LIKE :myid_1", None),
            (~table1.c.myid.like('somstr'), "mytable.myid NOT LIKE :myid_1", None),
            (table1.c.myid.like('somstr', escape='\\'), "mytable.myid LIKE :myid_1 ESCAPE '\\'", None),
            (~table1.c.myid.like('somstr', escape='\\'), "mytable.myid NOT LIKE :myid_1 ESCAPE '\\'", None),
            (table1.c.myid.ilike('somstr', escape='\\'), "lower(mytable.myid) LIKE lower(:myid_1) ESCAPE '\\'", None),
            (~table1.c.myid.ilike('somstr', escape='\\'), "lower(mytable.myid) NOT LIKE lower(:myid_1) ESCAPE '\\'", None),
            (table1.c.myid.ilike('somstr', escape='\\'), "mytable.myid ILIKE %(myid_1)s ESCAPE '\\'", postgresql.PGDialect()),
            (~table1.c.myid.ilike('somstr', escape='\\'), "mytable.myid NOT ILIKE %(myid_1)s ESCAPE '\\'", postgresql.PGDialect()),
            (table1.c.name.ilike('%something%'), "lower(mytable.name) LIKE lower(:name_1)", None),
            (table1.c.name.ilike('%something%'), "mytable.name ILIKE %(name_1)s", postgresql.PGDialect()),
            (~table1.c.name.ilike('%something%'), "lower(mytable.name) NOT LIKE lower(:name_1)", None),
            (~table1.c.name.ilike('%something%'), "mytable.name NOT ILIKE %(name_1)s", postgresql.PGDialect()),
        ]:
            self.assert_compile(expr, check, dialect=dialect)
    
    def test_match(self):
        for expr, check, dialect in [
            (table1.c.myid.match('somstr'), "mytable.myid MATCH ?", sqlite.SQLiteDialect()),
            (table1.c.myid.match('somstr'), "MATCH (mytable.myid) AGAINST (%s IN BOOLEAN MODE)", mysql.dialect()),
            (table1.c.myid.match('somstr'), "CONTAINS (mytable.myid, :myid_1)", mssql.dialect()),
            (table1.c.myid.match('somstr'), "mytable.myid @@ to_tsquery(%(myid_1)s)", postgresql.dialect()),
            (table1.c.myid.match('somstr'), "CONTAINS (mytable.myid, :myid_1)", oracle.dialect()),            
        ]:
            self.assert_compile(expr, check, dialect=dialect)

    def test_composed_string_comparators(self):
        self.assert_compile(
            table1.c.name.contains('jo'), "mytable.name LIKE '%%' || :name_1 || '%%'" , checkparams = {'name_1': u'jo'},
        )
        self.assert_compile(
            table1.c.name.contains('jo'), "mytable.name LIKE concat(concat('%%', %s), '%%')" , checkparams = {'name_1': u'jo'},
            dialect=mysql.dialect()
        )
        self.assert_compile(
            table1.c.name.contains('jo', escape='\\'), "mytable.name LIKE '%%' || :name_1 || '%%' ESCAPE '\\'" , checkparams = {'name_1': u'jo'},
        )
        self.assert_compile( table1.c.name.startswith('jo', escape='\\'), "mytable.name LIKE :name_1 || '%%' ESCAPE '\\'" )
        self.assert_compile( table1.c.name.endswith('jo', escape='\\'), "mytable.name LIKE '%%' || :name_1 ESCAPE '\\'" )
        self.assert_compile( table1.c.name.endswith('hn'), "mytable.name LIKE '%%' || :name_1", checkparams = {'name_1': u'hn'}, )
        self.assert_compile(
            table1.c.name.endswith('hn'), "mytable.name LIKE concat('%%', %s)",
            checkparams = {'name_1': u'hn'}, dialect=mysql.dialect()
        )
        self.assert_compile(
            table1.c.name.startswith(u"hi \xf6 \xf5"), "mytable.name LIKE :name_1 || '%%'",
            checkparams = {'name_1': u'hi \xf6 \xf5'},
        )
        self.assert_compile(column('name').endswith(text("'foo'")), "name LIKE '%%' || 'foo'"  )
        self.assert_compile(column('name').endswith(literal_column("'foo'")), "name LIKE '%%' || 'foo'"  )
        self.assert_compile(column('name').startswith(text("'foo'")), "name LIKE 'foo' || '%%'"  )
        self.assert_compile(column('name').startswith(text("'foo'")), "name LIKE concat('foo', '%%')", dialect=mysql.dialect())
        self.assert_compile(column('name').startswith(literal_column("'foo'")), "name LIKE 'foo' || '%%'"  )
        self.assert_compile(column('name').startswith(literal_column("'foo'")), "name LIKE concat('foo', '%%')", dialect=mysql.dialect())

    def test_multiple_col_binds(self):
        self.assert_compile(
            select(["*"], or_(table1.c.myid == 12, table1.c.myid=='asdf', table1.c.myid == 'foo')),
            "SELECT * FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1 OR mytable.myid = :myid_2 OR mytable.myid = :myid_3"
        )

    def test_orderby_groupby(self):
        self.assert_compile(
            table2.select(order_by = [table2.c.otherid, asc(table2.c.othername)]),
            "SELECT myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername FROM myothertable ORDER BY myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername ASC"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            table2.select(order_by = [table2.c.otherid, table2.c.othername.desc()]),
            "SELECT myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername FROM myothertable ORDER BY myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername DESC"
        )

        # generative order_by
        self.assert_compile(
            table2.select().order_by(table2.c.otherid).order_by(table2.c.othername.desc()),
            "SELECT myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername FROM myothertable ORDER BY myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername DESC"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            table2.select().order_by(table2.c.otherid).order_by(table2.c.othername.desc()).order_by(None),
            "SELECT myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername FROM myothertable"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([table2.c.othername, func.count(table2.c.otherid)], group_by = [table2.c.othername]),
            "SELECT myothertable.othername, count(myothertable.otherid) AS count_1 FROM myothertable GROUP BY myothertable.othername"
        )

        # generative group by
        self.assert_compile(
            select([table2.c.othername, func.count(table2.c.otherid)]).group_by(table2.c.othername),
            "SELECT myothertable.othername, count(myothertable.otherid) AS count_1 FROM myothertable GROUP BY myothertable.othername"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([table2.c.othername, func.count(table2.c.otherid)]).group_by(table2.c.othername).group_by(None),
            "SELECT myothertable.othername, count(myothertable.otherid) AS count_1 FROM myothertable"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([table2.c.othername, func.count(table2.c.otherid)], group_by = [table2.c.othername], order_by = [table2.c.othername]),
            "SELECT myothertable.othername, count(myothertable.otherid) AS count_1 FROM myothertable GROUP BY myothertable.othername ORDER BY myothertable.othername"
        )

    def test_for_update(self):
        self.assert_compile(table1.select(table1.c.myid==7, for_update=True), "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1 FOR UPDATE")

        self.assert_compile(table1.select(table1.c.myid==7, for_update="nowait"), "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1 FOR UPDATE")

        self.assert_compile(table1.select(table1.c.myid==7, for_update="nowait"), "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1 FOR UPDATE NOWAIT", dialect=oracle.dialect())

        self.assert_compile(table1.select(table1.c.myid==7, for_update="read"), "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = %s LOCK IN SHARE MODE", dialect=mysql.dialect())

        self.assert_compile(table1.select(table1.c.myid==7, for_update=True), "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = %s FOR UPDATE", dialect=mysql.dialect())

        self.assert_compile(table1.select(table1.c.myid==7, for_update=True), "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1 FOR UPDATE", dialect=oracle.dialect())

    def test_alias(self):
        # test the alias for a table1.  column names stay the same, table name "changes" to "foo".
        self.assert_compile(
            select([table1.alias('foo')])
            ,"SELECT foo.myid, foo.name, foo.description FROM mytable AS foo")

        for dialect in (oracle.dialect(),):
            self.assert_compile(
                select([table1.alias('foo')])
                ,"SELECT foo.myid, foo.name, foo.description FROM mytable foo"
                ,dialect=dialect)

        self.assert_compile(
            select([table1.alias()])
            ,"SELECT mytable_1.myid, mytable_1.name, mytable_1.description FROM mytable AS mytable_1")

        # create a select for a join of two tables.  use_labels means the column names will have
        # labels tablename_columnname, which become the column keys accessible off the Selectable object.
        # also, only use one column from the second table and all columns from the first table1.
        q = select([table1, table2.c.otherid], table1.c.myid == table2.c.otherid, use_labels = True)

        # make an alias of the "selectable".  column names stay the same (i.e. the labels), table name "changes" to "t2view".
        a = alias(q, 't2view')

        # select from that alias, also using labels.  two levels of labels should produce two underscores.
        # also, reference the column "mytable_myid" off of the t2view alias.
        self.assert_compile(
            a.select(a.c.mytable_myid == 9, use_labels = True),
            "SELECT t2view.mytable_myid AS t2view_mytable_myid, t2view.mytable_name AS t2view_mytable_name, \
t2view.mytable_description AS t2view_mytable_description, t2view.myothertable_otherid AS t2view_myothertable_otherid FROM \
(SELECT mytable.myid AS mytable_myid, mytable.name AS mytable_name, mytable.description AS mytable_description, \
myothertable.otherid AS myothertable_otherid FROM mytable, myothertable \
WHERE mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid) AS t2view WHERE t2view.mytable_myid = :mytable_myid_1"
        )


    def test_prefixes(self):
        self.assert_compile(table1.select().prefix_with("SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS").prefix_with("SQL_SOME_WEIRD_MYSQL_THING"),
            "SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS SQL_SOME_WEIRD_MYSQL_THING mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable"
        )

    def test_text(self):
        self.assert_compile(
            text("select * from foo where lala = bar") ,
            "select * from foo where lala = bar"
        )

        # test bytestring
        self.assert_compile(select(
            ["foobar(a)", "pk_foo_bar(syslaal)"],
            "a = 12",
            from_obj = ["foobar left outer join lala on foobar.foo = lala.foo"]
        ),
        "SELECT foobar(a), pk_foo_bar(syslaal) FROM foobar left outer join lala on foobar.foo = lala.foo WHERE a = 12")

        # test unicode
        self.assert_compile(select(
            [u"foobar(a)", u"pk_foo_bar(syslaal)"],
            u"a = 12",
            from_obj = [u"foobar left outer join lala on foobar.foo = lala.foo"]
        ),
        u"SELECT foobar(a), pk_foo_bar(syslaal) FROM foobar left outer join lala on foobar.foo = lala.foo WHERE a = 12")

        # test building a select query programmatically with text
        s = select()
        s.append_column("column1")
        s.append_column("column2")
        s.append_whereclause("column1=12")
        s.append_whereclause("column2=19")
        s = s.order_by("column1")
        s.append_from("table1")
        self.assert_compile(s, "SELECT column1, column2 FROM table1 WHERE column1=12 AND column2=19 ORDER BY column1")

        self.assert_compile(
            select(["column1", "column2"], from_obj=table1).alias('somealias').select(),
            "SELECT somealias.column1, somealias.column2 FROM (SELECT column1, column2 FROM mytable) AS somealias"
        )

        # test that use_labels doesnt interfere with literal columns
        self.assert_compile(
            select(["column1", "column2", table1.c.myid], from_obj=table1, use_labels=True),
            "SELECT column1, column2, mytable.myid AS mytable_myid FROM mytable"
        )

        # test that use_labels doesnt interfere with literal columns that have textual labels
        self.assert_compile(
            select(["column1 AS foobar", "column2 AS hoho", table1.c.myid], from_obj=table1, use_labels=True),
            "SELECT column1 AS foobar, column2 AS hoho, mytable.myid AS mytable_myid FROM mytable"
        )

        print "---------------------------------------------"
        s1 = select(["column1 AS foobar", "column2 AS hoho", table1.c.myid], from_obj=[table1])
        print "---------------------------------------------"
        # test that "auto-labeling of subquery columns" doesnt interfere with literal columns,
        # exported columns dont get quoted
        self.assert_compile(
            select(["column1 AS foobar", "column2 AS hoho", table1.c.myid], from_obj=[table1]).select(),
            "SELECT column1 AS foobar, column2 AS hoho, myid FROM (SELECT column1 AS foobar, column2 AS hoho, mytable.myid AS myid FROM mytable)"
        )
        
        self.assert_compile(
            select(['col1','col2'], from_obj='tablename').alias('myalias'),
            "SELECT col1, col2 FROM tablename"
        )

    def test_binds_in_text(self):
        self.assert_compile(
            text("select * from foo where lala=:bar and hoho=:whee", bindparams=[bindparam('bar', 4), bindparam('whee', 7)]),
                "select * from foo where lala=:bar and hoho=:whee",
                checkparams={'bar':4, 'whee': 7},
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            text("select * from foo where clock='05:06:07'"),
                "select * from foo where clock='05:06:07'",
                checkparams={},
                params={},
        )

        dialect = postgresql.dialect()
        self.assert_compile(
            text("select * from foo where lala=:bar and hoho=:whee", bindparams=[bindparam('bar',4), bindparam('whee',7)]),
                "select * from foo where lala=%(bar)s and hoho=%(whee)s",
                checkparams={'bar':4, 'whee': 7},
                dialect=dialect
        )
        
        # test escaping out text() params with a backslash
        self.assert_compile(
            text("select * from foo where clock='05:06:07' and mork='\:mindy'"),
            "select * from foo where clock='05:06:07' and mork=':mindy'",
            checkparams={},
            params={},
            dialect=dialect
        )

        dialect = sqlite.dialect()
        self.assert_compile(
            text("select * from foo where lala=:bar and hoho=:whee", bindparams=[bindparam('bar',4), bindparam('whee',7)]),
                "select * from foo where lala=? and hoho=?",
                checkparams={'bar':4, 'whee':7},
                dialect=dialect
        )

        self.assert_compile(select(
            [table1, table2.c.otherid, "sysdate()", "foo, bar, lala"],
            and_(
                "foo.id = foofoo(lala)",
                "datetime(foo) = Today",
                table1.c.myid == table2.c.otherid,
            )
        ),
        "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, myothertable.otherid, sysdate(), foo, bar, lala \
FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE foo.id = foofoo(lala) AND datetime(foo) = Today AND mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid")

        self.assert_compile(select(
            [alias(table1, 't'), "foo.f"],
            "foo.f = t.id",
            from_obj = ["(select f from bar where lala=heyhey) foo"]
        ),
        "SELECT t.myid, t.name, t.description, foo.f FROM mytable AS t, (select f from bar where lala=heyhey) foo WHERE foo.f = t.id")

        # test Text embedded within select_from(), using binds
        generate_series = text("generate_series(:x, :y, :z) as s(a)", bindparams=[bindparam('x'), bindparam('y'), bindparam('z')])

        s =select([(func.current_date() + literal_column("s.a")).label("dates")]).select_from(generate_series)
        self.assert_compile(s, "SELECT CURRENT_DATE + s.a AS dates FROM generate_series(:x, :y, :z) as s(a)", checkparams={'y': None, 'x': None, 'z': None})
        
        self.assert_compile(s.params(x=5, y=6, z=7), "SELECT CURRENT_DATE + s.a AS dates FROM generate_series(:x, :y, :z) as s(a)", checkparams={'y': 6, 'x': 5, 'z': 7})
        

    def test_literal(self):
        
        self.assert_compile(select([literal('foo')]), "SELECT :param_1")
        
        self.assert_compile(select([literal("foo") + literal("bar")], from_obj=[table1]),
            "SELECT :param_1 || :param_2 AS anon_1 FROM mytable")

    def test_calculated_columns(self):
         value_tbl = table('values',
             column('id', Integer),
             column('val1', Float),
             column('val2', Float),
         )

         self.assert_compile(
             select([value_tbl.c.id, (value_tbl.c.val2 -
     value_tbl.c.val1)/value_tbl.c.val1]),
             "SELECT values.id, (values.val2 - values.val1) / values.val1 AS anon_1 FROM values"
         )

         self.assert_compile(
             select([value_tbl.c.id], (value_tbl.c.val2 -
     value_tbl.c.val1)/value_tbl.c.val1 > 2.0),
             "SELECT values.id FROM values WHERE (values.val2 - values.val1) / values.val1 > :param_1"
         )

         self.assert_compile(
             select([value_tbl.c.id], value_tbl.c.val1 / (value_tbl.c.val2 - value_tbl.c.val1) /value_tbl.c.val1 > 2.0),
             "SELECT values.id FROM values WHERE values.val1 / (values.val2 - values.val1) / values.val1 > :param_1"
         )

    def test_collate(self):
        for expr in (select([table1.c.name.collate('latin1_german2_ci')]),
                     select([collate(table1.c.name, 'latin1_german2_ci')])):
            self.assert_compile(
                expr, "SELECT mytable.name COLLATE latin1_german2_ci AS anon_1 FROM mytable")

        assert table1.c.name.collate('latin1_german2_ci').type is table1.c.name.type
        
        expr = select([table1.c.name.collate('latin1_german2_ci').label('k1')]).order_by('k1')
        self.assert_compile(expr,"SELECT mytable.name COLLATE latin1_german2_ci AS k1 FROM mytable ORDER BY k1")

        expr = select([collate('foo', 'latin1_german2_ci').label('k1')])
        self.assert_compile(expr,"SELECT :param_1 COLLATE latin1_german2_ci AS k1")

        expr = select([table1.c.name.collate('latin1_german2_ci').like('%x%')])
        self.assert_compile(expr,
                            "SELECT mytable.name COLLATE latin1_german2_ci "
                            "LIKE :param_1 AS anon_1 FROM mytable")

        expr = select([table1.c.name.like(collate('%x%', 'latin1_german2_ci'))])
        self.assert_compile(expr,
                            "SELECT mytable.name "
                            "LIKE :param_1 COLLATE latin1_german2_ci AS anon_1 "
                            "FROM mytable")

        expr = select([table1.c.name.collate('col1').like(
            collate('%x%', 'col2'))])
        self.assert_compile(expr,
                            "SELECT mytable.name COLLATE col1 "
                            "LIKE :param_1 COLLATE col2 AS anon_1 "
                            "FROM mytable")

        expr = select([func.concat('a', 'b').collate('latin1_german2_ci').label('x')])
        self.assert_compile(expr,
                            "SELECT concat(:param_1, :param_2) "
                            "COLLATE latin1_german2_ci AS x")


        expr = select([table1.c.name]).order_by(table1.c.name.collate('latin1_german2_ci'))
        self.assert_compile(expr, "SELECT mytable.name FROM mytable ORDER BY mytable.name COLLATE latin1_german2_ci")

    def test_percent_chars(self):
        t = table("table%name",
            column("percent%"),
            column("%(oneofthese)s"),
            column("spaces % more spaces"),
        )
        self.assert_compile(
            t.select(use_labels=True),
            '''SELECT "table%name"."percent%" AS "table%name_percent%", '''\
            '''"table%name"."%(oneofthese)s" AS "table%name_%(oneofthese)s", '''\
            '''"table%name"."spaces % more spaces" AS "table%name_spaces % more spaces" FROM "table%name"'''
        )
        
        
    def test_joins(self):
        self.assert_compile(
            join(table2, table1, table1.c.myid == table2.c.otherid).select(),
            "SELECT myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername, mytable.myid, mytable.name, \
mytable.description FROM myothertable JOIN mytable ON mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select(
             [table1],
                from_obj = [join(table1, table2, table1.c.myid == table2.c.otherid)]
            ),
        "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable JOIN myothertable ON mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid")

        self.assert_compile(
            select(
                [join(join(table1, table2, table1.c.myid == table2.c.otherid), table3, table1.c.myid == table3.c.userid)]
            ),
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername, thirdtable.userid, thirdtable.otherstuff FROM mytable JOIN myothertable ON mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid JOIN thirdtable ON mytable.myid = thirdtable.userid"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            join(users, addresses, users.c.user_id==addresses.c.user_id).select(),
            "SELECT users.user_id, users.user_name, users.password, addresses.address_id, addresses.user_id, addresses.street, addresses.city, addresses.state, addresses.zip FROM users JOIN addresses ON users.user_id = addresses.user_id"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
                select([table1, table2, table3],

                from_obj = [join(table1, table2, table1.c.myid == table2.c.otherid).outerjoin(table3, table1.c.myid==table3.c.userid)]

                #from_obj = [outerjoin(join(table, table2, table1.c.myid == table2.c.otherid), table3, table1.c.myid==table3.c.userid)]
                )
                ,"SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername, thirdtable.userid, thirdtable.otherstuff FROM mytable JOIN myothertable ON mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid LEFT OUTER JOIN thirdtable ON mytable.myid = thirdtable.userid"
            )
        self.assert_compile(
                select([table1, table2, table3],
                from_obj = [outerjoin(table1, join(table2, table3, table2.c.otherid == table3.c.userid), table1.c.myid==table2.c.otherid)]
                )
                ,"SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername, thirdtable.userid, thirdtable.otherstuff FROM mytable LEFT OUTER JOIN (myothertable JOIN thirdtable ON myothertable.otherid = thirdtable.userid) ON mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid"
            )

        query = select(
                [table1, table2],
                or_(
                    table1.c.name == 'fred',
                    table1.c.myid == 10,
                    table2.c.othername != 'jack',
                    "EXISTS (select yay from foo where boo = lar)"
                ),
                from_obj = [ outerjoin(table1, table2, table1.c.myid == table2.c.otherid) ]
                )
        self.assert_compile(query,
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername \
FROM mytable LEFT OUTER JOIN myothertable ON mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid \
WHERE mytable.name = :name_1 OR mytable.myid = :myid_1 OR \
myothertable.othername != :othername_1 OR \
EXISTS (select yay from foo where boo = lar)",
            )

    def test_compound_selects(self):
        try:
            union(table3.select(), table1.select())
        except exc.ArgumentError, err:
            assert str(err) == "All selectables passed to CompoundSelect must have identical numbers of columns; select #1 has 2 columns, select #2 has 3"
    
        x = union(
              select([table1], table1.c.myid == 5),
              select([table1], table1.c.myid == 12),
              order_by = [table1.c.myid],
        )

        self.assert_compile(x, "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description "\
                                "FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1 UNION "\
                                "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description "\
                                "FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_2 ORDER BY mytable.myid")

        x = union(
              select([table1]),
              select([table1])
        )
        x = union(x, select([table1]))
        self.assert_compile(x, "(SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description "
                                "FROM mytable UNION SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, " 
                                "mytable.description FROM mytable) UNION SELECT mytable.myid,"
                                " mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable")
        
        u1 = union(
            select([table1.c.myid, table1.c.name]),
            select([table2]),
            select([table3])
        )
        self.assert_compile(u1, "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name "
                                "FROM mytable UNION SELECT myothertable.otherid, "
                                "myothertable.othername FROM myothertable "
                                "UNION SELECT thirdtable.userid, thirdtable.otherstuff "
                                "FROM thirdtable")

        assert u1.corresponding_column(table2.c.otherid) is u1.c.myid
        
        # TODO - why is there an extra space before the LIMIT ?
        self.assert_compile(
            union(
                select([table1.c.myid, table1.c.name]),
                select([table2]),
                order_by=['myid'],
                offset=10,
                limit=5
            ),
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name "
            "FROM mytable UNION SELECT myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername "
            "FROM myothertable ORDER BY myid  LIMIT 5 OFFSET 10"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            union(
                select([table1.c.myid, table1.c.name, func.max(table1.c.description)],
                            table1.c.name=='name2', 
                            group_by=[table1.c.myid, table1.c.name]),
                table1.select(table1.c.name=='name1')
            ),
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, max(mytable.description) AS max_1 "
            "FROM mytable WHERE mytable.name = :name_1 GROUP BY mytable.myid, "
            "mytable.name UNION SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description "
            "FROM mytable WHERE mytable.name = :name_2"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            union(
                select([literal(100).label('value')]),
                select([literal(200).label('value')])
                ),
                "SELECT :param_1 AS value UNION SELECT :param_2 AS value"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            union_all(
                select([table1.c.myid]),
                union(
                    select([table2.c.otherid]),
                    select([table3.c.userid]),
                )
            )
            ,
            "SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable UNION ALL "
            "(SELECT myothertable.otherid FROM myothertable UNION "
            "SELECT thirdtable.userid FROM thirdtable)"
        )

        
        s = select([column('foo'), column('bar')])

        # ORDER BY's even though not supported by all DB's, are rendered if requested
        self.assert_compile(union(s.order_by("foo"), s.order_by("bar")), 
            "SELECT foo, bar ORDER BY foo UNION SELECT foo, bar ORDER BY bar"
        )
        # self_group() is honored
        self.assert_compile(
            union(s.order_by("foo").self_group(), s.order_by("bar").limit(10).self_group()), 
            "(SELECT foo, bar ORDER BY foo) UNION (SELECT foo, bar ORDER BY bar  LIMIT 10)"
        )
        
    def test_compound_grouping(self):
        s = select([column('foo'), column('bar')]).select_from('bat')

        self.assert_compile(
            union(union(union(s, s), s), s),
            "((SELECT foo, bar FROM bat UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat) "
            "UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat) UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat"
        )
        
        self.assert_compile(
            union(s, s, s, s),
            "SELECT foo, bar FROM bat UNION SELECT foo, bar "
            "FROM bat UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            union(s, union(s, union(s, s))),
            "SELECT foo, bar FROM bat UNION (SELECT foo, bar FROM bat "
            "UNION (SELECT foo, bar FROM bat UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat))"
        )
        
        self.assert_compile(
            select([s.alias()]),
            'SELECT anon_1.foo, anon_1.bar FROM (SELECT foo, bar FROM bat) AS anon_1'
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([union(s, s).alias()]),
            'SELECT anon_1.foo, anon_1.bar FROM '
            '(SELECT foo, bar FROM bat UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat) AS anon_1'
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            select([except_(s, s).alias()]),
            'SELECT anon_1.foo, anon_1.bar FROM '
            '(SELECT foo, bar FROM bat EXCEPT SELECT foo, bar FROM bat) AS anon_1'
        )

        # this query sqlite specifically chokes on
        self.assert_compile(
            union(
                except_(s, s),
                s
            ),
            "(SELECT foo, bar FROM bat EXCEPT SELECT foo, bar FROM bat) "
            "UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            union(
                s,
                except_(s, s),
            ),
            "SELECT foo, bar FROM bat "
            "UNION (SELECT foo, bar FROM bat EXCEPT SELECT foo, bar FROM bat)"
        )

        # this solves it
        self.assert_compile(
            union(
                except_(s, s).alias().select(),
                s
            ),
            "SELECT anon_1.foo, anon_1.bar FROM "
            "(SELECT foo, bar FROM bat EXCEPT SELECT foo, bar FROM bat) AS anon_1 "
            "UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            except_(
                union(s, s),
                union(s, s)
            ),
            "(SELECT foo, bar FROM bat UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat) "
            "EXCEPT (SELECT foo, bar FROM bat UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat)"
        )
        s2 = union(s, s)
        s3 = union(s2, s2)
        self.assert_compile(s3, "(SELECT foo, bar FROM bat "
                                "UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat) "
                                "UNION (SELECT foo, bar FROM bat "
                                "UNION SELECT foo, bar FROM bat)")
        
        
        self.assert_compile(
            union(
                intersect(s, s),
                intersect(s, s)
            ),
            "(SELECT foo, bar FROM bat INTERSECT SELECT foo, bar FROM bat) "
            "UNION (SELECT foo, bar FROM bat INTERSECT SELECT foo, bar FROM bat)"
        )

    @testing.uses_deprecated()
    def test_binds(self):
        for (
             stmt,
             expected_named_stmt,
             expected_positional_stmt,
             expected_default_params_dict,
             expected_default_params_list,
             test_param_dict,
             expected_test_params_dict,
             expected_test_params_list
             ) in [
              (
                  select(
                      [table1, table2],
                     and_(
                         table1.c.myid == table2.c.otherid,
                         table1.c.name == bindparam('mytablename')
                     )),
                     """SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid AND mytable.name = :mytablename""",
                     """SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid AND mytable.name = ?""",
                 {'mytablename':None}, [None],
                 {'mytablename':5}, {'mytablename':5}, [5]
             ),
             (
                 select([table1], or_(table1.c.myid==bindparam('myid'), table2.c.otherid==bindparam('myid'))),
                 "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid OR myothertable.otherid = :myid",
                 "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = ? OR myothertable.otherid = ?",
                 {'myid':None}, [None, None],
                 {'myid':5}, {'myid':5}, [5,5]
             ),
             (
                 text("SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid OR myothertable.otherid = :myid"),
                 "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid OR myothertable.otherid = :myid",
                 "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = ? OR myothertable.otherid = ?",
                 {'myid':None}, [None, None],
                 {'myid':5}, {'myid':5}, [5,5]
             ),
             (
                 select([table1], or_(table1.c.myid==bindparam('myid', unique=True), table2.c.otherid==bindparam('myid', unique=True))),
                 "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1 OR myothertable.otherid = :myid_2",
                 "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = ? OR myothertable.otherid = ?",
                 {'myid_1':None, 'myid_2':None}, [None, None],
                 {'myid_1':5, 'myid_2': 6}, {'myid_1':5, 'myid_2':6}, [5,6]
             ),
             (
                bindparam('test', type_=String) + text("'hi'"),
                ":test || 'hi'",
                "? || 'hi'",
                {'test':None}, [None],
                {}, {'test':None}, [None]
             ),
             (
                 select([table1], or_(table1.c.myid==bindparam('myid'), table2.c.otherid==bindparam('myotherid'))).params({'myid':8, 'myotherid':7}),
                 "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid OR myothertable.otherid = :myotherid",
                 "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = ? OR myothertable.otherid = ?",
                 {'myid':8, 'myotherid':7}, [8, 7],
                 {'myid':5}, {'myid':5, 'myotherid':7}, [5,7]
             ),
             (
                 select([table1], or_(table1.c.myid==bindparam('myid', value=7, unique=True), table2.c.otherid==bindparam('myid', value=8, unique=True))),
                 "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1 OR myothertable.otherid = :myid_2",
                 "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description FROM mytable, myothertable WHERE mytable.myid = ? OR myothertable.otherid = ?",
                 {'myid_1':7, 'myid_2':8}, [7,8],
                 {'myid_1':5, 'myid_2':6}, {'myid_1':5, 'myid_2':6}, [5,6]
             ),
             ]:

                self.assert_compile(stmt, expected_named_stmt, params=expected_default_params_dict)
                self.assert_compile(stmt, expected_positional_stmt, dialect=sqlite.dialect())
                nonpositional = stmt.compile()
                positional = stmt.compile(dialect=sqlite.dialect())
                pp = positional.params
                assert [pp[k] for k in positional.positiontup] == expected_default_params_list
                assert nonpositional.construct_params(test_param_dict) == expected_test_params_dict, "expected :%s got %s" % (str(expected_test_params_dict), str(nonpositional.get_params(**test_param_dict)))
                pp = positional.construct_params(test_param_dict)
                assert [pp[k] for k in positional.positiontup] == expected_test_params_list

        # check that params() doesnt modify original statement
        s = select([table1], or_(table1.c.myid==bindparam('myid'), table2.c.otherid==bindparam('myotherid')))
        s2 = s.params({'myid':8, 'myotherid':7})
        s3 = s2.params({'myid':9})
        assert s.compile().params == {'myid':None, 'myotherid':None}
        assert s2.compile().params == {'myid':8, 'myotherid':7}
        assert s3.compile().params == {'myid':9, 'myotherid':7}

        # test using same 'unique' param object twice in one compile
        s = select([table1.c.myid]).where(table1.c.myid==12).as_scalar()
        s2 = select([table1, s], table1.c.myid==s)
        self.assert_compile(s2,
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = "\
            ":myid_1) AS anon_1 FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = (SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1)")
        positional = s2.compile(dialect=sqlite.dialect())

        pp = positional.params
        assert [pp[k] for k in positional.positiontup] == [12, 12]

        # check that conflicts with "unique" params are caught
        s = select([table1], or_(table1.c.myid==7, table1.c.myid==bindparam('myid_1')))
        assert_raises_message(exc.CompileError, "conflicts with unique bind parameter of the same name", str, s)

        s = select([table1], or_(table1.c.myid==7, table1.c.myid==8, table1.c.myid==bindparam('myid_1')))
        assert_raises_message(exc.CompileError, "conflicts with unique bind parameter of the same name", str, s)

    def test_binds_no_hash_collision(self):
        """test that construct_params doesn't corrupt dict due to hash collisions"""
        
        total_params = 100000
        
        in_clause = [':in%d' % i for i in range(total_params)]
        params = dict(('in%d' % i, i) for i in range(total_params))
        sql = 'text clause %s' % ', '.join(in_clause)
        t = text(sql)
        eq_(len(t.bindparams), total_params)
        c = t.compile()
        pp = c.construct_params(params)
        eq_(len(set(pp)), total_params, '%s %s' % (len(set(pp)), len(pp)))
        eq_(len(set(pp.values())), total_params)
        

    def test_bind_as_col(self):
        t = table('foo', column('id'))

        s = select([t, literal('lala').label('hoho')])
        self.assert_compile(s, "SELECT foo.id, :param_1 AS hoho FROM foo")
        
        assert [str(c) for c in s.c] == ["id", "hoho"]

    
    @testing.emits_warning('.*empty sequence.*')
    def test_in(self):
        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_(['a']),
        "mytable.myid IN (:myid_1)")

        self.assert_compile(~table1.c.myid.in_(['a']),
        "mytable.myid NOT IN (:myid_1)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_(['a', 'b']),
        "mytable.myid IN (:myid_1, :myid_2)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_(iter(['a', 'b'])),
        "mytable.myid IN (:myid_1, :myid_2)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([literal('a')]),
        "mytable.myid IN (:param_1)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([literal('a'), 'b']),
        "mytable.myid IN (:param_1, :myid_1)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([literal('a'), literal('b')]),
        "mytable.myid IN (:param_1, :param_2)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_(['a', literal('b')]),
        "mytable.myid IN (:myid_1, :param_1)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([literal(1) + 'a']),
        "mytable.myid IN (:param_1 + :param_2)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([literal('a') +'a', 'b']),
        "mytable.myid IN (:param_1 || :param_2, :myid_1)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([literal('a') + literal('a'), literal('b')]),
        "mytable.myid IN (:param_1 || :param_2, :param_3)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([1, literal(3) + 4]),
        "mytable.myid IN (:myid_1, :param_1 + :param_2)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([literal('a') < 'b']),
        "mytable.myid IN (:param_1 < :param_2)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([table1.c.myid]),
        "mytable.myid IN (mytable.myid)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_(['a', table1.c.myid]),
        "mytable.myid IN (:myid_1, mytable.myid)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([literal('a'), table1.c.myid]),
        "mytable.myid IN (:param_1, mytable.myid)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([literal('a'), table1.c.myid +'a']),
        "mytable.myid IN (:param_1, mytable.myid + :myid_1)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([literal(1), 'a' + table1.c.myid]),
        "mytable.myid IN (:param_1, :myid_1 + mytable.myid)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([1, 2, 3]),
        "mytable.myid IN (:myid_1, :myid_2, :myid_3)")

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_(select([table2.c.otherid])),
        "mytable.myid IN (SELECT myothertable.otherid FROM myothertable)")

        self.assert_compile(~table1.c.myid.in_(select([table2.c.otherid])),
        "mytable.myid NOT IN (SELECT myothertable.otherid FROM myothertable)")

        # test empty in clause
        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_([]),
        "mytable.myid != mytable.myid")

        self.assert_compile(
            select([table1.c.myid.in_(select([table2.c.otherid]))]),
            "SELECT mytable.myid IN (SELECT myothertable.otherid FROM myothertable) AS anon_1 FROM mytable"
        )
        self.assert_compile(
            select([table1.c.myid.in_(select([table2.c.otherid]).as_scalar())]),
            "SELECT mytable.myid IN (SELECT myothertable.otherid FROM myothertable) AS anon_1 FROM mytable"
        )

        self.assert_compile(table1.c.myid.in_(
            union(
                  select([table1.c.myid], table1.c.myid == 5),
                  select([table1.c.myid], table1.c.myid == 12),
            )
        ), "mytable.myid IN ("\
        "SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1 "\
        "UNION SELECT mytable.myid FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_2)")

        # test that putting a select in an IN clause does not blow away its ORDER BY clause
        self.assert_compile(
            select([table1, table2],
                table2.c.otherid.in_(
                    select([table2.c.otherid], order_by=[table2.c.othername], limit=10, correlate=False)
                ),
                from_obj=[table1.join(table2, table1.c.myid==table2.c.otherid)], order_by=[table1.c.myid]
            ),
            "SELECT mytable.myid, mytable.name, mytable.description, myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername FROM mytable "\
            "JOIN myothertable ON mytable.myid = myothertable.otherid WHERE myothertable.otherid IN (SELECT myothertable.otherid "\
            "FROM myothertable ORDER BY myothertable.othername  LIMIT 10) ORDER BY mytable.myid"
        )

    def test_tuple(self):
        self.assert_compile(tuple_(table1.c.myid, table1.c.name).in_([(1, 'foo'), (5, 'bar')]),
            "(mytable.myid, mytable.name) IN ((:param_1, :param_2), (:param_3, :param_4))"
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            tuple_(table1.c.myid, table1.c.name).in_(
                        [tuple_(table2.c.otherid, table2.c.othername)]
                    ),
            "(mytable.myid, mytable.name) IN (myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername)"
        )
        
        self.assert_compile(
            tuple_(table1.c.myid, table1.c.name).in_(
                        select([table2.c.otherid, table2.c.othername])
                    ),
            "(mytable.myid, mytable.name) IN (SELECT "
            "myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername FROM myothertable)"
        )
        
        
    def test_cast(self):
        tbl = table('casttest',
                    column('id', Integer),
                    column('v1', Float),
                    column('v2', Float),
                    column('ts', TIMESTAMP),
                    )

        def check_results(dialect, expected_results, literal):
            eq_(len(expected_results), 5, 'Incorrect number of expected results')
            eq_(str(cast(tbl.c.v1, Numeric).compile(dialect=dialect)), 'CAST(casttest.v1 AS %s)' %expected_results[0])
            eq_(str(cast(tbl.c.v1, Numeric(12, 9)).compile(dialect=dialect)), 'CAST(casttest.v1 AS %s)' %expected_results[1])
            eq_(str(cast(tbl.c.ts, Date).compile(dialect=dialect)), 'CAST(casttest.ts AS %s)' %expected_results[2])
            eq_(str(cast(1234, Text).compile(dialect=dialect)), 'CAST(%s AS %s)' %(literal, expected_results[3]))
            eq_(str(cast('test', String(20)).compile(dialect=dialect)), 'CAST(%s AS %s)' %(literal, expected_results[4]))
            # fixme: shoving all of this dialect-specific stuff in one test
            # is now officialy completely ridiculous AND non-obviously omits
            # coverage on other dialects.
            sel = select([tbl, cast(tbl.c.v1, Numeric)]).compile(dialect=dialect)
            if isinstance(dialect, type(mysql.dialect())):
                eq_(str(sel), "SELECT casttest.id, casttest.v1, casttest.v2, casttest.ts, CAST(casttest.v1 AS DECIMAL) AS anon_1 \nFROM casttest")
            else:
                eq_(str(sel), "SELECT casttest.id, casttest.v1, casttest.v2, casttest.ts, CAST(casttest.v1 AS NUMERIC) AS anon_1 \nFROM casttest")

        # first test with PostgreSQL engine
        check_results(postgresql.dialect(), ['NUMERIC', 'NUMERIC(12, 9)', 'DATE', 'TEXT', 'VARCHAR(20)'], '%(param_1)s')

        # then the Oracle engine
        check_results(oracle.dialect(), ['NUMERIC', 'NUMERIC(12, 9)', 'DATE', 'CLOB', 'VARCHAR(20)'], ':param_1')

        # then the sqlite engine
        check_results(sqlite.dialect(), ['NUMERIC', 'NUMERIC(12, 9)', 'DATE', 'TEXT', 'VARCHAR(20)'], '?')

        # then the MySQL engine
        check_results(mysql.dialect(), ['DECIMAL', 'DECIMAL(12, 9)', 'DATE', 'CHAR', 'CHAR(20)'], '%s')

        self.assert_compile(cast(text('NULL'), Integer), "CAST(NULL AS INTEGER)", dialect=sqlite.dialect())
        self.assert_compile(cast(null(), Integer), "CAST(NULL AS INTEGER)", dialect=sqlite.dialect())
        self.assert_compile(cast(literal_column('NULL'), Integer), "CAST(NULL AS INTEGER)", dialect=sqlite.dialect())
        
    def test_date_between(self):
        import datetime
        table = Table('dt', metadata,
            Column('date', Date))
        self.assert_compile(table.select(table.c.date.between(datetime.date(2006,6,1), datetime.date(2006,6,5))),
            "SELECT dt.date FROM dt WHERE dt.date BETWEEN :date_1 AND :date_2", checkparams={'date_1':datetime.date(2006,6,1), 'date_2':datetime.date(2006,6,5)})

        self.assert_compile(table.select(sql.between(table.c.date, datetime.date(2006,6,1), datetime.date(2006,6,5))),
            "SELECT dt.date FROM dt WHERE dt.date BETWEEN :date_1 AND :date_2", checkparams={'date_1':datetime.date(2006,6,1), 'date_2':datetime.date(2006,6,5)})

    def test_operator_precedence(self):
        table = Table('op', metadata,
            Column('field', Integer))
        self.assert_compile(table.select((table.c.field == 5) == None),
            "SELECT op.field FROM op WHERE (op.field = :field_1) IS NULL")
        self.assert_compile(table.select((table.c.field + 5) == table.c.field),
            "SELECT op.field FROM op WHERE op.field + :field_1 = op.field")
        self.assert_compile(table.select((table.c.field + 5) * 6),
            "SELECT op.field FROM op WHERE (op.field + :field_1) * :param_1")
        self.assert_compile(table.select((table.c.field * 5) + 6),
            "SELECT op.field FROM op WHERE op.field * :field_1 + :param_1")
        self.assert_compile(table.select(5 + table.c.field.in_([5,6])),
            "SELECT op.field FROM op WHERE :param_1 + (op.field IN (:field_1, :field_2))")
        self.assert_compile(table.select((5 + table.c.field).in_([5,6])),
            "SELECT op.field FROM op WHERE :field_1 + op.field IN (:param_1, :param_2)")
        self.assert_compile(table.select(not_(and_(table.c.field == 5, table.c.field == 7))),
            "SELECT op.field FROM op WHERE NOT (op.field = :field_1 AND op.field = :field_2)")
        self.assert_compile(table.select(not_(table.c.field == 5)),
            "SELECT op.field FROM op WHERE op.field != :field_1")
        self.assert_compile(table.select(not_(table.c.field.between(5, 6))),
            "SELECT op.field FROM op WHERE NOT (op.field BETWEEN :field_1 AND :field_2)")
        self.assert_compile(table.select(not_(table.c.field) == 5),
            "SELECT op.field FROM op WHERE (NOT op.field) = :param_1")
        self.assert_compile(table.select((table.c.field == table.c.field).between(False, True)),
            "SELECT op.field FROM op WHERE (op.field = op.field) BETWEEN :param_1 AND :param_2")
        self.assert_compile(table.select(between((table.c.field == table.c.field), False, True)),
            "SELECT op.field FROM op WHERE (op.field = op.field) BETWEEN :param_1 AND :param_2")
    
    def test_naming(self):
        s1 = select([table1.c.myid, table1.c.myid.label('foobar'), func.hoho(table1.c.name), func.lala(table1.c.name).label('gg')])
        assert s1.c.keys() == ['myid', 'foobar', 'hoho(mytable.name)', 'gg']

        meta = MetaData()
        t1 = Table('mytable', meta, Column('col1', Integer))
        
        for col, key, expr, label in (
            (table1.c.name, 'name', 'mytable.name', None),
            (table1.c.myid==12, 'mytable.myid = :myid_1', 'mytable.myid = :myid_1', 'anon_1'),
            (func.hoho(table1.c.myid), 'hoho(mytable.myid)', 'hoho(mytable.myid)', 'hoho_1'),
            (cast(table1.c.name, Numeric), 'CAST(mytable.name AS NUMERIC)', 'CAST(mytable.name AS NUMERIC)', 'anon_1'),
            (t1.c.col1, 'col1', 'mytable.col1', None),
            (column('some wacky thing'), 'some wacky thing', '"some wacky thing"', '')
        ):
            if getattr(col, 'table', None) is not None:
                t = col.table
            else:
                t = table1
                
            s1 = select([col], from_obj=t)
            assert s1.c.keys() == [key], s1.c.keys()
        
            if label:
                self.assert_compile(s1, "SELECT %s AS %s FROM mytable" % (expr, label))
            else:
                self.assert_compile(s1, "SELECT %s FROM mytable" % (expr,))
            
            s1 = select([s1])
            if label:
                self.assert_compile(s1, "SELECT %s FROM (SELECT %s AS %s FROM mytable)" % (label, expr, label))
            elif col.table is not None:
                # sqlite rule labels subquery columns
                self.assert_compile(s1, "SELECT %s FROM (SELECT %s AS %s FROM mytable)" % (key,expr, key))
            else:
                self.assert_compile(s1, "SELECT %s FROM (SELECT %s FROM mytable)" % (expr,expr))
                
class CRUDTest(TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
    def test_insert(self):
        # generic insert, will create bind params for all columns
        self.assert_compile(insert(table1), "INSERT INTO mytable (myid, name, description) VALUES (:myid, :name, :description)")

        # insert with user-supplied bind params for specific columns,
        # cols provided literally
        self.assert_compile(
            insert(table1, {table1.c.myid : bindparam('userid'), table1.c.name : bindparam('username')}),
            "INSERT INTO mytable (myid, name) VALUES (:userid, :username)")

        # insert with user-supplied bind params for specific columns, cols
        # provided as strings
        self.assert_compile(
            insert(table1, dict(myid = 3, name = 'jack')),
            "INSERT INTO mytable (myid, name) VALUES (:myid, :name)"
        )

        # test with a tuple of params instead of named
        self.assert_compile(
            insert(table1, (3, 'jack', 'mydescription')),
            "INSERT INTO mytable (myid, name, description) VALUES (:myid, :name, :description)",
            checkparams = {'myid':3, 'name':'jack', 'description':'mydescription'}
        )

        self.assert_compile(
            insert(table1, values={table1.c.myid : bindparam('userid')}).values({table1.c.name : bindparam('username')}),
            "INSERT INTO mytable (myid, name) VALUES (:userid, :username)"
        )

        self.assert_compile(insert(table1, values=dict(myid=func.lala())), "INSERT INTO mytable (myid) VALUES (lala())")

    def test_inline_insert(self):
        metadata = MetaData()
        table = Table('sometable', metadata,
            Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
            Column('foo', Integer, default=func.foobar()))
        self.assert_compile(table.insert(values={}, inline=True), "INSERT INTO sometable (foo) VALUES (foobar())")
        self.assert_compile(table.insert(inline=True), "INSERT INTO sometable (foo) VALUES (foobar())", params={})

    def test_update(self):
        self.assert_compile(update(table1, table1.c.myid == 7), "UPDATE mytable SET name=:name WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1", params = {table1.c.name:'fred'})
        self.assert_compile(table1.update().where(table1.c.myid==7).values({table1.c.myid:5}), "UPDATE mytable SET myid=:myid WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1", checkparams={'myid':5, 'myid_1':7})
        self.assert_compile(update(table1, table1.c.myid == 7), "UPDATE mytable SET name=:name WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1", params = {'name':'fred'})
        self.assert_compile(update(table1, values = {table1.c.name : table1.c.myid}), "UPDATE mytable SET name=mytable.myid")
        self.assert_compile(update(table1, whereclause = table1.c.name == bindparam('crit'), values = {table1.c.name : 'hi'}), "UPDATE mytable SET name=:name WHERE mytable.name = :crit", params = {'crit' : 'notthere'}, checkparams={'crit':'notthere', 'name':'hi'})
        self.assert_compile(update(table1, table1.c.myid == 12, values = {table1.c.name : table1.c.myid}), "UPDATE mytable SET name=mytable.myid, description=:description WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1", params = {'description':'test'}, checkparams={'description':'test', 'myid_1':12})
        self.assert_compile(update(table1, table1.c.myid == 12, values = {table1.c.myid : 9}), "UPDATE mytable SET myid=:myid, description=:description WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1", params = {'myid_1': 12, 'myid': 9, 'description': 'test'})
        self.assert_compile(update(table1, table1.c.myid ==12), "UPDATE mytable SET myid=:myid WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1", params={'myid':18}, checkparams={'myid':18, 'myid_1':12})
        s = table1.update(table1.c.myid == 12, values = {table1.c.name : 'lala'})
        c = s.compile(column_keys=['id', 'name'])
        self.assert_compile(update(table1, table1.c.myid == 12, values = {table1.c.name : table1.c.myid}).values({table1.c.name:table1.c.name + 'foo'}), "UPDATE mytable SET name=(mytable.name || :name_1), description=:description WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1", params = {'description':'test'})
        self.assert_(str(s) == str(c))

        self.assert_compile(update(table1,
            (table1.c.myid == func.hoho(4)) &
            (table1.c.name == literal('foo') + table1.c.name + literal('lala')),
            values = {
            table1.c.name : table1.c.name + "lala",
            table1.c.myid : func.do_stuff(table1.c.myid, literal('hoho'))
            }), "UPDATE mytable SET myid=do_stuff(mytable.myid, :param_1), name=(mytable.name || :name_1) "
            "WHERE mytable.myid = hoho(:hoho_1) AND mytable.name = :param_2 || mytable.name || :param_3")

    def test_correlated_update(self):
        # test against a straight text subquery
        u = update(table1, values = {table1.c.name : text("(select name from mytable where id=mytable.id)")})
        self.assert_compile(u, "UPDATE mytable SET name=(select name from mytable where id=mytable.id)")

        mt = table1.alias()
        u = update(table1, values = {table1.c.name : select([mt.c.name], mt.c.myid==table1.c.myid)})
        self.assert_compile(u, "UPDATE mytable SET name=(SELECT mytable_1.name FROM mytable AS mytable_1 WHERE mytable_1.myid = mytable.myid)")

        # test against a regular constructed subquery
        s = select([table2], table2.c.otherid == table1.c.myid)
        u = update(table1, table1.c.name == 'jack', values = {table1.c.name : s})
        self.assert_compile(u, "UPDATE mytable SET name=(SELECT myothertable.otherid, myothertable.othername FROM myothertable WHERE myothertable.otherid = mytable.myid) WHERE mytable.name = :name_1")

        # test a non-correlated WHERE clause
        s = select([table2.c.othername], table2.c.otherid == 7)
        u = update(table1, table1.c.name==s)
        self.assert_compile(u, "UPDATE mytable SET myid=:myid, name=:name, description=:description WHERE mytable.name = "\
            "(SELECT myothertable.othername FROM myothertable WHERE myothertable.otherid = :otherid_1)")

        # test one that is actually correlated...
        s = select([table2.c.othername], table2.c.otherid == table1.c.myid)
        u = table1.update(table1.c.name==s)
        self.assert_compile(u, "UPDATE mytable SET myid=:myid, name=:name, description=:description WHERE mytable.name = "\
            "(SELECT myothertable.othername FROM myothertable WHERE myothertable.otherid = mytable.myid)")

    def test_delete(self):
        self.assert_compile(delete(table1, table1.c.myid == 7), "DELETE FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1")
        self.assert_compile(table1.delete().where(table1.c.myid == 7), "DELETE FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1")
        self.assert_compile(table1.delete().where(table1.c.myid == 7).where(table1.c.name=='somename'), "DELETE FROM mytable WHERE mytable.myid = :myid_1 AND mytable.name = :name_1")
        
    def test_correlated_delete(self):
        # test a non-correlated WHERE clause
        s = select([table2.c.othername], table2.c.otherid == 7)
        u = delete(table1, table1.c.name==s)
        self.assert_compile(u, "DELETE FROM mytable WHERE mytable.name = "\
        "(SELECT myothertable.othername FROM myothertable WHERE myothertable.otherid = :otherid_1)")

        # test one that is actually correlated...
        s = select([table2.c.othername], table2.c.otherid == table1.c.myid)
        u = table1.delete(table1.c.name==s)
        self.assert_compile(u, "DELETE FROM mytable WHERE mytable.name = (SELECT myothertable.othername FROM myothertable WHERE myothertable.otherid = mytable.myid)")
    
    def test_binds_that_match_columns(self):
        """test bind params named after column names replace the normal SET/VALUES generation."""
        
        t = table('foo', column('x'), column('y'))

        u = t.update().where(t.c.x==bindparam('x'))
        
        self.assert_compile(u, "UPDATE foo SET y=:y WHERE foo.x = :x")
        self.assert_compile(u, "UPDATE foo SET  WHERE foo.x = :x", params={})
        self.assert_compile(u.values(x=7), "UPDATE foo SET x=:x WHERE foo.x = :x")
        self.assert_compile(u.values(y=7), "UPDATE foo SET y=:y WHERE foo.x = :x")
        self.assert_compile(u.values(x=7), "UPDATE foo SET x=:x, y=:y WHERE foo.x = :x", params={'x':1, 'y':2})
        self.assert_compile(u, "UPDATE foo SET y=:y WHERE foo.x = :x", params={'x':1, 'y':2})
        
        self.assert_compile(u.values(x=3 + bindparam('x')), "UPDATE foo SET x=(:param_1 + :x) WHERE foo.x = :x")
        self.assert_compile(u.values(x=3 + bindparam('x')), "UPDATE foo SET x=(:param_1 + :x) WHERE foo.x = :x", params={'x':1})
        self.assert_compile(u.values(x=3 + bindparam('x')), "UPDATE foo SET x=(:param_1 + :x), y=:y WHERE foo.x = :x", params={'x':1, 'y':2})

        i = t.insert().values(x=3 + bindparam('x'))
        self.assert_compile(i, "INSERT INTO foo (x) VALUES ((:param_1 + :x))")
        self.assert_compile(i, "INSERT INTO foo (x, y) VALUES ((:param_1 + :x), :y)", params={'x':1, 'y':2})

        i = t.insert().values(x=3 + bindparam('x2'))
        self.assert_compile(i, "INSERT INTO foo (x) VALUES ((:param_1 + :x2))")
        self.assert_compile(i, "INSERT INTO foo (x) VALUES ((:param_1 + :x2))", params={})
        self.assert_compile(i, "INSERT INTO foo (x, y) VALUES ((:param_1 + :x2), :y)", params={'x':1, 'y':2})
        self.assert_compile(i, "INSERT INTO foo (x, y) VALUES ((:param_1 + :x2), :y)", params={'x2':1, 'y':2})
        
class InlineDefaultTest(TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
    def test_insert(self):
        m = MetaData()
        foo =  Table('foo', m,
            Column('id', Integer))

        t = Table('test', m,
            Column('col1', Integer, default=func.foo(1)),
            Column('col2', Integer, default=select([func.coalesce(func.max(foo.c.id))])),
            )

        self.assert_compile(t.insert(inline=True, values={}), "INSERT INTO test (col1, col2) VALUES (foo(:foo_1), (SELECT coalesce(max(foo.id)) AS coalesce_1 FROM foo))")

    def test_update(self):
        m = MetaData()
        foo =  Table('foo', m,
            Column('id', Integer))

        t = Table('test', m,
            Column('col1', Integer, onupdate=func.foo(1)),
            Column('col2', Integer, onupdate=select([func.coalesce(func.max(foo.c.id))])),
            Column('col3', String(30))
            )

        self.assert_compile(t.update(inline=True, values={'col3':'foo'}), "UPDATE test SET col1=foo(:foo_1), col2=(SELECT coalesce(max(foo.id)) AS coalesce_1 FROM foo), col3=:col3")

class SchemaTest(TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
    def test_select(self):
        self.assert_compile(table4.select(), 
                "SELECT remote_owner.remotetable.rem_id, remote_owner.remotetable.datatype_id,"
                " remote_owner.remotetable.value FROM remote_owner.remotetable")
                
        self.assert_compile(table4.select(and_(table4.c.datatype_id==7, table4.c.value=='hi')),
                "SELECT remote_owner.remotetable.rem_id, remote_owner.remotetable.datatype_id,"
                " remote_owner.remotetable.value FROM remote_owner.remotetable WHERE "
                "remote_owner.remotetable.datatype_id = :datatype_id_1 AND"
                " remote_owner.remotetable.value = :value_1")

        s = table4.select(and_(table4.c.datatype_id==7, table4.c.value=='hi'), use_labels=True)
        self.assert_compile(s, "SELECT remote_owner.remotetable.rem_id AS"
            " remote_owner_remotetable_rem_id, remote_owner.remotetable.datatype_id AS"
            " remote_owner_remotetable_datatype_id, remote_owner.remotetable.value "
            "AS remote_owner_remotetable_value FROM remote_owner.remotetable WHERE "
            "remote_owner.remotetable.datatype_id = :datatype_id_1 AND "
            "remote_owner.remotetable.value = :value_1")

        # multi-part schema name
        self.assert_compile(table5.select(), 
                'SELECT "dbo.remote_owner".remotetable.rem_id, '
                '"dbo.remote_owner".remotetable.datatype_id, "dbo.remote_owner".remotetable.value '
                'FROM "dbo.remote_owner".remotetable'
        )

        # multi-part schema name labels - convert '.' to '_'
        self.assert_compile(table5.select(use_labels=True), 
                'SELECT "dbo.remote_owner".remotetable.rem_id AS'
                ' dbo_remote_owner_remotetable_rem_id, "dbo.remote_owner".remotetable.datatype_id'
                ' AS dbo_remote_owner_remotetable_datatype_id,'
                ' "dbo.remote_owner".remotetable.value AS dbo_remote_owner_remotetable_value FROM'
                ' "dbo.remote_owner".remotetable'
        )
        
    def test_alias(self):
        a = alias(table4, 'remtable')
        self.assert_compile(a.select(a.c.datatype_id==7), 
                            "SELECT remtable.rem_id, remtable.datatype_id, remtable.value FROM"
                            " remote_owner.remotetable AS remtable "
                            "WHERE remtable.datatype_id = :datatype_id_1")

    def test_update(self):
        self.assert_compile(
                table4.update(table4.c.value=='test', values={table4.c.datatype_id:12}), 
                "UPDATE remote_owner.remotetable SET datatype_id=:datatype_id "
                "WHERE remote_owner.remotetable.value = :value_1")

    def test_insert(self):
        self.assert_compile(table4.insert(values=(2, 5, 'test')), 
                    "INSERT INTO remote_owner.remotetable (rem_id, datatype_id, value) VALUES "
                    "(:rem_id, :datatype_id, :value)")

