Merge pull request #1221 from pypa/lint

Add linter and code formatter

23 files changed, 1463 insertions, 1300 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index 86c9df4..966b570 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -1 +1 @@
-virtualenv_embedded/*.bat text eol=crlf
\ No newline at end of file
+virtualenv_embedded/*.bat text eol=crlf
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01e2cad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+repos:
+-   repo: https://github.com/ambv/black
+    rev: 18.9b0
+    hooks:
+    -   id: black
+        args: [--safe]
+        language_version: python3.7
+-   repo: https://github.com/asottile/blacken-docs
+    rev: v0.3.0
+    hooks:
+    -   id: blacken-docs
+        additional_dependencies: [black==18.9b0]
+        language_version: python3.7
+-   repo: https://github.com/gaborbernat/seed-isort-config
+    rev: master
+    hooks:
+    -   id: seed-isort-config
+        args: [--application-directories, "src:tests:virtualenv_embedded"]
+-   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-isort
+    rev: v4.3.4
+    hooks:
+    -   id: isort
+-   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+    rev: v2.0.0
+    hooks:
+    -   id: trailing-whitespace
+    -   id: end-of-file-fixer
+    -   id: check-yaml
+    -   id: debug-statements
+    -   id: check-merge-conflict
+    -   id: trailing-whitespace
+    -   id: check-docstring-first
+    -   id: flake8
+        additional_dependencies: ["flake8-bugbear == 18.8.0"]
+        language_version: python3.7
+-   repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
+    rev: v1.9.1
+    hooks:
+    -   id: pyupgrade
+-   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pygrep-hooks
+    rev: v1.1.0
+    hooks:
+    -   id: rst-backticks
diff --git a/AUTHORS.txt b/AUTHORS.txt
index 2724941..ea68f33 100644
--- a/AUTHORS.txt
+++ b/AUTHORS.txt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Maintainers
 -----------
 
 Brian Rosner
+Bernat Gabor
 Carl Meyer
 Jannis Leidel
 Paul Moore
@@ -88,4 +89,4 @@ Thomas Aglassinger
 Vinay Sajip
 Vitaly Babiy
 Vladimir Rutsky
-Wang Xuerui
\ No newline at end of file
+Wang Xuerui
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.rst b/CONTRIBUTING.rst
index a45bc4e..b0815ca 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.rst
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.rst
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Contributor notes
   Use Python 3 print-function syntax, and always ``use sys.exc_info()[1]``
   inside the ``except`` block to get at exception objects.
 
-* Pull requests should be made against `master` branch, which is also our
+* Pull requests should be made against ``master`` branch, which is also our
   latest stable version.
 
 * All changes to files inside virtualenv_embedded should be integrated to
diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst
index 6be1ddc..fe9c962 100644
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -4,10 +4,20 @@ virtualenv
 A tool for creating isolated 'virtual' python environments.
 
 .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/virtualenv.svg
-        :target: https://pypi.org/project/virtualenv
-
-.. image:: https://img.shields.io/travis/pypa/virtualenv/develop.svg
-   :target: http://travis-ci.org/pypa/virtualenv
+  :target: https://pypi.org/project/virtualenv
+  :alt: Latest version on PyPi
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/virtualenv.svg
+  :target: https://pypi.org/project/virtualenv/
+  :alt: Supported Python versions
+.. image:: https://dev.azure.com/pypa/virtualenv/_apis/build/status/pypa.virtualenv
+  :target: https://dev.azure.com/pypa/virtualenv/_apis/build/status/pypa.virtualenv?branchName=master
+  :alt: Azure Pipelines build status
+.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/virtualenv/badge/?version=latest&style=flat-square
+  :target: https://virtualenv.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
+  :alt: Documentation status
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg
+  :target: https://github.com/ambv/black
+  :alt: Code style: black
 
 * `Installation <https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/installation.html>`_
 * `Documentation <https://virtualenv.pypa.io/>`_
diff --git a/azure-pipelines.yml b/azure-pipelines.yml
index 36db607..07deb07 100644
--- a/azure-pipelines.yml
+++ b/azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ trigger:
 
 jobs:
 - template: azure-run-tox-env.yml
+  parameters: {tox: fix_lint, python: 3.7}
+- template: azure-run-tox-env.yml
   parameters: {tox: embed, python: 3.7}
 - template: azure-run-tox-env.yml
   parameters: {tox: docs, python: 3.7}
@@ -117,4 +119,4 @@ jobs:
       codeCoverageTool: 'cobertura'
       summaryFileLocation: '$(System.DefaultWorkingDirectory)/.tox/coverage.xml'
       reportDirectory: '$(System.DefaultWorkingDirectory)/.tox/htmlcov'
-      failIfCoverageEmpty: true
\ No newline at end of file
+      failIfCoverageEmpty: true
diff --git a/bin/rebuild-script.py b/bin/rebuild-script.py
index 7066bb6..5361210 100755
--- a/bin/rebuild-script.py
+++ b/bin/rebuild-script.py
@@ -4,80 +4,77 @@ Helper script to rebuild virtualenv.py from virtualenv_support
 """
 from __future__ import print_function
 
+import codecs
 import os
 import re
-import codecs
 from zlib import crc32 as _crc32
 
 
 def crc32(data):
     """Python version idempotent"""
-    return _crc32(data) & 0xffffffff
+    return _crc32(data) & 0xFFFFFFFF
 
 
 here = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-script = os.path.join(here, '..', 'src', 'virtualenv.py')
+script = os.path.join(here, "..", "src", "virtualenv.py")
 
-gzip = codecs.lookup('zlib')
-b64 = codecs.lookup('base64')
+gzip = codecs.lookup("zlib")
+b64 = codecs.lookup("base64")
 
-file_regex = re.compile(
-    br'##file (.*?)\n([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]+)\s*=\s*convert\("""\n(.*?)"""\)',
-    re.S)
-file_template = b'##file %(filename)s\n%(varname)s = convert("""\n%(data)s""")'
+file_regex = re.compile(br'# file (.*?)\n([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]+) = convert\(\n    """\n(.*?)"""\n\)', re.S)
+file_template = b'# file %(filename)s\n%(variable)s = convert(\n    """\n%(data)s"""\n)'
 
 
 def rebuild(script_path):
     exit_code = 0
-    with open(script_path, 'rb') as f:
+    with open(script_path, "rb") as f:
         script_content = f.read()
     parts = []
     last_pos = 0
     match = None
-    for match in file_regex.finditer(script_content):
-        parts += [script_content[last_pos:match.start()]]
+    _count = 0
+    for _count, match in enumerate(file_regex.finditer(script_content)):
+        parts += [script_content[last_pos : match.start()]]
         last_pos = match.end()
         filename, fn_decoded = match.group(1), match.group(1).decode()
-        varname = match.group(2)
+        variable = match.group(2)
         data = match.group(3)
 
-        print('Found file %s' % fn_decoded)
-        pathname = os.path.join(here, '..', 'virtualenv_embedded', fn_decoded)
+        print("Found file %s" % fn_decoded)
+        pathname = os.path.join(here, "..", "virtualenv_embedded", fn_decoded)
 
-        with open(pathname, 'rb') as f:
+        with open(pathname, "rb") as f:
             embedded = f.read()
         new_crc = crc32(embedded)
         new_data = b64.encode(gzip.encode(embedded)[0])[0]
 
         if new_data == data:
-            print('  File up to date (crc: %08x)' % new_crc)
+            print("  File up to date (crc: %08x)" % new_crc)
             parts += [match.group(0)]
             continue
         exit_code = 1
         # Else: content has changed
         crc = crc32(gzip.decode(b64.decode(data)[0])[0])
-        print('  Content changed (crc: %08x -> %08x)' %
-              (crc, new_crc))
-        new_match = file_template % {
-            b'filename': filename,
-            b'varname': varname,
-            b'data': new_data
-        }
+        print("  Content changed (crc: {:08x} -> {:08x})".format(crc, new_crc))
+        new_match = file_template % {b"filename": filename, b"variable": variable, b"data": new_data}
         parts += [new_match]
 
     parts += [script_content[last_pos:]]
-    new_content = b''.join(parts)
+    new_content = b"".join(parts)
 
     if new_content != script_content:
-        print('Content updated; overwriting... ', end='')
-        with open(script_path, 'wb') as f:
+        print("Content updated; overwriting... ", end="")
+        with open(script_path, "wb") as f:
             f.write(new_content)
-        print('done.')
+        print("done.")
     else:
-        print('No changes in content')
+        print("No changes in content")
     if match is None:
-        print('No variables were matched/found')
+        print("No variables were matched/found")
+    if not _count:
+        exit_code = 1
     raise SystemExit(exit_code)
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     rebuild(script)
diff --git a/docs/changes.rst b/docs/changes.rst
index 5b5bb4e..6b0bc00 100644
--- a/docs/changes.rst
+++ b/docs/changes.rst
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Release History
 15.0.0 (2016-03-05)
 -------------------
 
-* Remove the `virtualenv-N.N` script from the package; this can no longer be
+* Remove the ``virtualenv-N.N`` script from the package; this can no longer be
   correctly created from a wheel installation.
   Resolves :issue:`851`, :issue:`692`
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Release History
 
 * Upgrade setuptools to 19.6
 
-* Supress any errors from `unset` on different shells (:pull:`843`)
+* Suppress any errors from ``unset`` on different shells (:pull:`843`)
 
 * Normalize letter case for prefix path checking. Fixes :issue:`837`
 
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ Release History
 1.8.1 (2012-09-03)
 ------------------
 
-* Fixed distribute version used with `--never-download`. Thanks michr for
+* Fixed distribute version used with ``--never-download``. Thanks michr for
   report and patch.
 
 * Fix creating Python 3.3 based virtualenvs by unsetting the
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ Release History
 * **Dropped support for Python 2.4** The minimum supported Python version is
   now Python 2.5.
 
-* Fix `--relocatable` on systems that use lib64. Fixes #78. Thanks Branden
+* Fix ``--relocatable`` on systems that use lib64. Fixes #78. Thanks Branden
   Rolston.
 
 * Symlink some additional modules under Python 3. Fixes #194. Thanks Vinay
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ Release History
 1.7.1.2 (2012-02-17)
 --------------------
 
-* Fixed minor issue in `--relocatable`. Thanks, Cap Petschulat.
+* Fixed minor issue in ``--relocatable``. Thanks, Cap Petschulat.
 
 
 1.7.1.1 (2012-02-16)
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ Release History
 
 * Update embedded pip to version 1.1.
 
-* Fix `--relocatable` under Python 3. Thanks Doug Hellmann.
+* Fix ``--relocatable`` under Python 3. Thanks Doug Hellmann.
 
 * Added environ PATH modification to activate_this.py. Thanks Doug
   Napoleone. Fixes #14.
@@ -592,8 +592,8 @@ Release History
   Napoleone for testing and confirmation. Fixes #87.
 
 * Fixed creation of virtualenvs using -p in installs where some modules
-  that ought to be in the standard library (e.g. `readline`) are actually
-  installed in `site-packages` next to `virtualenv.py`. Thanks Greg Haskins
+  that ought to be in the standard library (e.g. ``readline``) are actually
+  installed in ``site-packages`` next to ``virtualenv.py``. Thanks Greg Haskins
   for report and fix. Fixes #167.
 
 * Added activation script for Powershell (signed by Jannis Leidel). Many
diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 9332aa1..36cf58a 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 import os
 import sys
 
-on_rtd = os.environ.get('READTHEDOCS', None) == 'True'
+on_rtd = os.environ.get("READTHEDOCS", None) == "True"
 
 # If your extensions are in another directory, add it here.
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath(os.pardir))
@@ -24,58 +24,59 @@ sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath(os.pardir))
 
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
 # coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
-extensions = ['sphinx.ext.autodoc', 'sphinx.ext.extlinks']
+extensions = ["sphinx.ext.autodoc", "sphinx.ext.extlinks"]
 
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
-#templates_path = ['_templates']
+# templates_path = ['_templates']
 
 # The suffix of source filenames.
-source_suffix = '.rst'
+source_suffix = ".rst"
 
 # The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'index'
+master_doc = "index"
 
 # General substitutions.
-project = 'virtualenv'
-copyright = '2007-2014, Ian Bicking, The Open Planning Project, PyPA'
+project = "virtualenv"
+copyright = "2007-2014, Ian Bicking, The Open Planning Project, PyPA"
 
 # The default replacements for |version| and |release|, also used in various
 # other places throughout the built documents.
 try:
     from virtualenv import __version__
+
     # The short X.Y version.
-    version = '.'.join(__version__.split('.')[:2])
+    version = ".".join(__version__.split(".")[:2])
     # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
     release = __version__
 except ImportError:
-    version = release = 'dev'
+    version = release = "dev"
 
 # There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
 # non-false value, then it is used:
-#today = ''
+# today = ''
 # Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
-today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+today_fmt = "%B %d, %Y"
 
 # List of documents that shouldn't be included in the build.
 unused_docs = []
 
 # If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
-#add_function_parentheses = True
+# add_function_parentheses = True
 
 # If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
 # unit titles (such as .. function::).
-#add_module_names = True
+# add_module_names = True
 
 # If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
 # output. They are ignored by default.
-#show_authors = False
+# show_authors = False
 
 # The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
-pygments_style = 'sphinx'
+pygments_style = "sphinx"
 
 extlinks = {
-    'issue': ('https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/%s', '#'),
-    'pull': ('https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/pull/%s', 'PR #'),
+    "issue": ("https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/%s", "#"),
+    "pull": ("https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/pull/%s", "PR #"),
 }
 
 
@@ -85,13 +86,14 @@ extlinks = {
 # The style sheet to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. A file of that name
 # must exist either in Sphinx' static/ path, or in one of the custom paths
 # given in html_static_path.
-#html_style = 'default.css'
+# html_style = 'default.css'
 
-html_theme = 'default'
+html_theme = "default"
 if not on_rtd:
     try:
         import sphinx_rtd_theme
-        html_theme = 'sphinx_rtd_theme'
+
+        html_theme = "sphinx_rtd_theme"
         html_theme_path = [sphinx_rtd_theme.get_html_theme_path()]
     except ImportError:
         pass
@@ -104,50 +106,50 @@ if not on_rtd:
 
 # If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
 # using the given strftime format.
-html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+html_last_updated_fmt = "%b %d, %Y"
 
 # If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
 # typographically correct entities.
-#html_use_smartypants = True
+# html_use_smartypants = True
 
 # Content template for the index page.
-#html_index = ''
+# html_index = ''
 
 # Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
-#html_sidebars = {}
+# html_sidebars = {}
 
 # Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
 # template names.
-#html_additional_pages = {}
+# html_additional_pages = {}
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#html_use_modindex = True
+# html_use_modindex = True
 
 # If true, the reST sources are included in the HTML build as _sources/<name>.
-#html_copy_source = True
+# html_copy_source = True
 
 # Output file base name for HTML help builder.
-htmlhelp_basename = 'Pastedoc'
+htmlhelp_basename = "Pastedoc"
 
 
 # Options for LaTeX output
 # ------------------------
 
 # The paper size ('letter' or 'a4').
-#latex_paper_size = 'letter'
+# latex_paper_size = 'letter'
 
 # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
-#latex_font_size = '10pt'
+# latex_font_size = '10pt'
 
 # Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title, author, document class [howto/manual]).
-#latex_documents = []
+# latex_documents = []
 
 # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
-#latex_preamble = ''
+# latex_preamble = ''
 
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
-#latex_appendices = []
+# latex_appendices = []
 
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-#latex_use_modindex = True
+# latex_use_modindex = True
diff --git a/docs/development.rst b/docs/development.rst
index d60f5a8..ea216ea 100644
--- a/docs/development.rst
+++ b/docs/development.rst
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ Virtualenv's release schedule is tied to pip's -- each time there's a new pip
 release, there will be a new virtualenv release that bundles the new version of
 pip.
 
-Files in the `virtualenv_embedded/` subdirectory are embedded into
-`virtualenv.py` itself as base64-encoded strings (in order to support
-single-file use of `virtualenv.py` without installing it). If your patch
-changes any file in `virtualenv_embedded/`, run `bin/rebuild-script.py` to
-update the embedded version of that file in `virtualenv.py`; commit that and
+Files in the ``virtualenv_embedded/`` subdirectory are embedded into
+``virtualenv.py`` itself as base64-encoded strings (in order to support
+single-file use of ``virtualenv.py`` without installing it). If your patch
+changes any file in ``virtualenv_embedded/``, run ``bin/rebuild-script.py`` to
+update the embedded version of that file in ``virtualenv.py``; commit that and
 submit it as part of your patch / pull request.
 
 .. _pip development: https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/development/
diff --git a/docs/installation.rst b/docs/installation.rst
index a99ff5a..7e6a97d 100644
--- a/docs/installation.rst
+++ b/docs/installation.rst
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Installation
     setuptools < 0.9.7, because easy_install didn't download from PyPI over SSL
     and was broken in some subtle ways.
 
-To install globally with `pip` (if you have pip 1.3 or greater installed globally):
+To install globally with ``pip`` (if you have pip 1.3 or greater installed globally):
 
 ::
 
diff --git a/docs/userguide.rst b/docs/userguide.rst
index dc594d3..ca761d2 100644
--- a/docs/userguide.rst
+++ b/docs/userguide.rst
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ To undo these changes to your path (and prompt), just run::
 
     $ deactivate
 
-On Windows, the equivalent `activate` script is in the ``Scripts`` folder::
+On Windows, the equivalent ``activate`` script is in the ``Scripts`` folder::
 
     > \path\to\env\Scripts\activate
 
@@ -255,4 +255,3 @@ As well as the extra directories, the search order includes:
 #. The ``virtualenv_support`` directory relative to virtualenv.py
 #. The directory where virtualenv.py is located.
 #. The current directory.
-
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index c70af8c..211cf02 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -4,3 +4,6 @@ requires = [
     "wheel >= 0.29.0",
 ]
 build-backend = 'setuptools.build_meta'
+
+[tool.black]
+line-length = 120
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 8c724d3..e06063f 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ import re
 import sys
 
 if sys.version_info[:2] < (2, 7):
-    sys.exit('virtualenv requires Python 2.7 or higher.')
+    sys.exit("virtualenv requires Python 2.7 or higher.")
 try:
     from setuptools import setup, find_packages
     from setuptools.command.test import test as TestCommand
 
     class PyTest(TestCommand):
-        user_options = [('pytest-args=', 'a', "Arguments to pass to py.test")]
+        user_options = [("pytest-args=", "a", "Arguments to pass to py.test")]
 
         def initialize_options(self):
             TestCommand.initialize_options(self)
@@ -17,31 +17,30 @@ try:
 
         def finalize_options(self):
             TestCommand.finalize_options(self)
-            #self.test_args = []
-            #self.test_suite = True
+            # self.test_args = []
+            # self.test_suite = True
 
         def run_tests(self):
             # import here, because outside the eggs aren't loaded
             import pytest
+
             sys.exit(pytest.main(self.pytest_args))
 
     setup_params = {
-        'entry_points': {
-            'console_scripts': ['virtualenv=virtualenv:main'],
-        },
-        'zip_safe': False,
-        'cmdclass': {'test': PyTest},
-        'tests_require': ['pytest', 'mock'],
+        "entry_points": {"console_scripts": ["virtualenv=virtualenv:main"]},
+        "zip_safe": False,
+        "cmdclass": {"test": PyTest},
+        "tests_require": ["pytest", "mock"],
     }
 except ImportError:
     from distutils.core import setup
-    if sys.platform == 'win32':
-        print('Note: without Setuptools installed you will '
-              'have to use "python -m virtualenv ENV"')
+
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        print("Note: without Setuptools installed you will " 'have to use "python -m virtualenv ENV"')
         setup_params = {}
     else:
-        script = 'src/scripts/virtualenv'
-        setup_params = {'scripts': [script]}
+        script = "src/scripts/virtualenv"
+        setup_params = {"scripts": [script]}
 
 
 def read_file(*paths):
@@ -51,33 +50,32 @@ def read_file(*paths):
 
 
 # Get long_description from index.rst:
-long_description_full = read_file('docs', 'index.rst')
-long_description = long_description_full.strip().split('split here', 1)[0]
+long_description_full = read_file("docs", "index.rst")
+long_description = long_description_full.strip().split("split here", 1)[0]
 # Add release history
-changes = read_file('docs', 'changes.rst')
+changes = read_file("docs", "changes.rst")
 # Only report last two releases for brevity
 releases_found = 0
 change_lines = []
 for line in changes.splitlines():
     change_lines.append(line)
-    if line.startswith('--------------'):
+    if line.startswith("--------------"):
         releases_found += 1
     if releases_found > 2:
         break
 
-changes = '\n'.join(change_lines[:-2]) + '\n'
-changes += '`Full Changelog <https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/changes.html>`_.'
+changes = "\n".join(change_lines[:-2]) + "\n"
+changes += "`Full Changelog <https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/changes.html>`_."
 # Replace issue/pull directives
-changes = re.sub(r':pull:`(\d+)`', r'PR #\1', changes)
-changes = re.sub(r':issue:`(\d+)`', r'#\1', changes)
+changes = re.sub(r":pull:`(\d+)`", r"PR #\1", changes)
+changes = re.sub(r":issue:`(\d+)`", r"#\1", changes)
 
-long_description += '\n\n' + changes
+long_description += "\n\n" + changes
 
 
 def get_version():
-    version_file = read_file(os.path.join('src', 'virtualenv.py'))
-    version_match = re.search(r"^__version__ = ['\"]([^'\"]*)['\"]",
-                              version_file, re.M)
+    version_file = read_file(os.path.join("src", "virtualenv.py"))
+    version_match = re.search(r"^__version__ = ['\"]([^'\"]*)['\"]", version_file, re.M)
     if version_match:
         return version_match.group(1)
     raise RuntimeError("Unable to find version string.")
@@ -93,32 +91,33 @@ except ImportError:
     pass
 
 setup(
-    name='virtualenv',
+    name="virtualenv",
     version=get_version(),
     description="Virtual Python Environment builder",
     long_description=long_description,
     classifiers=[
-        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
-        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
-        'License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7',
+        "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
+        "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+        "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 2",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6",
+        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7",
     ],
-    keywords='setuptools deployment installation distutils',
-    author='Ian Bicking',
-    author_email='ianb@colorstudy.com',
-    maintainer='Jannis Leidel, Carl Meyer and Brian Rosner',
-    maintainer_email='python-virtualenv@groups.google.com',
-    url='https://virtualenv.pypa.io/',
-    license='MIT',
-    package_dir={'': 'src'},
-    py_modules=['virtualenv'],
-    packages=find_packages('src'),
-    package_data={'virtualenv_support': ['*.whl']},
-    python_requires='>=2.7,!=3.0.*,!=3.1.*,!=3.2.*,!=3.3.*',
-    **setup_params)
+    keywords="setuptools deployment installation distutils",
+    author="Ian Bicking",
+    author_email="ianb@colorstudy.com",
+    maintainer="Jannis Leidel, Carl Meyer and Brian Rosner",
+    maintainer_email="python-virtualenv@groups.google.com",
+    url="https://virtualenv.pypa.io/",
+    license="MIT",
+    package_dir={"": "src"},
+    py_modules=["virtualenv"],
+    packages=find_packages("src"),
+    package_data={"virtualenv_support": ["*.whl"]},
+    python_requires=">=2.7,!=3.0.*,!=3.1.*,!=3.2.*,!=3.3.*",
+    **setup_params
+)
diff --git a/src/virtualenv.py b/src/virtualenv.py
index 8839343..e814484 100755
--- a/src/virtualenv.py
+++ b/src/virtualenv.py
@@ -1,34 +1,36 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 """Create a "virtual" Python installation"""
 
-import os
-import sys
+# fmt: off
+import os  # isort:skip
+import sys  # isort:skip
 
 # If we are running in a new interpreter to create a virtualenv,
 # we do NOT want paths from our existing location interfering with anything,
 # So we remove this file's directory from sys.path - most likely to be
 # the previous interpreter's site-packages. Solves #705, #763, #779
-if os.environ.get('VIRTUALENV_INTERPRETER_RUNNING'):
+if os.environ.get("VIRTUALENV_INTERPRETER_RUNNING"):
     for path in sys.path[:]:
         if os.path.realpath(os.path.dirname(__file__)) == os.path.realpath(path):
             sys.path.remove(path)
+# fmt: on
 
 import base64
 import codecs
+import distutils.spawn
+import distutils.sysconfig
+import errno
+import glob
+import logging
 import optparse
+import os
 import re
 import shutil
-import logging
-import zlib
-import errno
-import glob
-import distutils.spawn
-import distutils.sysconfig
 import struct
 import subprocess
-import pkgutil
-import tempfile
+import sys
 import textwrap
+import zlib
 from distutils.util import strtobool
 from os.path import join
 
@@ -41,8 +43,8 @@ __version__ = "16.1.0.dev0"
 virtualenv_version = __version__  # legacy
 
 if sys.version_info < (2, 7):
-    print('ERROR: %s' % sys.exc_info()[1])
-    print('ERROR: this script requires Python 2.7 or greater.')
+    print("ERROR: %s" % sys.exc_info()[1])
+    print("ERROR: this script requires Python 2.7 or greater.")
     sys.exit(101)
 
 try:
@@ -50,34 +52,37 @@ try:
 except NameError:
     basestring = str
 
-py_version = 'python%s.%s' % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+py_version = "python{}.{}".format(sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
 
-is_jython = sys.platform.startswith('java')
-is_pypy = hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info')
-is_win = (sys.platform == 'win32')
-is_cygwin = (sys.platform == 'cygwin')
-is_darwin = (sys.platform == 'darwin')
-abiflags = getattr(sys, 'abiflags', '')
+is_jython = sys.platform.startswith("java")
+is_pypy = hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info")
+is_win = sys.platform == "win32"
+is_cygwin = sys.platform == "cygwin"
+is_darwin = sys.platform == "darwin"
+abiflags = getattr(sys, "abiflags", "")
 
-user_dir = os.path.expanduser('~')
+user_dir = os.path.expanduser("~")
 if is_win:
-    default_storage_dir = os.path.join(user_dir, 'virtualenv')
+    default_storage_dir = os.path.join(user_dir, "virtualenv")
 else:
-    default_storage_dir = os.path.join(user_dir, '.virtualenv')
-default_config_file = os.path.join(default_storage_dir, 'virtualenv.ini')
+    default_storage_dir = os.path.join(user_dir, ".virtualenv")
+default_config_file = os.path.join(default_storage_dir, "virtualenv.ini")
 
 if is_pypy:
-    expected_exe = 'pypy'
+    expected_exe = "pypy"
 elif is_jython:
-    expected_exe = 'jython'
+    expected_exe = "jython"
 else:
-    expected_exe = 'python'
+    expected_exe = "python"
 
 # Return a mapping of version -> Python executable
 # Only provided for Windows, where the information in the registry is used
 if not is_win:
+
     def get_installed_pythons():
         return {}
+
+
 else:
     try:
         import winreg
@@ -90,8 +95,7 @@ else:
         # particular Python version, the current user one is used
         for key in (winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER):
             try:
-                python_core = winreg.CreateKey(key,
-                                               "Software\\Python\\PythonCore")
+                python_core = winreg.CreateKey(key, "Software\\Python\\PythonCore")
             except WindowsError:
                 # No registered Python installations
                 continue
@@ -101,8 +105,7 @@ else:
                     version = winreg.EnumKey(python_core, i)
                     i += 1
                     try:
-                        path = winreg.QueryValue(python_core,
-                                                 "%s\\InstallPath" % version)
+                        path = winreg.QueryValue(python_core, "%s\\InstallPath" % version)
                     except WindowsError:
                         continue
                     exes[version] = join(path, "python.exe")
@@ -116,14 +119,14 @@ else:
         # available or 32-bit if it is not
         updated = {}
         for ver in exes:
-            if ver < '3.5':
+            if ver < "3.5":
                 continue
-            if ver.endswith('-32'):
+            if ver.endswith("-32"):
                 base_ver = ver[:-3]
                 if base_ver not in exes:
                     updated[base_ver] = exes[ver]
             else:
-                updated[ver + '-64'] = exes[ver]
+                updated[ver + "-64"] = exes[ver]
         exes.update(updated)
 
         # Add the major versions
@@ -135,57 +138,91 @@ else:
 
         return exes
 
-REQUIRED_MODULES = ['os', 'posix', 'posixpath', 'nt', 'ntpath', 'genericpath',
-                    'fnmatch', 'locale', 'encodings', 'codecs',
-                    'stat', 'UserDict', 'readline', 'copy_reg', 'types',
-                    're', 'sre', 'sre_parse', 'sre_constants', 'sre_compile',
-                    'zlib']
 
-REQUIRED_FILES = ['lib-dynload', 'config']
+REQUIRED_MODULES = [
+    "os",
+    "posix",
+    "posixpath",
+    "nt",
+    "ntpath",
+    "genericpath",
+    "fnmatch",
+    "locale",
+    "encodings",
+    "codecs",
+    "stat",
+    "UserDict",
+    "readline",
+    "copy_reg",
+    "types",
+    "re",
+    "sre",
+    "sre_parse",
+    "sre_constants",
+    "sre_compile",
+    "zlib",
+]
+
+REQUIRED_FILES = ["lib-dynload", "config"]
 
 majver, minver = sys.version_info[:2]
 if majver == 2:
     if minver >= 6:
-        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(['warnings', 'linecache', '_abcoll', 'abc'])
+        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(["warnings", "linecache", "_abcoll", "abc"])
     if minver >= 7:
-        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(['_weakrefset'])
+        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(["_weakrefset"])
 elif majver == 3:
     # Some extra modules are needed for Python 3, but different ones
     # for different versions.
-    REQUIRED_MODULES.extend([
-    	'_abcoll', 'warnings', 'linecache', 'abc', 'io', '_weakrefset',
-    	'copyreg', 'tempfile', 'random', '__future__', 'collections',
-    	'keyword', 'tarfile', 'shutil', 'struct', 'copy', 'tokenize',
-    	'token', 'functools', 'heapq', 'bisect', 'weakref', 'reprlib'
-    ])
+    REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(
+        [
+            "_abcoll",
+            "warnings",
+            "linecache",
+            "abc",
+            "io",
+            "_weakrefset",
+            "copyreg",
+            "tempfile",
+            "random",
+            "__future__",
+            "collections",
+            "keyword",
+            "tarfile",
+            "shutil",
+            "struct",
+            "copy",
+            "tokenize",
+            "token",
+            "functools",
+            "heapq",
+            "bisect",
+            "weakref",
+            "reprlib",
+        ]
+    )
     if minver >= 2:
-        REQUIRED_FILES[-1] = 'config-%s' % majver
+        REQUIRED_FILES[-1] = "config-%s" % majver
     if minver >= 3:
         import sysconfig
-        platdir = sysconfig.get_config_var('PLATDIR')
+
+        platdir = sysconfig.get_config_var("PLATDIR")
         REQUIRED_FILES.append(platdir)
-        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend([
-        	'base64', '_dummy_thread', 'hashlib', 'hmac',
-        	'imp', 'importlib', 'rlcompleter'
-        ])
+        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(["base64", "_dummy_thread", "hashlib", "hmac", "imp", "importlib", "rlcompleter"])
     if minver >= 4:
-        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend([
-            'operator',
-            '_collections_abc',
-            '_bootlocale',
-        ])
+        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(["operator", "_collections_abc", "_bootlocale"])
     if minver >= 6:
-        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(['enum'])
+        REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(["enum"])
 
 if is_pypy:
     # these are needed to correctly display the exceptions that may happen
     # during the bootstrap
-    REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(['traceback', 'linecache'])
+    REQUIRED_MODULES.extend(["traceback", "linecache"])
 
     if majver == 3:
         # _functools is needed to import locale during stdio initialization and
         # needs to be copied on PyPy because it's not built in
-        REQUIRED_MODULES.append('_functools')
+        REQUIRED_MODULES.append("_functools")
 
 
 class Logger(object):
@@ -197,7 +234,7 @@ class Logger(object):
 
     DEBUG = logging.DEBUG
     INFO = logging.INFO
-    NOTIFY = (logging.INFO+logging.WARN)/2
+    NOTIFY = (logging.INFO + logging.WARN) / 2
     WARN = WARNING = logging.WARN
     ERROR = logging.ERROR
     FATAL = logging.FATAL
@@ -231,32 +268,30 @@ class Logger(object):
     def log(self, level, msg, *args, **kw):
         if args:
             if kw:
-                raise TypeError(
-                    "You may give positional or keyword arguments, not both")
+                raise TypeError("You may give positional or keyword arguments, not both")
         args = args or kw
         rendered = None
         for consumer_level, consumer in self.consumers:
             if self.level_matches(level, consumer_level):
-                if (self.in_progress_hanging
-                    and consumer in (sys.stdout, sys.stderr)):
+                if self.in_progress_hanging and consumer in (sys.stdout, sys.stderr):
                     self.in_progress_hanging = False
-                    sys.stdout.write('\n')
+                    sys.stdout.write("\n")
                     sys.stdout.flush()
                 if rendered is None:
                     if args:
                         rendered = msg % args
                     else:
                         rendered = msg
-                    rendered = ' '*self.indent + rendered
-                if hasattr(consumer, 'write'):
-                    consumer.write(rendered+'\n')
+                    rendered = " " * self.indent + rendered
+                if hasattr(consumer, "write"):
+                    consumer.write(rendered + "\n")
                 else:
                     consumer(rendered)
 
     def start_progress(self, msg):
-        assert not self.in_progress, (
-            "Tried to start_progress(%r) while in_progress %r"
-            % (msg, self.in_progress))
+        assert not self.in_progress, "Tried to start_progress({!r}) while in_progress {!r}".format(
+            msg, self.in_progress
+        )
         if self.level_matches(self.NOTIFY, self._stdout_level()):
             sys.stdout.write(msg)
             sys.stdout.flush()
@@ -265,16 +300,15 @@ class Logger(object):
             self.in_progress_hanging = False
         self.in_progress = msg
 
-    def end_progress(self, msg='done.'):
-        assert self.in_progress, (
-            "Tried to end_progress without start_progress")
+    def end_progress(self, msg="done."):
+        assert self.in_progress, "Tried to end_progress without start_progress"
         if self.stdout_level_matches(self.NOTIFY):
             if not self.in_progress_hanging:
                 # Some message has been printed out since start_progress
-                sys.stdout.write('...' + self.in_progress + msg + '\n')
+                sys.stdout.write("..." + self.in_progress + msg + "\n")
                 sys.stdout.flush()
             else:
-                sys.stdout.write(msg + '\n')
+                sys.stdout.write(msg + "\n")
                 sys.stdout.flush()
         self.in_progress = None
         self.in_progress_hanging = False
@@ -283,7 +317,7 @@ class Logger(object):
         """If we are in a progress scope, and no log messages have been
         shown, write out another '.'"""
         if self.in_progress_hanging:
-            sys.stdout.write('.')
+            sys.stdout.write(".")
             sys.stdout.flush()
 
     def stdout_level_matches(self, level):
@@ -332,16 +366,19 @@ class Logger(object):
             return levels[-1]
         return levels[level]
 
+
 # create a silent logger just to prevent this from being undefined
 # will be overridden with requested verbosity main() is called.
 logger = Logger([(Logger.LEVELS[-1], sys.stdout)])
 
+
 def mkdir(path):
     if not os.path.exists(path):
-        logger.info('Creating %s', path)
+        logger.info("Creating %s", path)
         os.makedirs(path)
     else:
-        logger.info('Directory %s already exists', path)
+        logger.info("Directory %s already exists", path)
+
 
 def copyfileordir(src, dest, symlink=True):
     if os.path.isdir(src):
@@ -349,64 +386,69 @@ def copyfileordir(src, dest, symlink=True):
     else:
         shutil.copy2(src, dest)
 
+
 def copyfile(src, dest, symlink=True):
     if not os.path.exists(src):
         # Some bad symlink in the src
-        logger.warn('Cannot find file %s (bad symlink)', src)
+        logger.warn("Cannot find file %s (bad symlink)", src)
         return
     if os.path.exists(dest):
-        logger.debug('File %s already exists', dest)
+        logger.debug("File %s already exists", dest)
         return
     if not os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(dest)):
-        logger.info('Creating parent directories for %s', os.path.dirname(dest))
+        logger.info("Creating parent directories for %s", os.path.dirname(dest))
         os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(dest))
     if not os.path.islink(src):
         srcpath = os.path.abspath(src)
     else:
         srcpath = os.readlink(src)
-    if symlink and hasattr(os, 'symlink') and not is_win:
-        logger.info('Symlinking %s', dest)
+    if symlink and hasattr(os, "symlink") and not is_win:
+        logger.info("Symlinking %s", dest)
         try:
             os.symlink(srcpath, dest)
         except (OSError, NotImplementedError):
-            logger.info('Symlinking failed, copying to %s', dest)
+            logger.info("Symlinking failed, copying to %s", dest)
             copyfileordir(src, dest, symlink)
     else:
-        logger.info('Copying to %s', dest)
+        logger.info("Copying to %s", dest)
         copyfileordir(src, dest, symlink)
 
+
 def writefile(dest, content, overwrite=True):
     if not os.path.exists(dest):
-        logger.info('Writing %s', dest)
-        with open(dest, 'wb') as f:
-            f.write(content.encode('utf-8'))
+        logger.info("Writing %s", dest)
+        with open(dest, "wb") as f:
+            f.write(content.encode("utf-8"))
         return
     else:
-        with open(dest, 'rb') as f:
+        with open(dest, "rb") as f:
             c = f.read()
         if c != content.encode("utf-8"):
             if not overwrite:
-                logger.notify('File %s exists with different content; not overwriting', dest)
+                logger.notify("File %s exists with different content; not overwriting", dest)
                 return
-            logger.notify('Overwriting %s with new content', dest)
-            with open(dest, 'wb') as f:
-                f.write(content.encode('utf-8'))
+            logger.notify("Overwriting %s with new content", dest)
+            with open(dest, "wb") as f:
+                f.write(content.encode("utf-8"))
         else:
-            logger.info('Content %s already in place', dest)
+            logger.info("Content %s already in place", dest)
+
 
 def rmtree(dir):
     if os.path.exists(dir):
-        logger.notify('Deleting tree %s', dir)
+        logger.notify("Deleting tree %s", dir)
         shutil.rmtree(dir)
     else:
-        logger.info('Do not need to delete %s; already gone', dir)
+        logger.info("Do not need to delete %s; already gone", dir)
+
 
 def make_exe(fn):
-    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
-        oldmode = os.stat(fn).st_mode & 0xFFF # 0o7777
-        newmode = (oldmode | 0x16D) & 0xFFF # 0o555, 0o7777
+    if hasattr(os, "chmod"):
+        oldmode = os.stat(fn).st_mode & 0xFFF  # 0o7777
+        newmode = (oldmode | 0x16D) & 0xFFF  # 0o555, 0o7777
         os.chmod(fn, newmode)
-        logger.info('Changed mode of %s to %s', fn, oct(newmode))
+        logger.info("Changed mode of %s to %s", fn, oct(newmode))
+
 
 def _find_file(filename, dirs):
     for dir in reversed(dirs):
@@ -415,18 +457,18 @@ def _find_file(filename, dirs):
             return True, files[0]
     return False, filename
 
+
 def file_search_dirs():
     here = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
-    dirs = [here, join(here, 'virtualenv_support')]
-    if os.path.splitext(os.path.dirname(__file__))[0] != 'virtualenv':
+    dirs = [here, join(here, "virtualenv_support")]
+    if os.path.splitext(os.path.dirname(__file__))[0] != "virtualenv":
         # Probably some boot script; just in case virtualenv is installed...
         try:
             import virtualenv
         except ImportError:
             pass
         else:
-            dirs.append(os.path.join(
-                os.path.dirname(virtualenv.__file__), 'virtualenv_support'))
+            dirs.append(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(virtualenv.__file__), "virtualenv_support"))
     return [d for d in dirs if os.path.isdir(d)]
 
 
@@ -436,6 +478,7 @@ class UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter(optparse.IndentedHelpFormatter):
     the defaults before expanding them, allowing them to show up correctly
     in the help listing
     """
+
     def expand_default(self, option):
         if self.parser is not None:
             self.parser.update_defaults(self.parser.defaults)
@@ -447,6 +490,7 @@ class ConfigOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
     Custom option parser which updates its defaults by checking the
     configuration files and environmental variables
     """
+
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self.config = ConfigParser.RawConfigParser()
         self.files = self.get_config_files()
@@ -454,7 +498,7 @@ class ConfigOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
         optparse.OptionParser.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def get_config_files(self):
-        config_file = os.environ.get('VIRTUALENV_CONFIG_FILE', False)
+        config_file = os.environ.get("VIRTUALENV_CONFIG_FILE", False)
         if config_file and os.path.exists(config_file):
             return [config_file]
         return [default_config_file]
@@ -468,27 +512,27 @@ class ConfigOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
         # Then go and look for the other sources of configuration:
         config = {}
         # 1. config files
-        config.update(dict(self.get_config_section('virtualenv')))
+        config.update(dict(self.get_config_section("virtualenv")))
         # 2. environmental variables
         config.update(dict(self.get_environ_vars()))
         # Then set the options with those values
         for key, val in config.items():
-            key = key.replace('_', '-')
-            if not key.startswith('--'):
-                key = '--%s' % key  # only prefer long opts
+            key = key.replace("_", "-")
+            if not key.startswith("--"):
+                key = "--%s" % key  # only prefer long opts
             option = self.get_option(key)
             if option is not None:
                 # ignore empty values
                 if not val:
                     continue
                 # handle multiline configs
-                if option.action == 'append':
+                if option.action == "append":
                     val = val.split()
                 else:
                     option.nargs = 1
-                if option.action == 'store_false':
+                if option.action == "store_false":
                     val = not strtobool(val)
-                elif option.action in ('store_true', 'count'):
+                elif option.action in ("store_true", "count"):
                     val = strtobool(val)
                 try:
                     val = option.convert_value(key, val)
@@ -507,13 +551,13 @@ class ConfigOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
             return self.config.items(name)
         return []
 
-    def get_environ_vars(self, prefix='VIRTUALENV_'):
+    def get_environ_vars(self, prefix="VIRTUALENV_"):
         """
         Returns a generator with all environmental vars with prefix VIRTUALENV
         """
         for key, val in os.environ.items():
             if key.startswith(prefix):
-                yield (key.replace(prefix, '').lower(), val)
+                yield (key.replace(prefix, "").lower(), val)
 
     def get_default_values(self):
         """
@@ -535,93 +579,81 @@ class ConfigOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
 
 def main():
     parser = ConfigOptionParser(
-        version=virtualenv_version,
-        usage="%prog [OPTIONS] DEST_DIR",
-        formatter=UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter())
+        version=virtualenv_version, usage="%prog [OPTIONS] DEST_DIR", formatter=UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter()
+    )
 
-    parser.add_option(
-        '-v', '--verbose',
-        action='count',
-        dest='verbose',
-        default=0,
-        help="Increase verbosity.")
+    parser.add_option("-v", "--verbose", action="count", dest="verbose", default=0, help="Increase verbosity.")
 
-    parser.add_option(
-        '-q', '--quiet',
-        action='count',
-        dest='quiet',
-        default=0,
-        help='Decrease verbosity.')
+    parser.add_option("-q", "--quiet", action="count", dest="quiet", default=0, help="Decrease verbosity.")
 
     parser.add_option(
-        '-p', '--python',
-        dest='python',
-        metavar='PYTHON_EXE',
-        help='The Python interpreter to use, e.g., --python=python3.5 will use the python3.5 '
-        'interpreter to create the new environment.  The default is the interpreter that '
-        'virtualenv was installed with (%s)' % sys.executable)
+        "-p",
+        "--python",
+        dest="python",
+        metavar="PYTHON_EXE",
+        help="The Python interpreter to use, e.g., --python=python3.5 will use the python3.5 "
+        "interpreter to create the new environment.  The default is the interpreter that "
+        "virtualenv was installed with (%s)" % sys.executable,
+    )
 
     parser.add_option(
-        '--clear',
-        dest='clear',
-        action='store_true',
-        help="Clear out the non-root install and start from scratch.")
+        "--clear", dest="clear", action="store_true", help="Clear out the non-root install and start from scratch."
+    )
 
     parser.set_defaults(system_site_packages=False)
     parser.add_option(
-        '--no-site-packages',
-        dest='system_site_packages',
-        action='store_false',
+        "--no-site-packages",
+        dest="system_site_packages",
+        action="store_false",
         help="DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility. "
-             "Not having access to global site-packages is now the default behavior.")
+        "Not having access to global site-packages is now the default behavior.",
+    )
 
     parser.add_option(
-        '--system-site-packages',
-        dest='system_site_packages',
-        action='store_true',
-        help="Give the virtual environment access to the global site-packages.")
+        "--system-site-packages",
+        dest="system_site_packages",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Give the virtual environment access to the global site-packages.",
+    )
 
     parser.add_option(
-        '--always-copy',
-        dest='symlink',
-        action='store_false',
+        "--always-copy",
+        dest="symlink",
+        action="store_false",
         default=True,
-        help="Always copy files rather than symlinking.")
+        help="Always copy files rather than symlinking.",
+    )
 
     parser.add_option(
-        '--relocatable',
-        dest='relocatable',
-        action='store_true',
-        help='Make an EXISTING virtualenv environment relocatable. '
-             'This fixes up scripts and makes all .pth files relative.')
+        "--relocatable",
+        dest="relocatable",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Make an EXISTING virtualenv environment relocatable. "
+        "This fixes up scripts and makes all .pth files relative.",
+    )
 
     parser.add_option(
-        '--no-setuptools',
-        dest='no_setuptools',
-        action='store_true',
-        help='Do not install setuptools in the new virtualenv.')
+        "--no-setuptools",
+        dest="no_setuptools",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Do not install setuptools in the new virtualenv.",
+    )
 
-    parser.add_option(
-        '--no-pip',
-        dest='no_pip',
-        action='store_true',
-        help='Do not install pip in the new virtualenv.')
+    parser.add_option("--no-pip", dest="no_pip", action="store_true", help="Do not install pip in the new virtualenv.")
 
     parser.add_option(
-        '--no-wheel',
-        dest='no_wheel',
-        action='store_true',
-        help='Do not install wheel in the new virtualenv.')
+        "--no-wheel", dest="no_wheel", action="store_true", help="Do not install wheel in the new virtualenv."
+    )
 
     default_search_dirs = file_search_dirs()
     parser.add_option(
-        '--extra-search-dir',
+        "--extra-search-dir",
         dest="search_dirs",
         action="append",
-        metavar='DIR',
+        metavar="DIR",
         default=default_search_dirs,
-        help="Directory to look for setuptools/pip distributions in. "
-              "This option can be used multiple times.")
+        help="Directory to look for setuptools/pip distributions in. " "This option can be used multiple times.",
+    )
 
     parser.add_option(
         "--download",
@@ -633,121 +665,129 @@ def main():
 
     parser.add_option(
         "--no-download",
-        '--never-download',
+        "--never-download",
         dest="download",
         action="store_false",
         help="Do not download preinstalled packages from PyPI.",
     )
 
-    parser.add_option(
-        '--prompt',
-        dest='prompt',
-        help='Provides an alternative prompt prefix for this environment.')
+    parser.add_option("--prompt", dest="prompt", help="Provides an alternative prompt prefix for this environment.")
 
     parser.add_option(
-        '--setuptools',
-        dest='setuptools',
-        action='store_true',
-        help="DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility. This option has no effect.")
+        "--setuptools",
+        dest="setuptools",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility. This option has no effect.",
+    )
 
     parser.add_option(
-        '--distribute',
-        dest='distribute',
-        action='store_true',
-        help="DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility. This option has no effect.")
+        "--distribute",
+        dest="distribute",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="DEPRECATED. Retained only for backward compatibility. This option has no effect.",
+    )
 
     parser.add_option(
-        '--unzip-setuptools',
-        action='store_true',
-        help="DEPRECATED.  Retained only for backward compatibility. This option has no effect.")
+        "--unzip-setuptools",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="DEPRECATED.  Retained only for backward compatibility. This option has no effect.",
+    )
 
-    if 'extend_parser' in globals():
-        extend_parser(parser)
+    if "extend_parser" in globals():
+        extend_parser(parser)  # noqa: F821
 
     options, args = parser.parse_args()
 
     global logger
 
-    if 'adjust_options' in globals():
-        adjust_options(options, args)
+    if "adjust_options" in globals():
+        adjust_options(options, args)  # noqa: F821
 
     verbosity = options.verbose - options.quiet
     logger = Logger([(Logger.level_for_integer(2 - verbosity), sys.stdout)])
 
-    if options.python and not os.environ.get('VIRTUALENV_INTERPRETER_RUNNING'):
+    if options.python and not os.environ.get("VIRTUALENV_INTERPRETER_RUNNING"):
         env = os.environ.copy()
         interpreter = resolve_interpreter(options.python)
         if interpreter == sys.executable:
-            logger.warn('Already using interpreter %s' % interpreter)
+            logger.warn("Already using interpreter %s" % interpreter)
         else:
-            logger.notify('Running virtualenv with interpreter %s' % interpreter)
-            env['VIRTUALENV_INTERPRETER_RUNNING'] = 'true'
+            logger.notify("Running virtualenv with interpreter %s" % interpreter)
+            env["VIRTUALENV_INTERPRETER_RUNNING"] = "true"
             file = __file__
-            if file.endswith('.pyc'):
+            if file.endswith(".pyc"):
                 file = file[:-1]
             popen = subprocess.Popen([interpreter, file] + sys.argv[1:], env=env)
             raise SystemExit(popen.wait())
 
     if not args:
-        print('You must provide a DEST_DIR')
+        print("You must provide a DEST_DIR")
         parser.print_help()
         sys.exit(2)
     if len(args) > 1:
-        print('There must be only one argument: DEST_DIR (you gave %s)' % (
-            ' '.join(args)))
+        print("There must be only one argument: DEST_DIR (you gave %s)" % (" ".join(args)))
         parser.print_help()
         sys.exit(2)
 
     home_dir = args[0]
 
     if os.path.exists(home_dir) and os.path.isfile(home_dir):
-        logger.fatal('ERROR: File already exists and is not a directory.')
-        logger.fatal('Please provide a different path or delete the file.')
+        logger.fatal("ERROR: File already exists and is not a directory.")
+        logger.fatal("Please provide a different path or delete the file.")
         sys.exit(3)
 
-    if os.environ.get('WORKING_ENV'):
-        logger.fatal('ERROR: you cannot run virtualenv while in a workingenv')
-        logger.fatal('Please deactivate your workingenv, then re-run this script')
+    if os.environ.get("WORKING_ENV"):
+        logger.fatal("ERROR: you cannot run virtualenv while in a workingenv")
+        logger.fatal("Please deactivate your workingenv, then re-run this script")
         sys.exit(3)
 
-    if 'PYTHONHOME' in os.environ:
-        logger.warn('PYTHONHOME is set.  You *must* activate the virtualenv before using it')
-        del os.environ['PYTHONHOME']
+    if "PYTHONHOME" in os.environ:
+        logger.warn("PYTHONHOME is set.  You *must* activate the virtualenv before using it")
+        del os.environ["PYTHONHOME"]
 
     if options.relocatable:
         make_environment_relocatable(home_dir)
         return
 
-    create_environment(home_dir,
-                       site_packages=options.system_site_packages,
-                       clear=options.clear,
-                       prompt=options.prompt,
-                       search_dirs=options.search_dirs,
-                       download=options.download,
-                       no_setuptools=options.no_setuptools,
-                       no_pip=options.no_pip,
-                       no_wheel=options.no_wheel,
-                       symlink=options.symlink)
-    if 'after_install' in globals():
-        after_install(options, home_dir)
-
-def call_subprocess(cmd, show_stdout=True,
-                    filter_stdout=None, cwd=None,
-                    raise_on_returncode=True, extra_env=None,
-                    remove_from_env=None, stdin=None):
+    create_environment(
+        home_dir,
+        site_packages=options.system_site_packages,
+        clear=options.clear,
+        prompt=options.prompt,
+        search_dirs=options.search_dirs,
+        download=options.download,
+        no_setuptools=options.no_setuptools,
+        no_pip=options.no_pip,
+        no_wheel=options.no_wheel,
+        symlink=options.symlink,
+    )
+    if "after_install" in globals():
+        after_install(options, home_dir)  # noqa: F821
+
+
+def call_subprocess(
+    cmd,
+    show_stdout=True,
+    filter_stdout=None,
+    cwd=None,
+    raise_on_returncode=True,
+    extra_env=None,
+    remove_from_env=None,
+    stdin=None,
+):
     cmd_parts = []
     for part in cmd:
         if len(part) > 45:
-            part = part[:20]+"..."+part[-20:]
-        if ' ' in part or '\n' in part or '"' in part or "'" in part:
+            part = part[:20] + "..." + part[-20:]
+        if " " in part or "\n" in part or '"' in part or "'" in part:
             part = '"%s"' % part.replace('"', '\\"')
-        if hasattr(part, 'decode'):
+        if hasattr(part, "decode"):
             try:
                 part = part.decode(sys.getdefaultencoding())
             except UnicodeDecodeError:
                 part = part.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
         cmd_parts.append(part)
-    cmd_desc = ' '.join(cmd_parts)
+    cmd_desc = " ".join(cmd_parts)
     if show_stdout:
         stdout = None
     else:
@@ -764,14 +804,16 @@ def call_subprocess(cmd, show_stdout=True,
         env = None
     try:
         proc = subprocess.Popen(
-            cmd, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+            cmd,
+            stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
             stdin=None if stdin is None else subprocess.PIPE,
             stdout=stdout,
-            cwd=cwd, env=env)
+            cwd=cwd,
+            env=env,
+        )
     except Exception:
         e = sys.exc_info()[1]
-        logger.fatal(
-            "Error %s while executing command %s" % (e, cmd_desc))
+        logger.fatal("Error {} while executing command {}".format(e, cmd_desc))
         raise
     all_output = []
     if stdout is not None:
@@ -807,21 +849,19 @@ def call_subprocess(cmd, show_stdout=True,
     if proc.returncode:
         if raise_on_returncode:
             if all_output:
-                logger.notify('Complete output from command %s:' % cmd_desc)
-                logger.notify('\n'.join(all_output) + '\n----------------------------------------')
-            raise OSError(
-                "Command %s failed with error code %s"
-                % (cmd_desc, proc.returncode))
+                logger.notify("Complete output from command %s:" % cmd_desc)
+                logger.notify("\n".join(all_output) + "\n----------------------------------------")
+            raise OSError("Command {} failed with error code {}".format(cmd_desc, proc.returncode))
         else:
-            logger.warn(
-                "Command %s had error code %s"
-                % (cmd_desc, proc.returncode))
+            logger.warn("Command {} had error code {}".format(cmd_desc, proc.returncode))
+
 
 def filter_install_output(line):
-    if line.strip().startswith('running'):
+    if line.strip().startswith("running"):
         return Logger.INFO
     return Logger.DEBUG
 
+
 def find_wheels(projects, search_dirs):
     """Find wheels from which we can import PROJECTS.
 
@@ -838,22 +878,22 @@ def find_wheels(projects, search_dirs):
         for dirname in search_dirs:
             # This relies on only having "universal" wheels available.
             # The pattern could be tightened to require -py2.py3-none-any.whl.
-            files = glob.glob(os.path.join(dirname, project + '-*.whl'))
+            files = glob.glob(os.path.join(dirname, project + "-*.whl"))
             if files:
                 wheels.append(os.path.abspath(files[0]))
                 break
         else:
             # We're out of luck, so quit with a suitable error
-            logger.fatal('Cannot find a wheel for %s' % (project,))
+            logger.fatal("Cannot find a wheel for {}".format(project))
 
     return wheels
 
-def install_wheel(project_names, py_executable, search_dirs=None,
-                  download=False):
+
+def install_wheel(project_names, py_executable, search_dirs=None, download=False):
     if search_dirs is None:
         search_dirs = file_search_dirs()
 
-    wheels = find_wheels(['setuptools', 'pip'], search_dirs)
+    wheels = find_wheels(["setuptools", "pip"], search_dirs)
     pythonpath = os.pathsep.join(wheels)
 
     # PIP_FIND_LINKS uses space as the path separator and thus cannot have paths
@@ -864,13 +904,16 @@ def install_wheel(project_names, py_executable, search_dirs=None,
     except ImportError:
         from urllib.parse import urljoin
         from urllib.request import pathname2url
+
     def space_path2url(p):
-        if ' ' not in p:
+        if " " not in p:
             return p
-        return urljoin('file:', pathname2url(os.path.abspath(p)))
-    findlinks = ' '.join(space_path2url(d) for d in search_dirs)
+        return urljoin("file:", pathname2url(os.path.abspath(p)))
+
+    findlinks = " ".join(space_path2url(d) for d in search_dirs)
 
-    SCRIPT = textwrap.dedent("""
+    SCRIPT = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
         import sys
         import pkgutil
         import tempfile
@@ -900,10 +943,11 @@ def install_wheel(project_names, py_executable, search_dirs=None,
         finally:
             if cert_file is not None:
                 os.remove(cert_file.name)
-    """).encode("utf8")
+    """
+    ).encode("utf8")
 
-    cmd = [py_executable, '-'] + project_names
-    logger.start_progress('Installing %s...' % (', '.join(project_names)))
+    cmd = [py_executable, "-"] + project_names
+    logger.start_progress("Installing %s..." % (", ".join(project_names)))
     logger.indent += 2
 
     env = {
@@ -913,7 +957,7 @@ def install_wheel(project_names, py_executable, search_dirs=None,
         "PIP_USE_WHEEL": "1",
         "PIP_ONLY_BINARY": ":all:",
         "PIP_USER": "0",
-        "PIP_NO_INPUT": "1"
+        "PIP_NO_INPUT": "1",
     }
 
     if not download:
@@ -926,10 +970,18 @@ def install_wheel(project_names, py_executable, search_dirs=None,
         logger.end_progress()
 
 
-def create_environment(home_dir, site_packages=False, clear=False,
-                       prompt=None, search_dirs=None, download=False,
-                       no_setuptools=False, no_pip=False, no_wheel=False,
-                       symlink=True):
+def create_environment(
+    home_dir,
+    site_packages=False,
+    clear=False,
+    prompt=None,
+    search_dirs=None,
+    download=False,
+    no_setuptools=False,
+    no_pip=False,
+    no_wheel=False,
+    symlink=True,
+):
     """
     Creates a new environment in ``home_dir``.
 
@@ -941,38 +993,35 @@ def create_environment(home_dir, site_packages=False, clear=False,
     """
     home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir = path_locations(home_dir)
 
-    py_executable = os.path.abspath(install_python(
-        home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir,
-        site_packages=site_packages, clear=clear, symlink=symlink))
+    py_executable = os.path.abspath(
+        install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, site_packages=site_packages, clear=clear, symlink=symlink)
+    )
 
     install_distutils(home_dir)
 
     to_install = []
 
     if not no_setuptools:
-        to_install.append('setuptools')
+        to_install.append("setuptools")
 
     if not no_pip:
-        to_install.append('pip')
+        to_install.append("pip")
 
     if not no_wheel:
-        to_install.append('wheel')
+        to_install.append("wheel")
 
     if to_install:
-        install_wheel(
-            to_install,
-            py_executable,
-            search_dirs,
-            download=download,
-        )
+        install_wheel(to_install, py_executable, search_dirs, download=download)
 
     install_activate(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt)
 
     install_python_config(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt)
 
+
 def is_executable_file(fpath):
     return os.path.isfile(fpath) and os.access(fpath, os.X_OK)
 
+
 def path_locations(home_dir):
     """Return the path locations for the environment (where libraries are,
     where scripts go, etc)"""
@@ -984,10 +1033,11 @@ def path_locations(home_dir):
         # the name; this function will remove them (using the ~1
         # format):
         mkdir(home_dir)
-        if ' ' in home_dir:
+        if " " in home_dir:
             import ctypes
+
             GetShortPathName = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetShortPathNameW
-            size = max(len(home_dir)+1, 256)
+            size = max(len(home_dir) + 1, 256)
             buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(size)
             try:
                 u = unicode
@@ -996,25 +1046,25 @@ def path_locations(home_dir):
             ret = GetShortPathName(u(home_dir), buf, size)
             if not ret:
                 print('Error: the path "%s" has a space in it' % home_dir)
-                print('We could not determine the short pathname for it.')
-                print('Exiting.')
+                print("We could not determine the short pathname for it.")
+                print("Exiting.")
                 sys.exit(3)
             home_dir = str(buf.value)
-        lib_dir = join(home_dir, 'Lib')
-        inc_dir = join(home_dir, 'Include')
-        bin_dir = join(home_dir, 'Scripts')
+        lib_dir = join(home_dir, "Lib")
+        inc_dir = join(home_dir, "Include")
+        bin_dir = join(home_dir, "Scripts")
     if is_jython:
-        lib_dir = join(home_dir, 'Lib')
-        inc_dir = join(home_dir, 'Include')
-        bin_dir = join(home_dir, 'bin')
+        lib_dir = join(home_dir, "Lib")
+        inc_dir = join(home_dir, "Include")
+        bin_dir = join(home_dir, "bin")
     elif is_pypy:
         lib_dir = home_dir
-        inc_dir = join(home_dir, 'include')
-        bin_dir = join(home_dir, 'bin')
+        inc_dir = join(home_dir, "include")
+        bin_dir = join(home_dir, "bin")
     elif not is_win:
-        lib_dir = join(home_dir, 'lib', py_version)
-        inc_dir = join(home_dir, 'include', py_version + abiflags)
-        bin_dir = join(home_dir, 'bin')
+        lib_dir = join(home_dir, "lib", py_version)
+        inc_dir = join(home_dir, "include", py_version + abiflags)
+        bin_dir = join(home_dir, "bin")
     return home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir
 
 
@@ -1022,18 +1072,21 @@ def change_prefix(filename, dst_prefix):
     prefixes = [sys.prefix]
 
     if is_darwin:
-        prefixes.extend((
-            os.path.join("/Library/Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
-            os.path.join(sys.prefix, "Extras", "lib", "python"),
-            os.path.join("~", "Library", "Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
-            # Python 2.6 no-frameworks
-            os.path.join("~", ".local", "lib","python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
-            # System Python 2.7 on OSX Mountain Lion
-            os.path.join("~", "Library", "Python", sys.version[:3], "lib", "python", "site-packages")))
-
-    if hasattr(sys, 'real_prefix'):
+        prefixes.extend(
+            (
+                os.path.join("/Library/Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
+                os.path.join(sys.prefix, "Extras", "lib", "python"),
+                os.path.join("~", "Library", "Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
+                # Python 2.6 no-frameworks
+                os.path.join("~", ".local", "lib", "python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
+                # System Python 2.7 on OSX Mountain Lion
+                os.path.join("~", "Library", "Python", sys.version[:3], "lib", "python", "site-packages"),
+            )
+        )
+
+    if hasattr(sys, "real_prefix"):
         prefixes.append(sys.real_prefix)
-    if hasattr(sys, 'base_prefix'):
+    if hasattr(sys, "base_prefix"):
         prefixes.append(sys.base_prefix)
     prefixes = list(map(os.path.expanduser, prefixes))
     prefixes = list(map(os.path.abspath, prefixes))
@@ -1041,20 +1094,20 @@ def change_prefix(filename, dst_prefix):
     prefixes = sorted(prefixes, key=len, reverse=True)
     filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
     # On Windows, make sure drive letter is uppercase
-    if is_win and filename[0] in 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz':
+    if is_win and filename[0] in "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz":
         filename = filename[0].upper() + filename[1:]
     for i, prefix in enumerate(prefixes):
-        if is_win and prefix[0] in 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz':
+        if is_win and prefix[0] in "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz":
             prefixes[i] = prefix[0].upper() + prefix[1:]
     for src_prefix in prefixes:
         if filename.startswith(src_prefix):
             _, relpath = filename.split(src_prefix, 1)
-            if src_prefix != os.sep: # sys.prefix == "/"
+            if src_prefix != os.sep:  # sys.prefix == "/"
                 assert relpath[0] == os.sep
                 relpath = relpath[1:]
             return join(dst_prefix, relpath)
-    assert False, "Filename %s does not start with any of these prefixes: %s" % \
-        (filename, prefixes)
+    assert False, "Filename {} does not start with any of these prefixes: {}".format(filename, prefixes)
+
 
 def copy_required_modules(dst_prefix, symlink):
     import imp
@@ -1071,10 +1124,13 @@ def copy_required_modules(dst_prefix, symlink):
             if f is not None:
                 f.close()
             # special-case custom readline.so on OS X, but not for pypy:
-            if modname == 'readline' and sys.platform == 'darwin' and not (
-                    is_pypy or filename.endswith(join('lib-dynload', 'readline.so'))):
-                dst_filename = join(dst_prefix, 'lib', 'python%s' % sys.version[:3], 'readline.so')
-            elif modname == 'readline' and sys.platform == 'win32':
+            if (
+                modname == "readline"
+                and sys.platform == "darwin"
+                and not (is_pypy or filename.endswith(join("lib-dynload", "readline.so")))
+            ):
+                dst_filename = join(dst_prefix, "lib", "python%s" % sys.version[:3], "readline.so")
+            elif modname == "readline" and sys.platform == "win32":
                 # special-case for Windows, where readline is not a
                 # standard module, though it may have been installed in
                 # site-packages by a third-party package
@@ -1082,17 +1138,18 @@ def copy_required_modules(dst_prefix, symlink):
             else:
                 dst_filename = change_prefix(filename, dst_prefix)
             copyfile(filename, dst_filename, symlink)
-            if filename.endswith('.pyc'):
+            if filename.endswith(".pyc"):
                 pyfile = filename[:-1]
                 if os.path.exists(pyfile):
                     copyfile(pyfile, dst_filename[:-1], symlink)
 
+
 def copy_tcltk(src, dest, symlink):
     """ copy tcl/tk libraries on Windows (issue #93) """
-    for libversion in '8.5', '8.6':
-        for libname in 'tcl', 'tk':
-            srcdir = join(src, 'tcl', libname + libversion)
-            destdir = join(dest, 'tcl', libname + libversion)
+    for libversion in "8.5", "8.6":
+        for libname in "tcl", "tk":
+            srcdir = join(src, "tcl", libname + libversion)
+            destdir = join(dest, "tcl", libname + libversion)
             # Only copy the dirs from the above combinations that exist
             if os.path.exists(srcdir) and not os.path.exists(destdir):
                 copyfileordir(srcdir, destdir, symlink)
@@ -1103,7 +1160,7 @@ def subst_path(prefix_path, prefix, home_dir):
     prefix = os.path.normpath(prefix)
     home_dir = os.path.normpath(home_dir)
     if not prefix_path.startswith(prefix):
-        logger.warn('Path not in prefix %r %r', prefix_path, prefix)
+        logger.warn("Path not in prefix %r %r", prefix_path, prefix)
         return
     return prefix_path.replace(prefix, home_dir, 1)
 
@@ -1111,20 +1168,20 @@ def subst_path(prefix_path, prefix, home_dir):
 def install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, site_packages, clear, symlink=True):
     """Install just the base environment, no distutils patches etc"""
     if sys.executable.startswith(bin_dir):
-        print('Please use the *system* python to run this script')
+        print("Please use the *system* python to run this script")
         return
 
     if clear:
         rmtree(lib_dir)
-        ## FIXME: why not delete it?
-        ## Maybe it should delete everything with #!/path/to/venv/python in it
-        logger.notify('Not deleting %s', bin_dir)
+        # FIXME: why not delete it?
+        # Maybe it should delete everything with #!/path/to/venv/python in it
+        logger.notify("Not deleting %s", bin_dir)
 
-    if hasattr(sys, 'real_prefix'):
-        logger.notify('Using real prefix %r' % sys.real_prefix)
+    if hasattr(sys, "real_prefix"):
+        logger.notify("Using real prefix %r" % sys.real_prefix)
         prefix = sys.real_prefix
-    elif hasattr(sys, 'base_prefix'):
-        logger.notify('Using base prefix %r' % sys.base_prefix)
+    elif hasattr(sys, "base_prefix"):
+        logger.notify("Using base prefix %r" % sys.base_prefix)
         prefix = sys.base_prefix
     else:
         prefix = sys.prefix
@@ -1132,13 +1189,13 @@ def install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, site_packages, clear, sy
     fix_lib64(lib_dir, symlink)
     stdlib_dirs = [os.path.dirname(os.__file__)]
     if is_win:
-        stdlib_dirs.append(join(os.path.dirname(stdlib_dirs[0]), 'DLLs'))
+        stdlib_dirs.append(join(os.path.dirname(stdlib_dirs[0]), "DLLs"))
     elif is_darwin:
-        stdlib_dirs.append(join(stdlib_dirs[0], 'site-packages'))
-    if hasattr(os, 'symlink'):
-        logger.info('Symlinking Python bootstrap modules')
+        stdlib_dirs.append(join(stdlib_dirs[0], "site-packages"))
+    if hasattr(os, "symlink"):
+        logger.info("Symlinking Python bootstrap modules")
     else:
-        logger.info('Copying Python bootstrap modules')
+        logger.info("Copying Python bootstrap modules")
     logger.indent += 2
     try:
         # copy required files...
@@ -1147,7 +1204,7 @@ def install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, site_packages, clear, sy
                 continue
             for fn in os.listdir(stdlib_dir):
                 bn = os.path.splitext(fn)[0]
-                if fn != 'site-packages' and bn in REQUIRED_FILES:
+                if fn != "site-packages" and bn in REQUIRED_FILES:
                     copyfile(join(stdlib_dir, fn), join(lib_dir, fn), symlink)
         # ...and modules
         copy_required_modules(home_dir, symlink)
@@ -1156,34 +1213,34 @@ def install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, site_packages, clear, sy
     # ...copy tcl/tk
     if is_win:
         copy_tcltk(prefix, home_dir, symlink)
-    mkdir(join(lib_dir, 'site-packages'))
+    mkdir(join(lib_dir, "site-packages"))
     import site
+
     site_filename = site.__file__
-    if site_filename.endswith('.pyc') or site_filename.endswith('.pyo'):
+    if site_filename.endswith(".pyc") or site_filename.endswith(".pyo"):
         site_filename = site_filename[:-1]
-    elif site_filename.endswith('$py.class'):
-        site_filename = site_filename.replace('$py.class', '.py')
+    elif site_filename.endswith("$py.class"):
+        site_filename = site_filename.replace("$py.class", ".py")
     site_filename_dst = change_prefix(site_filename, home_dir)
     site_dir = os.path.dirname(site_filename_dst)
     writefile(site_filename_dst, SITE_PY)
-    writefile(join(site_dir, 'orig-prefix.txt'), prefix)
-    site_packages_filename = join(site_dir, 'no-global-site-packages.txt')
+    writefile(join(site_dir, "orig-prefix.txt"), prefix)
+    site_packages_filename = join(site_dir, "no-global-site-packages.txt")
     if not site_packages:
-        writefile(site_packages_filename, '')
+        writefile(site_packages_filename, "")
 
     if is_pypy or is_win:
-        stdinc_dir = join(prefix, 'include')
+        stdinc_dir = join(prefix, "include")
     else:
-        stdinc_dir = join(prefix, 'include', py_version + abiflags)
+        stdinc_dir = join(prefix, "include", py_version + abiflags)
     if os.path.exists(stdinc_dir):
         copyfile(stdinc_dir, inc_dir, symlink)
     else:
-        logger.debug('No include dir %s' % stdinc_dir)
+        logger.debug("No include dir %s" % stdinc_dir)
 
     platinc_dir = distutils.sysconfig.get_python_inc(plat_specific=1)
     if platinc_dir != stdinc_dir:
-        platinc_dest = distutils.sysconfig.get_python_inc(
-            plat_specific=1, prefix=home_dir)
+        platinc_dest = distutils.sysconfig.get_python_inc(plat_specific=1, prefix=home_dir)
         if platinc_dir == platinc_dest:
             # Do platinc_dest manually due to a CPython bug;
             # not http://bugs.python.org/issue3386 but a close cousin
@@ -1198,92 +1255,82 @@ def install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, site_packages, clear, sy
     # pypy never uses exec_prefix, just ignore it
     if sys.exec_prefix != prefix and not is_pypy:
         if is_win:
-            exec_dir = join(sys.exec_prefix, 'lib')
+            exec_dir = join(sys.exec_prefix, "lib")
         elif is_jython:
-            exec_dir = join(sys.exec_prefix, 'Lib')
+            exec_dir = join(sys.exec_prefix, "Lib")
         else:
-            exec_dir = join(sys.exec_prefix, 'lib', py_version)
+            exec_dir = join(sys.exec_prefix, "lib", py_version)
         for fn in os.listdir(exec_dir):
             copyfile(join(exec_dir, fn), join(lib_dir, fn), symlink)
 
     if is_jython:
         # Jython has either jython-dev.jar and javalib/ dir, or just
         # jython.jar
-        for name in 'jython-dev.jar', 'javalib', 'jython.jar':
+        for name in "jython-dev.jar", "javalib", "jython.jar":
             src = join(prefix, name)
             if os.path.exists(src):
                 copyfile(src, join(home_dir, name), symlink)
         # XXX: registry should always exist after Jython 2.5rc1
-        src = join(prefix, 'registry')
+        src = join(prefix, "registry")
         if os.path.exists(src):
-            copyfile(src, join(home_dir, 'registry'), symlink=False)
-        copyfile(join(prefix, 'cachedir'), join(home_dir, 'cachedir'),
-                 symlink=False)
+            copyfile(src, join(home_dir, "registry"), symlink=False)
+        copyfile(join(prefix, "cachedir"), join(home_dir, "cachedir"), symlink=False)
 
     mkdir(bin_dir)
     py_executable = join(bin_dir, os.path.basename(sys.executable))
-    if 'Python.framework' in prefix:
+    if "Python.framework" in prefix:
         # OS X framework builds cause validation to break
         # https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/322
-        if os.environ.get('__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__'):
+        if os.environ.get("__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__"):
             del os.environ["__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__"]
-        if re.search(r'/Python(?:-32|-64)*$', py_executable):
+        if re.search(r"/Python(?:-32|-64)*$", py_executable):
             # The name of the python executable is not quite what
             # we want, rename it.
-            py_executable = os.path.join(
-                    os.path.dirname(py_executable), 'python')
+            py_executable = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), "python")
 
-    logger.notify('New %s executable in %s', expected_exe, py_executable)
+    logger.notify("New %s executable in %s", expected_exe, py_executable)
     pcbuild_dir = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
-    pyd_pth = os.path.join(lib_dir, 'site-packages', 'virtualenv_builddir_pyd.pth')
-    if is_win and os.path.exists(os.path.join(pcbuild_dir, 'build.bat')):
-        logger.notify('Detected python running from build directory %s', pcbuild_dir)
-        logger.notify('Writing .pth file linking to build directory for *.pyd files')
+    pyd_pth = os.path.join(lib_dir, "site-packages", "virtualenv_builddir_pyd.pth")
+    if is_win and os.path.exists(os.path.join(pcbuild_dir, "build.bat")):
+        logger.notify("Detected python running from build directory %s", pcbuild_dir)
+        logger.notify("Writing .pth file linking to build directory for *.pyd files")
         writefile(pyd_pth, pcbuild_dir)
     else:
         pcbuild_dir = None
         if os.path.exists(pyd_pth):
-            logger.info('Deleting %s (not Windows env or not build directory python)' % pyd_pth)
+            logger.info("Deleting %s (not Windows env or not build directory python)" % pyd_pth)
             os.unlink(pyd_pth)
 
     if sys.executable != py_executable:
-        ## FIXME: could I just hard link?
+        # FIXME: could I just hard link?
         executable = sys.executable
         shutil.copyfile(executable, py_executable)
         make_exe(py_executable)
         if is_win or is_cygwin:
-            pythonw = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable), 'pythonw.exe')
+            pythonw = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable), "pythonw.exe")
             if os.path.exists(pythonw):
-                logger.info('Also created pythonw.exe')
-                shutil.copyfile(pythonw, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), 'pythonw.exe'))
-            python_d = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable), 'python_d.exe')
-            python_d_dest = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), 'python_d.exe')
+                logger.info("Also created pythonw.exe")
+                shutil.copyfile(pythonw, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), "pythonw.exe"))
+            python_d = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable), "python_d.exe")
+            python_d_dest = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), "python_d.exe")
             if os.path.exists(python_d):
-                logger.info('Also created python_d.exe')
+                logger.info("Also created python_d.exe")
                 shutil.copyfile(python_d, python_d_dest)
             elif os.path.exists(python_d_dest):
-                logger.info('Removed python_d.exe as it is no longer at the source')
+                logger.info("Removed python_d.exe as it is no longer at the source")
                 os.unlink(python_d_dest)
 
             # we need to copy the DLL to enforce that windows will load the correct one.
             # may not exist if we are cygwin.
             if is_pypy:
-                py_executable_dlls = [
-                    (
-                        'libpypy-c.dll',
-                        'libpypy_d-c.dll',
-                    ),
-                ]
+                py_executable_dlls = [("libpypy-c.dll", "libpypy_d-c.dll")]
             else:
                 py_executable_dlls = [
+                    ("python%s.dll" % (sys.version_info[0]), "python%s_d.dll" % (sys.version_info[0])),
                     (
-                        'python%s.dll' % (sys.version_info[0]),
-                        'python%s_d.dll' % (sys.version_info[0])
+                        "python{}{}.dll".format(sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]),
+                        "python{}{}_d.dll".format(sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]),
                     ),
-                    (
-                        'python%s%s.dll' % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1]),
-                        'python%s%s_d.dll' % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
-                    )
                 ]
 
             for py_executable_dll, py_executable_dll_d in py_executable_dlls:
@@ -1291,108 +1338,102 @@ def install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, site_packages, clear, sy
                 pythondll_d = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable), py_executable_dll_d)
                 pythondll_d_dest = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), py_executable_dll_d)
                 if os.path.exists(pythondll):
-                    logger.info('Also created %s' % py_executable_dll)
+                    logger.info("Also created %s" % py_executable_dll)
                     shutil.copyfile(pythondll, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), py_executable_dll))
                 if os.path.exists(pythondll_d):
-                    logger.info('Also created %s' % py_executable_dll_d)
+                    logger.info("Also created %s" % py_executable_dll_d)
                     shutil.copyfile(pythondll_d, pythondll_d_dest)
                 elif os.path.exists(pythondll_d_dest):
-                    logger.info('Removed %s as the source does not exist' % pythondll_d_dest)
+                    logger.info("Removed %s as the source does not exist" % pythondll_d_dest)
                     os.unlink(pythondll_d_dest)
         if is_pypy:
             # make a symlink python --> pypy-c
-            python_executable = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), 'python')
-            if sys.platform in ('win32', 'cygwin'):
-                python_executable += '.exe'
-            logger.info('Also created executable %s' % python_executable)
+            python_executable = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), "python")
+            if sys.platform in ("win32", "cygwin"):
+                python_executable += ".exe"
+            logger.info("Also created executable %s" % python_executable)
             copyfile(py_executable, python_executable, symlink)
 
             if is_win:
-                for name in ['libexpat.dll',
-                            'libeay32.dll', 'ssleay32.dll', 'sqlite3.dll',
-                            'tcl85.dll', 'tk85.dll']:
+                for name in ["libexpat.dll", "libeay32.dll", "ssleay32.dll", "sqlite3.dll", "tcl85.dll", "tk85.dll"]:
                     src = join(prefix, name)
                     if os.path.exists(src):
                         copyfile(src, join(bin_dir, name), symlink)
 
                 for d in sys.path:
-                    if d.endswith('lib_pypy'):
+                    if d.endswith("lib_pypy"):
                         break
                 else:
-                    logger.fatal('Could not find lib_pypy in sys.path')
+                    logger.fatal("Could not find lib_pypy in sys.path")
                     raise SystemExit(3)
-                logger.info('Copying lib_pypy')
-                copyfile(d, os.path.join(home_dir, 'lib_pypy'), symlink)
+                logger.info("Copying lib_pypy")
+                copyfile(d, os.path.join(home_dir, "lib_pypy"), symlink)
 
     if os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(py_executable))[0] != expected_exe:
-        secondary_exe = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable),
-                                     expected_exe)
+        secondary_exe = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(py_executable), expected_exe)
         py_executable_ext = os.path.splitext(py_executable)[1]
-        if py_executable_ext.lower() == '.exe':
+        if py_executable_ext.lower() == ".exe":
             # python2.4 gives an extension of '.4' :P
             secondary_exe += py_executable_ext
         if os.path.exists(secondary_exe):
-            logger.warn('Not overwriting existing %s script %s (you must use %s)'
-                        % (expected_exe, secondary_exe, py_executable))
+            logger.warn(
+                "Not overwriting existing {} script {} (you must use {})".format(
+                    expected_exe, secondary_exe, py_executable
+                )
+            )
         else:
-            logger.notify('Also creating executable in %s' % secondary_exe)
+            logger.notify("Also creating executable in %s" % secondary_exe)
             shutil.copyfile(sys.executable, secondary_exe)
             make_exe(secondary_exe)
 
-    if '.framework' in prefix:
-        if 'Python.framework' in prefix:
-            logger.debug('MacOSX Python framework detected')
+    if ".framework" in prefix:
+        if "Python.framework" in prefix:
+            logger.debug("MacOSX Python framework detected")
             # Make sure we use the embedded interpreter inside
             # the framework, even if sys.executable points to
             # the stub executable in ${sys.prefix}/bin
             # See http://groups.google.com/group/python-virtualenv/
             #                              browse_thread/thread/17cab2f85da75951
-            original_python = os.path.join(
-                prefix, 'Resources/Python.app/Contents/MacOS/Python')
-        if 'EPD' in prefix:
-            logger.debug('EPD framework detected')
-            original_python = os.path.join(prefix, 'bin/python')
+            original_python = os.path.join(prefix, "Resources/Python.app/Contents/MacOS/Python")
+        if "EPD" in prefix:
+            logger.debug("EPD framework detected")
+            original_python = os.path.join(prefix, "bin/python")
         shutil.copy(original_python, py_executable)
 
         # Copy the framework's dylib into the virtual
         # environment
-        virtual_lib = os.path.join(home_dir, '.Python')
+        virtual_lib = os.path.join(home_dir, ".Python")
 
         if os.path.exists(virtual_lib):
             os.unlink(virtual_lib)
-        copyfile(
-            os.path.join(prefix, 'Python'),
-            virtual_lib,
-            symlink)
+        copyfile(os.path.join(prefix, "Python"), virtual_lib, symlink)
 
         # And then change the install_name of the copied python executable
         try:
-            mach_o_change(py_executable,
-                          os.path.join(prefix, 'Python'),
-                          '@executable_path/../.Python')
-        except:
+            mach_o_change(py_executable, os.path.join(prefix, "Python"), "@executable_path/../.Python")
+        except Exception:
             e = sys.exc_info()[1]
-            logger.warn("Could not call mach_o_change: %s. "
-                        "Trying to call install_name_tool instead." % e)
+            logger.warn("Could not call mach_o_change: %s. " "Trying to call install_name_tool instead." % e)
             try:
                 call_subprocess(
-                    ["install_name_tool", "-change",
-                     os.path.join(prefix, 'Python'),
-                     '@executable_path/../.Python',
-                     py_executable])
-            except:
-                logger.fatal("Could not call install_name_tool -- you must "
-                             "have Apple's development tools installed")
+                    [
+                        "install_name_tool",
+                        "-change",
+                        os.path.join(prefix, "Python"),
+                        "@executable_path/../.Python",
+                        py_executable,
+                    ]
+                )
+            except Exception:
+                logger.fatal("Could not call install_name_tool -- you must " "have Apple's development tools installed")
                 raise
 
     if not is_win:
         # Ensure that 'python', 'pythonX' and 'pythonX.Y' all exist
-        py_exe_version_major = 'python%s' % sys.version_info[0]
-        py_exe_version_major_minor = 'python%s.%s' % (
-            sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
-        py_exe_no_version = 'python'
-        required_symlinks = [ py_exe_no_version, py_exe_version_major,
-                         py_exe_version_major_minor ]
+        py_exe_version_major = "python%s" % sys.version_info[0]
+        py_exe_version_major_minor = "python{}.{}".format(sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+        py_exe_no_version = "python"
+        required_symlinks = [py_exe_no_version, py_exe_version_major, py_exe_version_major_minor]
 
         py_executable_base = os.path.basename(py_executable)
 
@@ -1409,17 +1450,19 @@ def install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, site_packages, clear, sy
             else:
                 copyfile(py_executable, full_pth, symlink)
 
-    cmd = [py_executable, '-c', 'import sys;out=sys.stdout;'
-        'getattr(out, "buffer", out).write(sys.prefix.encode("utf-8"))']
+    cmd = [
+        py_executable,
+        "-c",
+        "import sys;out=sys.stdout;" 'getattr(out, "buffer", out).write(sys.prefix.encode("utf-8"))',
+    ]
     logger.info('Testing executable with %s %s "%s"' % tuple(cmd))
     try:
-        proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd,
-                            stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
         proc_stdout, proc_stderr = proc.communicate()
     except OSError:
         e = sys.exc_info()[1]
         if e.errno == errno.EACCES:
-            logger.fatal('ERROR: The executable %s could not be run: %s' % (py_executable, e))
+            logger.fatal("ERROR: The executable {} could not be run: {}".format(py_executable, e))
             sys.exit(100)
         else:
             raise e
@@ -1427,105 +1470,102 @@ def install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, site_packages, clear, sy
     proc_stdout = proc_stdout.strip().decode("utf-8")
     proc_stdout = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(proc_stdout))
     norm_home_dir = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(home_dir))
-    if hasattr(norm_home_dir, 'decode'):
+    if hasattr(norm_home_dir, "decode"):
         norm_home_dir = norm_home_dir.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
     if proc_stdout != norm_home_dir:
-        logger.fatal(
-            'ERROR: The executable %s is not functioning' % py_executable)
-        logger.fatal(
-            'ERROR: It thinks sys.prefix is %r (should be %r)'
-            % (proc_stdout, norm_home_dir))
-        logger.fatal(
-            'ERROR: virtualenv is not compatible with this system or executable')
+        logger.fatal("ERROR: The executable %s is not functioning" % py_executable)
+        logger.fatal("ERROR: It thinks sys.prefix is {!r} (should be {!r})".format(proc_stdout, norm_home_dir))
+        logger.fatal("ERROR: virtualenv is not compatible with this system or executable")
         if is_win:
             logger.fatal(
-                'Note: some Windows users have reported this error when they '
+                "Note: some Windows users have reported this error when they "
                 'installed Python for "Only this user" or have multiple '
-                'versions of Python installed. Copying the appropriate '
-                'PythonXX.dll to the virtualenv Scripts/ directory may fix '
-                'this problem.')
+                "versions of Python installed. Copying the appropriate "
+                "PythonXX.dll to the virtualenv Scripts/ directory may fix "
+                "this problem."
+            )
         sys.exit(100)
     else:
-        logger.info('Got sys.prefix result: %r' % proc_stdout)
+        logger.info("Got sys.prefix result: %r" % proc_stdout)
 
-    pydistutils = os.path.expanduser('~/.pydistutils.cfg')
+    pydistutils = os.path.expanduser("~/.pydistutils.cfg")
     if os.path.exists(pydistutils):
-        logger.notify('Please make sure you remove any previous custom paths from '
-                      'your %s file.' % pydistutils)
-    ## FIXME: really this should be calculated earlier
+        logger.notify("Please make sure you remove any previous custom paths from " "your %s file." % pydistutils)
+    # FIXME: really this should be calculated earlier
 
     fix_local_scheme(home_dir, symlink)
 
     if site_packages:
         if os.path.exists(site_packages_filename):
-            logger.info('Deleting %s' % site_packages_filename)
+            logger.info("Deleting %s" % site_packages_filename)
             os.unlink(site_packages_filename)
 
     return py_executable
 
 
 def install_activate(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt=None):
-    if is_win or is_jython and os._name == 'nt':
-        files = {
-            'activate.bat': ACTIVATE_BAT,
-            'deactivate.bat': DEACTIVATE_BAT,
-            'activate.ps1': ACTIVATE_PS,
-        }
+    if is_win or is_jython and os._name == "nt":
+        files = {"activate.bat": ACTIVATE_BAT, "deactivate.bat": DEACTIVATE_BAT, "activate.ps1": ACTIVATE_PS}
 
         # MSYS needs paths of the form /c/path/to/file
-        drive, tail = os.path.splitdrive(home_dir.replace(os.sep, '/'))
+        drive, tail = os.path.splitdrive(home_dir.replace(os.sep, "/"))
         home_dir_msys = (drive and "/%s%s" or "%s%s") % (drive[:1], tail)
 
         # Run-time conditional enables (basic) Cygwin compatibility
-        home_dir_sh = ("""$(if [ "$OSTYPE" "==" "cygwin" ]; then cygpath -u '%s'; else echo '%s'; fi;)""" %
-                       (home_dir, home_dir_msys))
-        files['activate'] = ACTIVATE_SH.replace('__VIRTUAL_ENV__', home_dir_sh)
+        home_dir_sh = """$(if [ "$OSTYPE" "==" "cygwin" ]; then cygpath -u '{}'; else echo '{}'; fi;)""".format(
+            home_dir, home_dir_msys
+        )
+        files["activate"] = ACTIVATE_SH.replace("__VIRTUAL_ENV__", home_dir_sh)
 
     else:
-        files = {'activate': ACTIVATE_SH}
+        files = {"activate": ACTIVATE_SH}
 
         # suppling activate.fish in addition to, not instead of, the
         # bash script support.
-        files['activate.fish'] = ACTIVATE_FISH
+        files["activate.fish"] = ACTIVATE_FISH
 
         # same for csh/tcsh support...
-        files['activate.csh'] = ACTIVATE_CSH
+        files["activate.csh"] = ACTIVATE_CSH
 
-    files['activate_this.py'] = ACTIVATE_THIS
+    files["activate_this.py"] = ACTIVATE_THIS
 
     install_files(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt, files)
 
+
 def install_files(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt, files):
-    if hasattr(home_dir, 'decode'):
+    if hasattr(home_dir, "decode"):
         home_dir = home_dir.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
     vname = os.path.basename(home_dir)
     for name, content in files.items():
-        content = content.replace('__VIRTUAL_PROMPT__', prompt or '')
-        content = content.replace('__VIRTUAL_WINPROMPT__', prompt or '(%s)' % vname)
-        content = content.replace('__VIRTUAL_ENV__', home_dir)
-        content = content.replace('__VIRTUAL_NAME__', vname)
-        content = content.replace('__BIN_NAME__', os.path.basename(bin_dir))
+        content = content.replace("__VIRTUAL_PROMPT__", prompt or "")
+        content = content.replace("__VIRTUAL_WINPROMPT__", prompt or "(%s)" % vname)
+        content = content.replace("__VIRTUAL_ENV__", home_dir)
+        content = content.replace("__VIRTUAL_NAME__", vname)
+        content = content.replace("__BIN_NAME__", os.path.basename(bin_dir))
         writefile(os.path.join(bin_dir, name), content)
 
+
 def install_python_config(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt=None):
-    if sys.platform == 'win32' or is_jython and os._name == 'nt':
+    if sys.platform == "win32" or is_jython and os._name == "nt":
         files = {}
     else:
-        files = {'python-config': PYTHON_CONFIG}
+        files = {"python-config": PYTHON_CONFIG}
     install_files(home_dir, bin_dir, prompt, files)
-    for name, content in files.items():
+    for name, _ in files.items():
         make_exe(os.path.join(bin_dir, name))
 
+
 def install_distutils(home_dir):
     distutils_path = change_prefix(distutils.__path__[0], home_dir)
     mkdir(distutils_path)
-    ## FIXME: maybe this prefix setting should only be put in place if
-    ## there's a local distutils.cfg with a prefix setting?
+    # FIXME: maybe this prefix setting should only be put in place if
+    # there's a local distutils.cfg with a prefix setting?
     home_dir = os.path.abspath(home_dir)
-    ## FIXME: this is breaking things, removing for now:
-    #distutils_cfg = DISTUTILS_CFG + "\n[install]\nprefix=%s\n" % home_dir
-    writefile(os.path.join(distutils_path, '__init__.py'), DISTUTILS_INIT)
-    writefile(os.path.join(distutils_path, 'distutils.cfg'), DISTUTILS_CFG, overwrite=False)
+    # FIXME: this is breaking things, removing for now:
+    # distutils_cfg = DISTUTILS_CFG + "\n[install]\nprefix=%s\n" % home_dir
+    writefile(os.path.join(distutils_path, "__init__.py"), DISTUTILS_INIT)
+    writefile(os.path.join(distutils_path, "distutils.cfg"), DISTUTILS_CFG, overwrite=False)
+
 
 def fix_local_scheme(home_dir, symlink=True):
     """
@@ -1537,15 +1577,19 @@ def fix_local_scheme(home_dir, symlink=True):
     except ImportError:
         pass
     else:
-        if sysconfig._get_default_scheme() == 'posix_local':
-            local_path = os.path.join(home_dir, 'local')
+        if sysconfig._get_default_scheme() == "posix_local":
+            local_path = os.path.join(home_dir, "local")
             if not os.path.exists(local_path):
                 os.mkdir(local_path)
                 for subdir_name in os.listdir(home_dir):
-                    if subdir_name == 'local':
+                    if subdir_name == "local":
                         continue
-                    copyfile(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(home_dir, subdir_name)), \
-                                                            os.path.join(local_path, subdir_name), symlink)
+                    copyfile(
+                        os.path.abspath(os.path.join(home_dir, subdir_name)),
+                        os.path.join(local_path, subdir_name),
+                        symlink,
+                    )
+
 
 def fix_lib64(lib_dir, symlink=True):
     """
@@ -1556,29 +1600,27 @@ def fix_lib64(lib_dir, symlink=True):
     # PyPy's library path scheme is not affected by this.
     # Return early or we will die on the following assert.
     if is_pypy:
-        logger.debug('PyPy detected, skipping lib64 symlinking')
+        logger.debug("PyPy detected, skipping lib64 symlinking")
         return
     # Check we have a lib64 library path
-    if not [p for p in distutils.sysconfig.get_config_vars().values()
-            if isinstance(p, basestring) and 'lib64' in p]:
+    if not [p for p in distutils.sysconfig.get_config_vars().values() if isinstance(p, basestring) and "lib64" in p]:
         return
 
-    logger.debug('This system uses lib64; symlinking lib64 to lib')
+    logger.debug("This system uses lib64; symlinking lib64 to lib")
 
-    assert os.path.basename(lib_dir) == 'python%s' % sys.version[:3], (
-        "Unexpected python lib dir: %r" % lib_dir)
+    assert os.path.basename(lib_dir) == "python%s" % sys.version[:3], "Unexpected python lib dir: %r" % lib_dir
     lib_parent = os.path.dirname(lib_dir)
     top_level = os.path.dirname(lib_parent)
-    lib_dir = os.path.join(top_level, 'lib')
-    lib64_link = os.path.join(top_level, 'lib64')
-    assert os.path.basename(lib_parent) == 'lib', (
-        "Unexpected parent dir: %r" % lib_parent)
+    lib_dir = os.path.join(top_level, "lib")
+    lib64_link = os.path.join(top_level, "lib64")
+    assert os.path.basename(lib_parent) == "lib", "Unexpected parent dir: %r" % lib_parent
     if os.path.lexists(lib64_link):
         return
     if symlink:
-        os.symlink('lib', lib64_link)
+        os.symlink("lib", lib64_link)
     else:
-        copyfile('lib', lib64_link)
+        copyfile("lib", lib64_link)
+
 
 def resolve_interpreter(exe):
     """
@@ -1594,52 +1636,58 @@ def resolve_interpreter(exe):
     if os.path.abspath(exe) != exe:
         exe = distutils.spawn.find_executable(exe) or exe
     if not os.path.exists(exe):
-        logger.fatal('The path %s (from --python=%s) does not exist' % (exe, orig_exe))
+        logger.fatal("The path {} (from --python={}) does not exist".format(exe, orig_exe))
         raise SystemExit(3)
     if not is_executable(exe):
-        logger.fatal('The path %s (from --python=%s) is not an executable file' % (exe, orig_exe))
+        logger.fatal("The path {} (from --python={}) is not an executable file".format(exe, orig_exe))
         raise SystemExit(3)
     return exe
 
+
 def is_executable(exe):
     """Checks a file is executable"""
     return os.path.isfile(exe) and os.access(exe, os.X_OK)
 
-############################################################
-## Relocating the environment:
 
+# Relocating the environment:
 def make_environment_relocatable(home_dir):
     """
     Makes the already-existing environment use relative paths, and takes out
     the #!-based environment selection in scripts.
     """
     home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir = path_locations(home_dir)
-    activate_this = os.path.join(bin_dir, 'activate_this.py')
+    activate_this = os.path.join(bin_dir, "activate_this.py")
     if not os.path.exists(activate_this):
         logger.fatal(
-            'The environment doesn\'t have a file %s -- please re-run virtualenv '
-            'on this environment to update it' % activate_this)
+            "The environment doesn't have a file %s -- please re-run virtualenv "
+            "on this environment to update it" % activate_this
+        )
     fixup_scripts(home_dir, bin_dir)
     fixup_pth_and_egg_link(home_dir)
-    ## FIXME: need to fix up distutils.cfg
+    # FIXME: need to fix up distutils.cfg
+
+
+OK_ABS_SCRIPTS = [
+    "python",
+    "python%s" % sys.version[:3],
+    "activate",
+    "activate.bat",
+    "activate_this.py",
+    "activate.fish",
+    "activate.csh",
+]
 
-OK_ABS_SCRIPTS = ['python', 'python%s' % sys.version[:3],
-                  'activate', 'activate.bat', 'activate_this.py',
-                  'activate.fish', 'activate.csh']
 
 def fixup_scripts(home_dir, bin_dir):
     if is_win:
-        new_shebang_args = (
-            '%s /c' % os.path.normcase(os.environ.get('COMSPEC', 'cmd.exe')),
-            '', '.exe')
+        new_shebang_args = ("%s /c" % os.path.normcase(os.environ.get("COMSPEC", "cmd.exe")), "", ".exe")
     else:
-        new_shebang_args = ('/usr/bin/env', sys.version[:3], '')
+        new_shebang_args = ("/usr/bin/env", sys.version[:3], "")
 
     # This is what we expect at the top of scripts:
-    shebang = '#!%s' % os.path.normcase(os.path.join(
-        os.path.abspath(bin_dir), 'python%s' % new_shebang_args[2]))
+    shebang = "#!%s" % os.path.normcase(os.path.join(os.path.abspath(bin_dir), "python%s" % new_shebang_args[2]))
     # This is what we'll put:
-    new_shebang = '#!%s python%s%s' % new_shebang_args
+    new_shebang = "#!%s python%s%s" % new_shebang_args
 
     for filename in os.listdir(bin_dir):
         filename = os.path.join(bin_dir, filename)
@@ -1647,15 +1695,15 @@ def fixup_scripts(home_dir, bin_dir):
             # ignore subdirs, e.g. .svn ones.
             continue
         lines = None
-        with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+        with open(filename, "rb") as f:
             try:
-                lines = f.read().decode('utf-8').splitlines()
+                lines = f.read().decode("utf-8").splitlines()
             except UnicodeDecodeError:
                 # This is probably a binary program instead
                 # of a script, so just ignore it.
                 continue
         if not lines:
-            logger.warn('Script %s is an empty file' % filename)
+            logger.warn("Script %s is an empty file" % filename)
             continue
 
         old_shebang = lines[0].strip()
@@ -1663,33 +1711,41 @@ def fixup_scripts(home_dir, bin_dir):
 
         if not old_shebang.startswith(shebang):
             if os.path.basename(filename) in OK_ABS_SCRIPTS:
-                logger.debug('Cannot make script %s relative' % filename)
+                logger.debug("Cannot make script %s relative" % filename)
             elif lines[0].strip() == new_shebang:
-                logger.info('Script %s has already been made relative' % filename)
+                logger.info("Script %s has already been made relative" % filename)
             else:
-                logger.warn('Script %s cannot be made relative (it\'s not a normal script that starts with %s)'
-                            % (filename, shebang))
+                logger.warn(
+                    "Script %s cannot be made relative (it's not a normal script that starts with %s)"
+                    % (filename, shebang)
+                )
             continue
-        logger.notify('Making script %s relative' % filename)
+        logger.notify("Making script %s relative" % filename)
         script = relative_script([new_shebang] + lines[1:])
-        with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
-            f.write('\n'.join(script).encode('utf-8'))
+        with open(filename, "wb") as f:
+            f.write("\n".join(script).encode("utf-8"))
 
 
 def relative_script(lines):
     "Return a script that'll work in a relocatable environment."
-    activate = "import os; activate_this=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), 'activate_this.py'); exec(compile(open(activate_this).read(), activate_this, 'exec'), dict(__file__=activate_this)); del os, activate_this"
+    activate = (
+        "import os; "
+        "activate_this=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), 'activate_this.py'); "
+        "exec(compile(open(activate_this).read(), activate_this, 'exec'), dict(__file__=activate_this)); "
+        "del os, activate_this"
+    )
     # Find the last future statement in the script. If we insert the activation
     # line before a future statement, Python will raise a SyntaxError.
     activate_at = None
     for idx, line in reversed(list(enumerate(lines))):
-        if line.split()[:3] == ['from', '__future__', 'import']:
+        if line.split()[:3] == ["from", "__future__", "import"]:
             activate_at = idx + 1
             break
     if activate_at is None:
         # Activate after the shebang.
         activate_at = 1
-    return lines[:activate_at] + ['', activate, ''] + lines[activate_at:]
+    return lines[:activate_at] + ["", activate, ""] + lines[activate_at:]
+
 
 def fixup_pth_and_egg_link(home_dir, sys_path=None):
     """Makes .pth and .egg-link files use relative paths"""
@@ -1698,26 +1754,27 @@ def fixup_pth_and_egg_link(home_dir, sys_path=None):
         sys_path = sys.path
     for path in sys_path:
         if not path:
-            path = '.'
+            path = "."
         if not os.path.isdir(path):
             continue
         path = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(path))
         if not path.startswith(home_dir):
-            logger.debug('Skipping system (non-environment) directory %s' % path)
+            logger.debug("Skipping system (non-environment) directory %s" % path)
             continue
         for filename in os.listdir(path):
             filename = os.path.join(path, filename)
-            if filename.endswith('.pth'):
+            if filename.endswith(".pth"):
                 if not os.access(filename, os.W_OK):
-                    logger.warn('Cannot write .pth file %s, skipping' % filename)
+                    logger.warn("Cannot write .pth file %s, skipping" % filename)
                 else:
                     fixup_pth_file(filename)
-            if filename.endswith('.egg-link'):
+            if filename.endswith(".egg-link"):
                 if not os.access(filename, os.W_OK):
-                    logger.warn('Cannot write .egg-link file %s, skipping' % filename)
+                    logger.warn("Cannot write .egg-link file %s, skipping" % filename)
                 else:
                     fixup_egg_link(filename)
 
+
 def fixup_pth_file(filename):
     lines = []
     prev_lines = []
@@ -1725,32 +1782,33 @@ def fixup_pth_file(filename):
         prev_lines = f.readlines()
     for line in prev_lines:
         line = line.strip()
-        if (not line or line.startswith('#') or line.startswith('import ')
-            or os.path.abspath(line) != line):
+        if not line or line.startswith("#") or line.startswith("import ") or os.path.abspath(line) != line:
             lines.append(line)
         else:
             new_value = make_relative_path(filename, line)
             if line != new_value:
-                logger.debug('Rewriting path %s as %s (in %s)' % (line, new_value, filename))
+                logger.debug("Rewriting path {} as {} (in {})".format(line, new_value, filename))
             lines.append(new_value)
     if lines == prev_lines:
-        logger.info('No changes to .pth file %s' % filename)
+        logger.info("No changes to .pth file %s" % filename)
         return
-    logger.notify('Making paths in .pth file %s relative' % filename)
-    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
-        f.write('\n'.join(lines) + '\n')
+    logger.notify("Making paths in .pth file %s relative" % filename)
+    with open(filename, "w") as f:
+        f.write("\n".join(lines) + "\n")
+
 
 def fixup_egg_link(filename):
     with open(filename) as f:
         link = f.readline().strip()
     if os.path.abspath(link) != link:
-        logger.debug('Link in %s already relative' % filename)
+        logger.debug("Link in %s already relative" % filename)
         return
     new_link = make_relative_path(filename, link)
-    logger.notify('Rewriting link %s in %s as %s' % (link, filename, new_link))
-    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+    logger.notify("Rewriting link {} in {} as {}".format(link, filename, new_link))
+    with open(filename, "w") as f:
         f.write(new_link)
 
+
 def make_relative_path(source, dest, dest_is_directory=True):
     """
     Make a filename relative, where the filename is dest, and it is
@@ -1776,20 +1834,17 @@ def make_relative_path(source, dest, dest_is_directory=True):
     while dest_parts and source_parts and dest_parts[0] == source_parts[0]:
         dest_parts.pop(0)
         source_parts.pop(0)
-    full_parts = ['..']*len(source_parts) + dest_parts
+    full_parts = [".."] * len(source_parts) + dest_parts
     if not dest_is_directory:
         full_parts.append(dest_filename)
     if not full_parts:
         # Special case for the current directory (otherwise it'd be '')
-        return './'
+        return "./"
     return os.path.sep.join(full_parts)
 
 
-
-############################################################
-## Bootstrap script creation:
-
-def create_bootstrap_script(extra_text, python_version=''):
+# Bootstrap script creation:
+def create_bootstrap_script(extra_text, python_version=""):
     """
     Creates a bootstrap script, which is like this script but with
     extend_parser, adjust_options, and after_install hooks.
@@ -1830,169 +1885,169 @@ def create_bootstrap_script(extra_text, python_version=''):
     be run with a particular Python version.
     """
     filename = __file__
-    if filename.endswith('.pyc'):
+    if filename.endswith(".pyc"):
         filename = filename[:-1]
-    with codecs.open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+    with codecs.open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         content = f.read()
-    py_exe = 'python%s' % python_version
-    content = (('#!/usr/bin/env %s\n' % py_exe)
-               + '## WARNING: This file is generated\n'
-               + content)
-    return content.replace('##EXT' 'END##', extra_text)
+    py_exe = "python%s" % python_version
+    content = ("#!/usr/bin/env %s\n" % py_exe) + "# WARNING: This file is generated\n" + content
+    return content.replace("##EXT" "END##", extra_text)
 
-##EXTEND##
 
+# EXTEND
 def convert(s):
-    b = base64.b64decode(s.encode('ascii'))
-    return zlib.decompress(b).decode('utf-8')
-
-##file site.py
-SITE_PY = convert("""
-eJzFPf1z2zaWv/OvwMqToZTKdOJ0e3tO3RsncVrfuYm3yc7m1vXoKAmyWFMkS5C2tTd3f/u9DwAE
-+CHb2+6cphNLJPDw8PC+8PAeOhqNTopCZkuxyZd1KoWScblYiyKu1kqs8lJU66Rc7hdxWW3h6eIm
-vpZKVLlQWxVhqygInv/GT/BcfF4nyqAA3+K6yjdxlSziNN2KZFPkZSWXYlmXSXYtkiypkjhN/g4t
-8iwSz387BsFZJmDmaSJLcStLBXCVyFfiYlut80yM6wLn/DL6Y/xqMhVqUSZFBQ1KjTNQZB1XQSbl
-EtCElrUCUiaV3FeFXCSrZGEb3uV1uhRFGi+k+K//4qlR0zAMVL6Rd2tZSpEBMgBTAqwC8YCvSSkW
-+VJGQryRixgH4OcNsQKGNsU1U0jGLBdpnl3DnDK5kErF5VaM53VFgAhlscwBpwQwqJI0De7y8kZN
-YElpPe7gkYiZPfzJMHvAPHH8LucAjh+z4C9Zcj9l2MA9CK5aM9uUcpXcixjBwk95Lxcz/WycrMQy
-Wa2ABlk1wSYBI6BEmswPClqOb/UKfXdAWFmujGEMiShzY35JPaLgrBJxqoBt6wJppAjzd3KexBlQ
-I7uF4QAikDToG2eZqMqOQ7MTOQAocR0rkJKNEuNNnGTArD/GC0L7r0m2zO/UhCgAq6XEL7Wq3PmP
-ewgArR0CTANcLLOadZYmNzLdTgCBz4B9KVWdVigQy6SUiyovE6kIAKC2FfIekJ6KuJSahMyZRm6n
-RH+iSZLhwqKAocDjSyTJKrmuS5IwsUqAc4Er3n/8Sbw7fXN28kHzmAHGMnu9AZwBCi20gxMMIA5q
-VR6kOQh0FJzjHxEvlyhk1zg+4NU0OHhwpYMxzL2I2n2cBQey68XVw8AcK1AmNFZA/f4bukzVGujz
-Pw+sdxCcDFGFJs7f7tY5yGQWb6RYx8xfyBnBtxrOd1FRrV8DNyiEUwGpFC4OIpggPCCJS7NxnklR
-AIulSSYnAVBoTm39VQRW+JBn+7TWLU4ACGWQwUvn2YRGzCRMtAvrNeoL03hLM9NNArvOm7wkxQH8
-ny1IF6VxdkM4KmIo/jaX10mWIULIC0G4F9LA6iYBTlxG4pxakV4wjUTI2otbokjUwEvIdMCT8j7e
-FKmcsviibt2tRmgwWQmz1ilzHLSsSL3SqjVT7eW9w+hLi+sIzWpdSgBezz2hW+X5VMxBZxM2Rbxh
-8arucuKcoEeeqBPyBLWEvvgdKHqiVL2R9iXyCmgWYqhgladpfgckOwoCIfawkTHKPnPCW3gH/wJc
-/DeV1WIdBM5IFrAGhcgPgUIgYBJkprlaI+Fxm2bltpJJMtYUebmUJQ31OGIfMOKPbIxzDT7klTZq
-PF1c5XyTVKiS5tpkJmzxsrBi/fia5w3TAMutiGamaUOnDU4vLdbxXBqXZC5XKAl6kV7bZYcxg54x
-yRZXYsNWBt4BWWTCFqRfsaDSWVWSnACAwcIXZ0lRp9RIIYOJGAbaFAR/E6NJz7WzBOzNZjlAhcTm
-ewH2B3D7O4jR3ToB+iwAAmgY1FKwfPOkKtFBaPRR4Bt905/HB049W2nbxEOu4iTVVj7OgjN6eFqW
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-""")
-
-##file activate.sh
-ACTIVATE_SH = convert("""
+    b = base64.b64decode(s.encode("ascii"))
+    return zlib.decompress(b).decode("utf-8")
+
+
+# file site.py
+SITE_PY = convert(
+    """
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+"""
+)
+
+# file activate.sh
+ACTIVATE_SH = convert(
+    """
 eJytVd9v2kAMfs9fYQLq2m4MscdNVKMqEkgtVIQxbeuUHolpTgsXdHehpT/+9/mSEBJS2MOaB0ji
 z77P9menDpOAK5jzEGERKw0zhFihD/dcB2CrKJYewoyLFvM0XzGNNpzOZbSAGVPBqVWHdRSDx4SI
 NMhYANfgc4meDteW5ePGC45P4MkCumKhUENzDsu1H3lw1vJx1RJxGMKns6O2lWDqINGgotAHFCsu
@@ -2007,10 +2062,12 @@ YOgOu1c91/2cwYpznPPeDoQpGL2xSm09NKp7BsvQ2hnT3aMs07lUnskpxewvBk73/LLnXo9HV9eT
 ijB3hWBO2ygoiWg/bKuZxqCCQq0DD3vkWIVvI2KosIw+vqW1gIItEG5KJb+xb09g65ktwYKgTc51
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 VzsV75usvTdYef+57v5n1b225qhXfwEmxHEs
-""")
+"""
+)
 
-##file activate.fish
-ACTIVATE_FISH = convert("""
+# file activate.fish
+ACTIVATE_FISH = convert(
+    """
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@@ -2026,10 +2083,12 @@ Bmo5XuOA0NQ67ir7AXJtQhtLKO7XhC0l39PGOBsHPvzBuHUSjoOnA0ldozGC9gZ5rek3+y3ALHO/
 kT7AP379lQZLSnFDLtwWihfYxw4nZd+ZR7myfkI2ZTRCuRxmF/bCzkbhcElvYamW9PbDGrvqPKC0
 +D/uLi/sFcxGjOHylYagZzzsjjhw206RQwrWIwOxS2dnk+40xOjX8bTPegz/gdWVSXuaowNuOLda
 wYyNuRPSTcd/B48Ppeg=
-""")
+"""
+)
 
-##file activate.csh
-ACTIVATE_CSH = convert("""
+# file activate.csh
+ACTIVATE_CSH = convert(
+    """
 eJx1U2FP2zAQ/e5f8TAV3Soo+0zXbYUiDQkKQgVp2ibjJNfFUuIg22nVf885SVFLO3+I7Lt3fr6X
 d8eY58ZjYQpCWfuAhFB7yrAyIYf0Ve1SQmLsuU6DWepAw9TnEoOFq0rwdjAUx/hV1Ui1tVWAqy1M
 QGYcpaFYx+yVI67LkKwx1UuTEaYGl4X2Bl+zJpAlP/6V2hTDtCq/DYXQhdEeGW040Q/Eb+t9V/e3
@@ -2038,29 +2097,36 @@ kaYB/peoyY7aVHzpJnE9e+6I5Z+ji4GMTNJWNuOQq6MA1N25p8pW9HWdVWlfsNpPDbdxjgpaahuw
 1M7opCA/FFu1uwxC7L8KUqmto1KyQe3rx0I0Eovdf7BVe67U5c1MzSZ310pddGheZoFPWyytRkzU
 aCA/I+RkBXhFXr5aWV0SxjhUI6jwdAj8kmhPzX7nTfJFkM3MImp2VdVFFq1vLHSU5szYQK4Ri+Jd
 xlW2JBtOGcyYVW7SnB3v6RS91g3gKapZ0oWxbHVteYIIq3iv7QeuSrUj6KSqQ+yqsxDj1ivNQxKF
-YON10Q+NH/ARS95i5Tuqq2Vxfvc23f/FO6zrtXXmJr+ZtMY9/A15ZXFWtmch2rEQ4g1ryVHH
-""")
+YON10Q+NH/ARS95i5Tuqq2Vxfvc23f/FO6zrtXXmJr+ZtMY9/A15ZXFWtmch2rEQbxoCUb0=
+"""
+)
 
-##file activate.bat
-ACTIVATE_BAT = convert("""
+
+# file activate.bat
+ACTIVATE_BAT = convert(
+    """
 eJx9Ul9LhEAQfxf8DoOclI/dYyFkaCmcq4gZQTBUrincuZFbff12T133TM+nnd35/Zvxlr7XDFhV
 mUZHOVhFlOWP3g4DUriIWoVomYZpNBWUtGpaWgImO191pFkSpzlcmgaI70jVX7n2Qp8tuByg+46O
 CMHbMq64T+nmlJt082D1T44muCDk2prgEHF4mdI9RaS/QwSt3zSyIAaftRccvqVTBziD1x/WlPD5
 xd729NDBb8Nr4DU9QNMKsJeH9pkhPedhQsIkDuCDCa6A+NF9IevVFAohkqizdHetg/tkWvPoftWJ
 MCqnOxv7/x7Np6yv9P2Ker5dmX8yNyCkkWnbZy3N5LarczlqL8htx2EM9rQ/2H5BvIsIEi8OEG8U
 +g8CsNTr
-""")
-
-##file deactivate.bat
-DEACTIVATE_BAT = convert("""
-eJyFkN0KgkAUhO8F32EQpHqFQEjQUPAPMaErqVxzId3IrV6/XST/UDx3c86c4WMO5FYysKJQFVVp
-CEfqxsnJ9DI7SA25i20fFqs3HO+GYLsDZ7h8GM3xfLHrg1QNvpSX4CWpQGvokZk4uqrQAjXjyElB
-a5IjCz0r+2dHcehHCe5MZNmB5R7TdqMqECMptHZh6DN/utb7Zs6Cej8OXYE5J04YOKFvD4GkHuJ0
-pilSd1jG6n87tDZ+BUwUOepI6CGSkFMYWf0ihvT33Qj1A+tCkSI=
-""")
-
-##file activate.ps1
-ACTIVATE_PS = convert("""
+"""
+)
+
+# file deactivate.bat
+DEACTIVATE_BAT = convert(
+    """
+eJyFkN0KgkAUhO8X9h0GQapXCIQEDQX/EBO6kso1F9KN3Or1201Si6JzN+fMGT5mxQ61gKgqSijp
+mETup9nGDgo3yi29S90QjmhnEteOYb6AFNjdBC9xvoj9iTUd7lzWkDVrwFuYiZ15JiW8QiskSlbx
+lpUo4sApXtlJGodJhqNQWW7k+Ou831ACNZrC6BeW+eXPNEbfl7OiXr6H/oHZZl4ceXHoToG0nuIM
+pk+k4fAba/wd0Pr4P2CqyLeOlJ4iKfkJo6v/iaH9YzfPMEoeMG2RUA==
+"""
+)
+
+# file activate.ps1
+ACTIVATE_PS = convert(
+    """
 eJylWdmO41hyfW+g/0FTU7C7IXeJIqmtB/3AnZRIStxF2kaBm7gv4ipyMF/mB3+Sf8GXVGVl1tLT
 43ECSqR4b5wbETeWE8z/+a///vNCDaN6cYtSf5G1dbNw/IVXNIu6aCvX9xa3qsgWl0IJ/7IYinbh
 2nkOVqs2X0TNjz/8eeFFle826fBhQRaLBkD9uviw+LCy3Sbq7Mb/UNbrH3+YNtLcVaB+Xbipb+eL
@@ -2148,58 +2214,65 @@ tsd7dVEfJFmc15IYqwHverrpWyS1rFZibDPW1hUUb+85CGUzSBSTK8hpvee/ZxonW51TUXekMy3L
 uy25tMTg4mqbSLQQJ+skiQu2toIfBFYrOWql+EQipgfT15P1aq6FDK3xgSjIGWde0BPftYchDTdM
 i4QdudHFkN0u6fSKiT09QLv2mtSblt5nNzBR6UReePNs+khE4rHcXuoK21igUKHl1c3MXMgPu7y8
 rKQDxR6N/rffXv+lROXet/9Q+l9I4D1U
-""")
-
-##file distutils-init.py
-DISTUTILS_INIT = convert("""
-eJytV1uL4zYUfvevOE0ottuMW9q3gVDa3aUMXXbLMlDKMBiNrSTqOJKRlMxkf33PkXyRbGe7Dw2E
-UXTu37lpxLFV2oIyifAncxmOL0xLIfcG+gv80x9VW6maw7o/CANSWWBwFtqeWMPlGY6qPjV8A0bB
-C4eKSTgZ5LRgFeyErMEeOBhbN+Ipgeizhjtnhkn7DdyjuNLPoCS0l/ayQTG0djwZC08cLXozeMss
-aG5EzQ0IScpnWtHSTXuxByV/QCmxE7y+eS0uxWeoheaVVfqSJHiU7Mhhi6gULbOHorshkrEnKxpT
-0n3A8Y8SMpuwZx6aoix3ouFlmW8gHRSkeSJ2g7hU+kiHLDaQw3bmRDaTGfTnty7gPm0FHbIBg9U9
-oh1kZzAFLaue2R6htPCtAda2nGlDSUJ4PZBgCJBGVcwKTAMz/vJiLD+Oin5Z5QlvDPdulC6EsiyE
-NFzb7McNTKJzbJqzphx92VKRFY1idenzmq3K0emRcbWBD0ryqc4NZGmKOOOX9Pz5x+/l27tP797c
-f/z0d+4NruGNai8uAM0bfsYaw8itFk8ny41jsfpyO+BWlpqfhcG4yxLdi/0tQqoT4a8Vby382mt8
-p7XSo7aWGdPBc+b6utaBmCQ7rQKQoWtAuthQCiold2KfJIPTT8xwg9blPumc+YDZC/wYGdAyHpJk
-vUbHbHWAp5No6pK/WhhLEWrFjUwtPEv1Agf8YmnsuXUQYkeZoHm8ogP16gt2uHoxcEMdf2C6pmbw
-hUMsWGhanboh4IzzmsIpWs134jVPqD/c74bZHdY69UKKSn/+KfVhxLgUlToemayLMYQOqfEC61bh
-cbhwaqoGUzIyZRFHPmau5juaWqwRn3mpWmoEA5nhzS5gog/5jbcFQqOZvmBasZtwYlG93k5GEiyw
-buHhMWLjDarEGpMGB2LFs5nIJkhp/nUmZneFaRth++lieJtHepIvKgx6PJqIlD9X2j6pG1i9x3pZ
-5bHuCPFiirGHeO7McvoXkz786GaKVzC9DSpnOxJdc4xm6NSVq7lNEnKdVlnpu9BNYoKX2Iq3wvgh
-gGEUM66kK6j4NiyoneuPLSwaCWDxczgaolEWpiMyDVDb7dNuLAbriL8ig8mmeju31oNvQdpnvEPC
-1vAXbWacGRVrGt/uXN/gU0CDDwgooKRrHfTBb1/s9lYZ8ZqOBU0yLvpuP6+K9hLFsvIjeNhBi0KL
-MlOuWRn3FRwx5oHXjl0YImUx0+gLzjGchrgzca026ETmYJzPD+IpuKzNi8AFn048Thd63OdD86M6
-84zE8yQm0VqXdbbgvub2pKVnS76icBGdeTHHXTKspUmr4NYo/furFLKiMdQzFjHJNcdAnMhltBJK
-0/IKX3DVFqvPJ2dLE7bDBkH0l/PJ29074+F0CsGYOxsb7U3myTUncYfXqnLLfa6sJybX4g+hmcjO
-kMRBfA1JellfRRKJcyRpxdS4rIl6FdmQCWjo/o9Qz7yKffoP4JHjOvABcRn4CZIT2RH4jnxmfpVG
-qgLaAvQBNfuO6X0/Ux02nb4FKx3vgP+XnkX0QW9pLy/NsXgdN24dD3LxO2Nwil7Zlc1dqtP3d7/h
-kzp1/+7hGBuY4pk0XD/0Ao/oTe/XGrfyM773aB7iUhgkpy+dwAMalxMP0DrBcsVw/6p25+/hobP9
-GBknrWExDhLJ1bwt1NcCNblaFbMKCyvmX0PeRaQ=
-""")
-
-##file distutils.cfg
-DISTUTILS_CFG = convert("""
+"""
+)
+
+# file distutils-init.py
+DISTUTILS_INIT = convert(
+    """
+eJytV21v5DQQ/u5fMaRCJLANcHxBlVYI7g504nSgU7+gqorcxNk1zdrB9m679+uZsfPivGyPD0Sq
+5PWMZ8bPPDPjykOrjQN5aJkMS237lT0PyydulFQ7y9gV6LbUlQBpQWkHHE7SuCNvhDrBQVfHRmzA
+angSUHIFR4uaDpyGWqoK3F6AdVUjH9DQO2+bK/cF3OIBbR5BK2jP7XmDimj/cLQOHgT6CIZxlzsw
+wspKWJCKzKEdtHbdnt1eq29RT9ZSVNfP+Tn/BJU0onTanIfL+dgZQ4HiBwFbvG7ecrfPux0SWXd0
+srEF7Ucaf2up0pl6GgzmRVHLRhRFtoFkMJBkTNbDcaXNgRbp1EEG20UQ6eLMYD+7YYBfn4+cFmly
+i7BGaRg8QMvLR75DBB18aYG3reDGUjYQ1YAfWMKh0SV3EtHnNmyerROH0dBPeBfRWBG8Fz7yosil
+ssK49LsNzC8FV8iOf/gN/Prjq+/9ISN4U4yRbYlzeaN5VYTkpkkxXmFUTDbwQSsx97CBNEER/ZGd
+P3//rXjz7uPb17d/fPwry7zDK3it27O/jhGNOCHREAdn5MPRCetVnDmHG4VbGXGSFlEoCgxvGm8e
+S/0R8VyK1sHPvcW3xmgzWmu5tR1YJ2EuWx2EjNVGR5BDR1na2FBCSq1quaN7SYuCG/soW8aGKzxw
+KyzGonasC+0DZjaKalTAOHBBtYxQlnt4OMqmKsSzg5GcUGlh1VcOHpV+gj3+IWt2wnk8seJsVFze
+zp6K9wmLXD9ZuKai33NTUXUESpEKUtDoY9cHvG9R0dXy1ohaPmeMCsb/brirkfxUHAka/eFVEi4x
+xSgv9eHAVZWPN+hQGzeQ0RqXwwbzdsoG8zNqpROVbExjJWrqXLyRn0ShW6oRm1rR1JEOfRQ37uaI
+jOHmjCnGOsMWRtydatK3VN3C3f1ETTRoEvmmLHbIUqSLI5soodl/c7HYy23bSNe3GyvajLEXjUQV
+P2mLlDNP7ZBILMz3SJGkq8T+m4Ccr8PKXkjzanKHH10fCQbmuxFDthBx4SryQquOlfaGMYqWhlYR
+Cs93YEKR1PI30oa6x8jzhRbDMRKIM92PmVP7QtjCqpsOi45ZCHWYVlgMrbbyORnzjQPW+DPdPEvy
+9hwBV++S0K2G5r16aPXMXGuR8T7ZE8U4aq8uLYnSqdIYC5Y5NgscNjiPGgwi9cAsy4t0cqEq+yRx
+IC4iXikBbwhpedAnkdLxjE1FNA9Vla6Eb4Q7GhXUWHgTfCbliM8KDWJ6jS18yjFsqkV4vhRSlVSm
+vWI+FXWsGsSzkyk1zcK2osQnULnFEg352VIP6uBBHMPmsjd1+959XMsxHstwp057l1jF7FKYOPMq
+XfphuDTXC9klDGJ4ijk8M3vYuC6hSQ/QF9BE8RJNasQVjjSSXkQ3VgJqWf8j3IuopjF9FnzUuQx+
+JFwHf4ZmMUezt9eJTzyMnImpSLYKfyRPv+ZmZztgPT6dxRU/ne6Qg5ceEPRhvDTN1lradIg1fogN
+56YTeQiK3qaly3y6k/fvfsGHaOL/N8KONihN29OwfdcfuMdo+rjwicftIz6NqDfyphmOzh8FUQjU
+OmchoHvC5YLn/jHq19/AXef8fuqdzMaUHI4sSBblY4VlK1J2kRsLnsW8+Rc/zwIT
+"""
+)
+
+# file distutils.cfg
+DISTUTILS_CFG = convert(
+    """
 eJxNj00KwkAMhfc9xYNuxe4Ft57AjYiUtDO1wXSmNJnK3N5pdSEEAu8nH6lxHVlRhtDHMPATA4uH
 xJ4EFmGbvfJiicSHFRzUSISMY6hq3GLCRLnIvSTnEefN0FIjw5tF0Hkk9Q5dRunBsVoyFi24aaLg
 9FDOlL0FPGluf4QjcInLlxd6f6rqkgPu/5nHLg0cXCscXoozRrP51DRT3j9QNl99AP53T2Q=
-""")
-
-##file activate_this.py
-ACTIVATE_THIS = convert("""
-eJyNU01v2zAMvetXEB4K21jnDOstQA4dMGCHbeihlyEIDMWmE62yJEiKE//7kXKdpEWLzYBt8evx
-kRSzLPs6wiEoswM8YdMpjUXcq1Dz6RZa1cSiTkJdr86GsoTRHuCotBayiWqQEYGtMCgfD1KjGYBe
-5a3p0cRKiEe2NtLAFikftnDco0ko/SFEVgEZ8aRCZDIPY9xbA8pE9M4jfW/B2CjiHq9zbJVZuOQq
-siwTIvpxKYCembPAU4Muwi/Z4zfvrZ/MXipKeB8C+qisSZYiWfjJfs+0/MFMdWn1hJcO5U7G/SLa
-xVx8zU6VG/PXLXvfsyyzUqjeWR8hjGE+2iCE1W1tQ82hsCJN9dzKaoexyB/uH79TnjwvxcW0ntSb
-yZ8jq1Z5Q1UXsyy3gf9nbjTEj7NzQMfCJa/YSmrQ+2D/BqfiOi6sclrGzvoeVivIj8rcfcmnIQRF
-7XCyeZI7DFe5/lhlCs5PRf5QW66VXT/NrlQ46oD/D6InkOmi3IQcbhKxAX2g4a+Xd5s3UtCtG2py
-m8eg6WYWqR6SL5OjKMGfSrYt/6kxxQtOpeAgj1LXBNmpE2ElmCSIy5H0zFd8gJ924HWijWhb2hRC
-6wNEm1QdDZtuSZcEprIUBo/XRNcbQe1OUbQ/r3hPTaPJJDNtFLu8KHV5XoNr3Eo6h6YtOKw8e8yw
-VF5PnJ+ts3a9/Mz38RpG/AUSzYUW
-""")
-
-##file python-config
-PYTHON_CONFIG = convert("""
+"""
+)
+
+# file activate_this.py
+ACTIVATE_THIS = convert(
+    """
+eJyNU8Fu2zAMvesrCA1FbSxzhvUWIIcOGLDDNvTQyxAEhmLTiVZZMiTFif9+pFwnbtFiM2BbFJ8e
++ShSSvl1gGPQdg94xqrRBrN40KHk1QJqXcWsTEZZri+OPIfBHeGkjRGqirpXEYG90Gsfj8qg7YFe
+7Z1t0cZCiEf2VsrCDike1nA6oE0s7TFE3gJy4lmHyMk8DPHgLGgb0Xce6bsA66KIB5zH2Gm77BJU
+SCmFiH5YCaBnylngucIuwi/V4jfvnR/dXmkKeB8C+qidTZ4sefiRv6e0/NGOuox+wmuFbjsVD8vo
+lpP4kkFFN9y+Ltn7yDyXKWAudNs5H8GFaRV0xMt6CEI4U5culMwFawIWz7Ut9hgz+XD/+F0uQMpc
+XF2bcXs74vlkUWtvqQzZZKtd4P8lWbrVjxM4YMfGNa7YKarY+2T/JiehDcspOqNi43wL6zXIk7Z3
+X+R4K6ybglVPao9hFuuP0zbj+CTyh96xVoZ+mqAkHE3A/ycxI8nYOTdBwk1KrEcfqBs2q7vtGyGo
+DfuSYNM1GGrVLOkhOxeC8YWqa/5TNbIXieSCkR6VKYmn0WciSGeTIa5L2uckxQf46XoeKpqLuqZ5
+IbY2QHRpq6Ebpo5pksHxV8LiaZ7dZiuoxukUTdGrZMdK0XUkN80VQ17oW12GYc5bqK5DW2d8LL8g
+JlqS11LOz95pd7P6zE04pxF/AX70hVA=
+"""
+)
+
+# file python-config
+PYTHON_CONFIG = convert(
+    """
 eJyNVV1P2zAUfc+v8ODBiSABxlulTipbO6p1LWqBgVhlhcZpPYUkctzSivHfd6+dpGloGH2Ja/ue
 e+65Hz78xNhtf3x90xmw7vCWsRPGLvpDNuz87MKfdKMWSWxZ4ilNpCLZJiuWc66SVFUOZkkcirll
 rfxIBAzOMtImDzSVPBRrekwoX/OZu/0r4lm0DHiG60g86u8sjPw5rCyy86NRkB8QuuBRSqfAKESn
@@ -2215,17 +2288,18 @@ LTgxRXACpvnQv/PuT0xCCAywY/K4hE6Now2qDwaSE5FB+1agsoUveYDepS83qFcF1NufvULD3fTl
 g6Hgf7WBt6lzMeiyyWVn3P1WVbwaczHmTzE9A5SyItTVgFYyvs/L/fXlaNgbw8v3azT+0eikVlWD
 /vBHbzQumP23uBCjsYdrL9OWARwxs/nuLOzeXbPJTa/Xv6sUmQir5pC1YRLz3eA+CD8Z0XpcW8v9
 MZWF36ryyXXf3yBIz6nzqz8Muyz0m5Qj7OexfYo/Ph3LqvkHUg7AuA==
-""")
+"""
+)
 
-MH_MAGIC = 0xfeedface
-MH_CIGAM = 0xcefaedfe
-MH_MAGIC_64 = 0xfeedfacf
-MH_CIGAM_64 = 0xcffaedfe
-FAT_MAGIC = 0xcafebabe
-BIG_ENDIAN = '>'
-LITTLE_ENDIAN = '<'
-LC_LOAD_DYLIB = 0xc
-maxint = majver == 3 and getattr(sys, 'maxsize') or getattr(sys, 'maxint')
+MH_MAGIC = 0xFEEDFACE
+MH_CIGAM = 0xCEFAEDFE
+MH_MAGIC_64 = 0xFEEDFACF
+MH_CIGAM_64 = 0xCFFAEDFE
+FAT_MAGIC = 0xCAFEBABE
+BIG_ENDIAN = ">"
+LITTLE_ENDIAN = "<"
+LC_LOAD_DYLIB = 0xC
+maxint = majver == 3 and getattr(sys, "maxsize") or getattr(sys, "maxint")
 
 
 class fileview(object):
@@ -2244,16 +2318,14 @@ class fileview(object):
         self._pos = 0
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<fileview [%d, %d] %r>' % (
-            self._start, self._end, self._fileobj)
+        return "<fileview [%d, %d] %r>" % (self._start, self._end, self._fileobj)
 
     def tell(self):
         return self._pos
 
     def _checkwindow(self, seekto, op):
         if not (self._start <= seekto <= self._end):
-            raise IOError("%s to offset %d is outside window [%d, %d]" % (
-                op, seekto, self._start, self._end))
+            raise IOError("%s to offset %d is outside window [%d, %d]" % (op, seekto, self._start, self._end))
 
     def seek(self, offset, whence=0):
         seekto = offset
@@ -2264,15 +2336,15 @@ class fileview(object):
         elif whence == os.SEEK_END:
             seekto += self._end
         else:
-            raise IOError("Invalid whence argument to seek: %r" % (whence,))
-        self._checkwindow(seekto, 'seek')
+            raise IOError("Invalid whence argument to seek: {!r}".format(whence))
+        self._checkwindow(seekto, "seek")
         self._fileobj.seek(seekto)
         self._pos = seekto - self._start
 
     def write(self, bytes):
         here = self._start + self._pos
-        self._checkwindow(here, 'write')
-        self._checkwindow(here + len(bytes), 'write')
+        self._checkwindow(here, "write")
+        self._checkwindow(here + len(bytes), "write")
         self._fileobj.seek(here, os.SEEK_SET)
         self._fileobj.write(bytes)
         self._pos += len(bytes)
@@ -2280,7 +2352,7 @@ class fileview(object):
     def read(self, size=maxint):
         assert size >= 0
         here = self._start + self._pos
-        self._checkwindow(here, 'read')
+        self._checkwindow(here, "read")
         size = min(size, self._end - here)
         self._fileobj.seek(here, os.SEEK_SET)
         bytes = self._fileobj.read(size)
@@ -2293,7 +2365,7 @@ def read_data(file, endian, num=1):
     Read a given number of 32-bits unsigned integers from the given file
     with the given endianness.
     """
-    res = struct.unpack(endian + 'L' * num, file.read(num * 4))
+    res = struct.unpack(endian + "L" * num, file.read(num * 4))
     if len(res) == 1:
         return res[0]
     return res
@@ -2312,7 +2384,7 @@ def mach_o_change(path, what, value):
         if bits == 64:
             read_data(file, endian)
         # The header is followed by ncmds commands
-        for n in range(ncmds):
+        for _ in range(ncmds):
             where = file.tell()
             # Read command header
             cmd, cmdsize = read_data(file, endian, 2)
@@ -2324,11 +2396,11 @@ def mach_o_change(path, what, value):
                 file.seek(where + name_offset, os.SEEK_SET)
                 # Read the NUL terminated string
                 load = file.read(cmdsize - name_offset).decode()
-                load = load[:load.index('\0')]
+                load = load[: load.index("\0")]
                 # If the string is what is being replaced, overwrite it.
                 if load == what:
                     file.seek(where + name_offset, os.SEEK_SET)
-                    file.write(value.encode() + '\0'.encode())
+                    file.write(value.encode() + "\0".encode())
             # Seek to the next command
             file.seek(where + cmdsize, os.SEEK_SET)
 
@@ -2339,7 +2411,7 @@ def mach_o_change(path, what, value):
         if magic == FAT_MAGIC:
             # Fat binaries contain nfat_arch Mach-O binaries
             nfat_arch = read_data(file, BIG_ENDIAN)
-            for n in range(nfat_arch):
+            for _ in range(nfat_arch):
                 # Read arch header
                 cputype, cpusubtype, offset, size, align = read_data(file, BIG_ENDIAN, 5)
                 do_file(file, offset, size)
@@ -2352,13 +2424,13 @@ def mach_o_change(path, what, value):
         elif magic == MH_CIGAM_64:
             do_macho(file, 64, LITTLE_ENDIAN)
 
-    assert(len(what) >= len(value))
+    assert len(what) >= len(value)
 
-    with open(path, 'r+b') as f:
+    with open(path, "r+b") as f:
         do_file(f)
 
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()
 
 # TODO:
diff --git a/tests/test_cmdline.py b/tests/test_cmdline.py
index 8848d22..667be61 100644
--- a/tests/test_cmdline.py
+++ b/tests/test_cmdline.py
@@ -1,26 +1,22 @@
-import sys
 import subprocess
-import virtualenv
+import sys
+
 import pytest
 
+import virtualenv
+
 VIRTUALENV_SCRIPT = virtualenv.__file__
 
+
 def test_commandline_basic(tmpdir):
     """Simple command line usage should work"""
-    subprocess.check_call([
-        sys.executable,
-        VIRTUALENV_SCRIPT,
-        str(tmpdir.join('venv'))
-    ])
+    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, VIRTUALENV_SCRIPT, str(tmpdir.join("venv"))])
+
 
 def test_commandline_explicit_interp(tmpdir):
     """Specifying the Python interpreter should work"""
-    subprocess.check_call([
-        sys.executable,
-        VIRTUALENV_SCRIPT,
-        '-p', sys.executable,
-        str(tmpdir.join('venv'))
-    ])
+    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, VIRTUALENV_SCRIPT, "-p", sys.executable, str(tmpdir.join("venv"))])
+
 
 # The registry lookups to support the abbreviated "-p 3.5" form of specifying
 # a Python interpreter on Windows don't seem to work with Python 3.5. The
@@ -30,15 +26,9 @@ def test_commandline_explicit_interp(tmpdir):
 @pytest.mark.skipif("sys.platform == 'win32' and sys.version_info[:1] >= (3,)")
 def test_commandline_abbrev_interp(tmpdir):
     """Specifying abbreviated forms of the Python interpreter should work"""
-    if sys.platform == 'win32':
-        fmt = '%s.%s'
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        fmt = "%s.%s"
     else:
-        fmt = 'python%s.%s'
+        fmt = "python%s.%s"
     abbrev = fmt % (sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
-    subprocess.check_call([
-        sys.executable,
-        VIRTUALENV_SCRIPT,
-        '-p', abbrev,
-        str(tmpdir.join('venv'))
-    ])
-
+    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, VIRTUALENV_SCRIPT, "-p", abbrev, str(tmpdir.join("venv"))])
diff --git a/tests/test_virtualenv.py b/tests/test_virtualenv.py
index 90b36ac..27f3d10 100644
--- a/tests/test_virtualenv.py
+++ b/tests/test_virtualenv.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-import virtualenv
 import optparse
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
+
 import pytest
-import platform  # noqa
+from mock import NonCallableMock, call, patch
 
-from mock import call, Mock, NonCallableMock, patch
+import virtualenv
 
 
 def test_version():
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ def test_version():
 
 
 class TestGetInstalledPythons:
-    key_local_machine = 'key-local-machine'
-    key_current_user = 'key-current-user'
+    key_local_machine = "key-local-machine"
+    key_current_user = "key-current-user"
 
     @classmethod
     def mock_virtualenv_winreg(cls, monkeypatch, data):
@@ -29,116 +29,110 @@ class TestGetInstalledPythons:
 
         def query_value(key, path):
             installed_version_tags = data.get(key, [])
-            suffix = '\\InstallPath'
+            suffix = "\\InstallPath"
             if path.endswith(suffix):
-                version_tag = path[:-len(suffix)]
+                version_tag = path[: -len(suffix)]
                 if version_tag in installed_version_tags:
-                    return '{}-{}-path'.format(key, version_tag)
+                    return "{}-{}-path".format(key, version_tag)
             raise WindowsError
 
-        mock_winreg = NonCallableMock(spec_set=[
-            'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE',
-            'HKEY_CURRENT_USER',
-            'CreateKey',
-            'EnumKey',
-            'QueryValue',
-            'CloseKey'])
-        mock_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE = 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE'
-        mock_winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER = 'HKEY_CURRENT_USER'
-        mock_winreg.CreateKey.side_effect = [cls.key_local_machine,
-                                             cls.key_current_user]
+        mock_winreg = NonCallableMock(
+            spec_set=["HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE", "HKEY_CURRENT_USER", "CreateKey", "EnumKey", "QueryValue", "CloseKey"]
+        )
+        mock_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE = "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE"
+        mock_winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER = "HKEY_CURRENT_USER"
+        mock_winreg.CreateKey.side_effect = [cls.key_local_machine, cls.key_current_user]
         mock_winreg.EnumKey.side_effect = enum_key
         mock_winreg.QueryValue.side_effect = query_value
         mock_winreg.CloseKey.return_value = None
-        monkeypatch.setattr(virtualenv, 'winreg', mock_winreg)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(virtualenv, "winreg", mock_winreg)
         return mock_winreg
 
-    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == 'win32',
-                        reason='non-windows specific test')
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="non-windows specific test")
     def test_on_non_windows(self, monkeypatch):
         assert not virtualenv.is_win
-        assert not hasattr(virtualenv, 'winreg')
+        assert not hasattr(virtualenv, "winreg")
         assert virtualenv.get_installed_pythons() == {}
 
-    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != 'win32',
-                        reason='non-windows specific test')
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != "win32", reason="non-windows specific test")
     def test_on_windows(self, monkeypatch):
         assert virtualenv.is_win
-        mock_winreg = self.mock_virtualenv_winreg(monkeypatch, {
-            self.key_local_machine: (
-                '2.4',
-                '2.7',
-                '3.2',
-                '3.4',
-                '3.5',  # 64-bit only
-                '3.6-32',  # 32-bit only
-                '3.7', '3.7-32',  # both 32 & 64-bit with a 64-bit user install
-                '3.8'),  # 64-bit with a 32-bit user install
-            self.key_current_user: (
-                '2.5',
-                '2.7',
-                '3.7',
-                '3.8-32')})
-        monkeypatch.setattr(virtualenv, 'join', '{}\\{}'.format)
+        mock_winreg = self.mock_virtualenv_winreg(
+            monkeypatch,
+            {
+                self.key_local_machine: (
+                    "2.4",
+                    "2.7",
+                    "3.2",
+                    "3.4",
+                    "3.5",  # 64-bit only
+                    "3.6-32",  # 32-bit only
+                    "3.7",
+                    "3.7-32",  # both 32 & 64-bit with a 64-bit user install
+                    "3.8",
+                ),  # 64-bit with a 32-bit user install
+                self.key_current_user: ("2.5", "2.7", "3.7", "3.8-32"),
+            },
+        )
+        monkeypatch.setattr(virtualenv, "join", "{}\\{}".format)
 
         installed_pythons = virtualenv.get_installed_pythons()
 
         assert installed_pythons == {
-            '2': self.key_current_user + '-2.7-path\\python.exe',
-            '2.4': self.key_local_machine + '-2.4-path\\python.exe',
-            '2.5': self.key_current_user + '-2.5-path\\python.exe',
-            '2.7': self.key_current_user + '-2.7-path\\python.exe',
-            '3': self.key_local_machine + '-3.8-path\\python.exe',
-            '3.2': self.key_local_machine + '-3.2-path\\python.exe',
-            '3.4': self.key_local_machine + '-3.4-path\\python.exe',
-            '3.5': self.key_local_machine + '-3.5-path\\python.exe',
-            '3.5-64': self.key_local_machine + '-3.5-path\\python.exe',
-            '3.6': self.key_local_machine + '-3.6-32-path\\python.exe',
-            '3.6-32': self.key_local_machine + '-3.6-32-path\\python.exe',
-            '3.7': self.key_current_user + '-3.7-path\\python.exe',
-            '3.7-32': self.key_local_machine + '-3.7-32-path\\python.exe',
-            '3.7-64': self.key_current_user + '-3.7-path\\python.exe',
-            '3.8': self.key_local_machine + '-3.8-path\\python.exe',
-            '3.8-32': self.key_current_user + '-3.8-32-path\\python.exe',
-            '3.8-64': self.key_local_machine + '-3.8-path\\python.exe'}
+            "2": self.key_current_user + "-2.7-path\\python.exe",
+            "2.4": self.key_local_machine + "-2.4-path\\python.exe",
+            "2.5": self.key_current_user + "-2.5-path\\python.exe",
+            "2.7": self.key_current_user + "-2.7-path\\python.exe",
+            "3": self.key_local_machine + "-3.8-path\\python.exe",
+            "3.2": self.key_local_machine + "-3.2-path\\python.exe",
+            "3.4": self.key_local_machine + "-3.4-path\\python.exe",
+            "3.5": self.key_local_machine + "-3.5-path\\python.exe",
+            "3.5-64": self.key_local_machine + "-3.5-path\\python.exe",
+            "3.6": self.key_local_machine + "-3.6-32-path\\python.exe",
+            "3.6-32": self.key_local_machine + "-3.6-32-path\\python.exe",
+            "3.7": self.key_current_user + "-3.7-path\\python.exe",
+            "3.7-32": self.key_local_machine + "-3.7-32-path\\python.exe",
+            "3.7-64": self.key_current_user + "-3.7-path\\python.exe",
+            "3.8": self.key_local_machine + "-3.8-path\\python.exe",
+            "3.8-32": self.key_current_user + "-3.8-32-path\\python.exe",
+            "3.8-64": self.key_local_machine + "-3.8-path\\python.exe",
+        }
         assert mock_winreg.mock_calls == [
-            call.CreateKey(mock_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
-                           'Software\\Python\\PythonCore'),
+            call.CreateKey(mock_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, "Software\\Python\\PythonCore"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_local_machine, 0),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, '2.4\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, "2.4\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_local_machine, 1),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, '2.7\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, "2.7\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_local_machine, 2),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, '3.2\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, "3.2\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_local_machine, 3),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, '3.4\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, "3.4\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_local_machine, 4),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, '3.5\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, "3.5\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_local_machine, 5),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, '3.6-32\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, "3.6-32\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_local_machine, 6),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, '3.7\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, "3.7\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_local_machine, 7),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, '3.7-32\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, "3.7-32\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_local_machine, 8),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, '3.8\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_local_machine, "3.8\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_local_machine, 9),
             call.CloseKey(self.key_local_machine),
-            call.CreateKey(mock_winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
-                           'Software\\Python\\PythonCore'),
+            call.CreateKey(mock_winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, "Software\\Python\\PythonCore"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_current_user, 0),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_current_user, '2.5\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_current_user, "2.5\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_current_user, 1),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_current_user, '2.7\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_current_user, "2.7\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_current_user, 2),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_current_user, '3.7\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_current_user, "3.7\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_current_user, 3),
-            call.QueryValue(self.key_current_user, '3.8-32\\InstallPath'),
+            call.QueryValue(self.key_current_user, "3.8-32\\InstallPath"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_current_user, 4),
-            call.CloseKey(self.key_current_user)]
+            call.CloseKey(self.key_current_user),
+        ]
 
-    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != 'win32',
-                        reason='windows specific test')
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != "win32", reason="windows specific test")
     def test_on_windows_with_no_installations(self, monkeypatch):
         assert virtualenv.is_win
         mock_winreg = self.mock_virtualenv_winreg(monkeypatch, {})
@@ -147,37 +141,34 @@ class TestGetInstalledPythons:
 
         assert installed_pythons == {}
         assert mock_winreg.mock_calls == [
-            call.CreateKey(mock_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
-                           'Software\\Python\\PythonCore'),
+            call.CreateKey(mock_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, "Software\\Python\\PythonCore"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_local_machine, 0),
             call.CloseKey(self.key_local_machine),
-            call.CreateKey(mock_winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
-                           'Software\\Python\\PythonCore'),
+            call.CreateKey(mock_winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, "Software\\Python\\PythonCore"),
             call.EnumKey(self.key_current_user, 0),
-            call.CloseKey(self.key_current_user)]
-
-
-@patch('distutils.spawn.find_executable')
-@patch('virtualenv.is_executable', return_value=True)
-@patch('virtualenv.get_installed_pythons')
-@patch('os.path.exists', return_value=True)
-@patch('os.path.abspath')
-def test_resolve_interpreter_with_installed_python(mock_abspath, mock_exists,
-        mock_get_installed_pythons, mock_is_executable, mock_find_executable):
-    test_tag = 'foo'
-    test_path = '/path/to/foo/python.exe'
-    test_abs_path = 'some-abs-path'
-    test_found_path = 'some-found-path'
-    mock_get_installed_pythons.return_value = {
-        test_tag: test_path,
-        test_tag + '2': test_path + '2'}
+            call.CloseKey(self.key_current_user),
+        ]
+
+
+@patch("distutils.spawn.find_executable")
+@patch("virtualenv.is_executable", return_value=True)
+@patch("virtualenv.get_installed_pythons")
+@patch("os.path.exists", return_value=True)
+@patch("os.path.abspath")
+def test_resolve_interpreter_with_installed_python(
+    mock_abspath, mock_exists, mock_get_installed_pythons, mock_is_executable, mock_find_executable
+):
+    test_tag = "foo"
+    test_path = "/path/to/foo/python.exe"
+    test_abs_path = "some-abs-path"
+    test_found_path = "some-found-path"
+    mock_get_installed_pythons.return_value = {test_tag: test_path, test_tag + "2": test_path + "2"}
     mock_abspath.return_value = test_abs_path
     mock_find_executable.return_value = test_found_path
 
-    exe = virtualenv.resolve_interpreter('foo')
+    exe = virtualenv.resolve_interpreter("foo")
 
-    assert exe == test_found_path, \
-        "installed python should be accessible by key"
+    assert exe == test_found_path, "installed python should be accessible by key"
 
     mock_get_installed_pythons.assert_called_once_with()
     mock_abspath.assert_called_once_with(test_path)
@@ -186,11 +177,10 @@ def test_resolve_interpreter_with_installed_python(mock_abspath, mock_exists,
     mock_is_executable.assert_called_once_with(test_found_path)
 
 
-@patch('virtualenv.is_executable', return_value=True)
-@patch('virtualenv.get_installed_pythons', return_value={'foo': 'bar'})
-@patch('os.path.exists', return_value=True)
-def test_resolve_interpreter_with_absolute_path(
-        mock_exists, mock_get_installed_pythons, mock_is_executable):
+@patch("virtualenv.is_executable", return_value=True)
+@patch("virtualenv.get_installed_pythons", return_value={"foo": "bar"})
+@patch("os.path.exists", return_value=True)
+def test_resolve_interpreter_with_absolute_path(mock_exists, mock_get_installed_pythons, mock_is_executable):
     """Should return absolute path if given and exists"""
     test_abs_path = os.path.abspath("/usr/bin/python53")
 
@@ -202,10 +192,9 @@ def test_resolve_interpreter_with_absolute_path(
     mock_is_executable.assert_called_with(test_abs_path)
 
 
-@patch('virtualenv.get_installed_pythons', return_value={'foo': 'bar'})
-@patch('os.path.exists', return_value=False)
-def test_resolve_interpreter_with_nonexistent_interpreter(
-        mock_exists, mock_get_installed_pythons):
+@patch("virtualenv.get_installed_pythons", return_value={"foo": "bar"})
+@patch("os.path.exists", return_value=False)
+def test_resolve_interpreter_with_nonexistent_interpreter(mock_exists, mock_get_installed_pythons):
     """Should SystemExit with an nonexistent python interpreter path"""
     with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
         virtualenv.resolve_interpreter("/usr/bin/python53")
@@ -213,10 +202,9 @@ def test_resolve_interpreter_with_nonexistent_interpreter(
     mock_exists.assert_called_with("/usr/bin/python53")
 
 
-@patch('virtualenv.is_executable', return_value=False)
-@patch('os.path.exists', return_value=True)
-def test_resolve_interpreter_with_invalid_interpreter(mock_exists,
-                                                      mock_is_executable):
+@patch("virtualenv.is_executable", return_value=False)
+@patch("os.path.exists", return_value=True)
+def test_resolve_interpreter_with_invalid_interpreter(mock_exists, mock_is_executable):
     """Should exit when with absolute path if not exists"""
     invalid = os.path.abspath("/usr/bin/pyt_hon53")
 
@@ -230,68 +218,67 @@ def test_resolve_interpreter_with_invalid_interpreter(mock_exists,
 def test_activate_after_future_statements():
     """Should insert activation line after last future statement"""
     script = [
-        '#!/usr/bin/env python',
-        'from __future__ import with_statement',
-        'from __future__ import print_function',
-        'print("Hello, world!")'
+        "#!/usr/bin/env python",
+        "from __future__ import with_statement",
+        "from __future__ import print_function",
+        'print("Hello, world!")',
     ]
     assert virtualenv.relative_script(script) == [
-        '#!/usr/bin/env python',
-        'from __future__ import with_statement',
-        'from __future__ import print_function',
-        '',
-        "import os; activate_this=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), 'activate_this.py'); exec(compile(open(activate_this).read(), activate_this, 'exec'), dict(__file__=activate_this)); del os, activate_this",
-        '',
-        'print("Hello, world!")'
+        "#!/usr/bin/env python",
+        "from __future__ import with_statement",
+        "from __future__ import print_function",
+        "",
+        "import os; "
+        "activate_this=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), 'activate_this.py'); "
+        "exec(compile(open(activate_this).read(), activate_this, 'exec'), dict(__file__=activate_this)); "
+        "del os, activate_this",
+        "",
+        'print("Hello, world!")',
     ]
 
 
 def test_cop_update_defaults_with_store_false():
     """store_false options need reverted logic"""
+
     class MyConfigOptionParser(virtualenv.ConfigOptionParser):
         def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
             self.config = virtualenv.ConfigParser.RawConfigParser()
             self.files = []
             optparse.OptionParser.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
-        def get_environ_vars(self, prefix='VIRTUALENV_'):
+        def get_environ_vars(self, prefix="VIRTUALENV_"):
             yield ("no_site_packages", "1")
 
     cop = MyConfigOptionParser()
     cop.add_option(
-        '--no-site-packages',
-        dest='system_site_packages',
-        action='store_false',
-        help="Don't give access to the global site-packages dir to the "
-             "virtual environment (default)")
+        "--no-site-packages",
+        dest="system_site_packages",
+        action="store_false",
+        help="Don't give access to the global site-packages dir to the " "virtual environment (default)",
+    )
 
     defaults = {}
     cop.update_defaults(defaults)
-    assert defaults == {'system_site_packages': 0}
+    assert defaults == {"system_site_packages": 0}
 
 
 def test_install_python_bin():
     """Should create the right python executables and links"""
     tmp_virtualenv = tempfile.mkdtemp()
     try:
-        home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir = \
-                                virtualenv.path_locations(tmp_virtualenv)
-        virtualenv.install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, False,
-                                  False)
+        home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir = virtualenv.path_locations(tmp_virtualenv)
+        virtualenv.install_python(home_dir, lib_dir, inc_dir, bin_dir, False, False)
 
         if virtualenv.is_win:
-            required_executables = ['python.exe', 'pythonw.exe']
+            required_executables = ["python.exe", "pythonw.exe"]
         else:
-            py_exe_no_version = 'python'
-            py_exe_version_major = 'python%s' % sys.version_info[0]
-            py_exe_version_major_minor = 'python%s.%s' % (
-                sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
-            required_executables = [py_exe_no_version, py_exe_version_major,
-                                    py_exe_version_major_minor]
+            py_exe_no_version = "python"
+            py_exe_version_major = "python%s" % sys.version_info[0]
+            py_exe_version_major_minor = "python{}.{}".format(sys.version_info[0], sys.version_info[1])
+            required_executables = [py_exe_no_version, py_exe_version_major, py_exe_version_major_minor]
 
         for pth in required_executables:
-            assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(bin_dir, pth)), \
-                   ("%s should exist in bin_dir" % pth)
+            assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(bin_dir, pth)), "%s should exist in bin_dir" % pth
     finally:
         shutil.rmtree(tmp_virtualenv)
 
@@ -300,14 +287,16 @@ def test_install_python_bin():
 def test_always_copy_option():
     """Should be no symlinks in directory tree"""
     tmp_virtualenv = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-    ve_path = os.path.join(tmp_virtualenv, 'venv')
+    ve_path = os.path.join(tmp_virtualenv, "venv")
     try:
         virtualenv.create_environment(ve_path, symlink=False)
 
         for root, dirs, files in os.walk(tmp_virtualenv):
             for f in files + dirs:
                 full_name = os.path.join(root, f)
-                assert not os.path.islink(full_name), "%s should not be a" \
-                    " symlink (to %s)" % (full_name, os.readlink(full_name))
+                assert not os.path.islink(full_name), "%s should not be a" " symlink (to %s)" % (
+                    full_name,
+                    os.readlink(full_name),
+                )
     finally:
         shutil.rmtree(tmp_virtualenv)
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index a7d92d9..f68f025 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [tox]
 minversion = 3.3.0
-envlist = embed, py{27,34,35,36,37}, pypy{,3}, cross_python{2,3}, docs, package_readme
+envlist = fix_lint, embed, py{27,34,35,36,37}, pypy{,3}, cross_python{2,3}, docs, package_readme
 isolated_build = true
 skip_missing_interpreters = true
 
@@ -91,3 +91,29 @@ skip_install = true
 deps =
 commands = python {toxinidir}/bin/rebuild-script.py
 
+[testenv:fix_lint]
+description = format the code base to adhere to our styles, and complain about what we cannot do automatically
+basepython = python3.7
+passenv = HOMEPATH PROGRAMDATA http_proxy https_proxy no_proxy
+deps = pre-commit == 1.12.0
+skip_install = True
+commands = pre-commit run --all-files --show-diff-on-failure
+           python -c 'import pathlib; print("hint: run \{\} install to add checks as pre-commit hook".format(pathlib.Path(r"{envdir}") / "bin" / "pre-commit"))'
+
+[isort]
+multi_line_output = 3
+include_trailing_comma = True
+force_grid_wrap = 0
+line_length = 120
+known_standard_library = ConfigParser
+known_first_party = virtualenv
+known_third_party = __builtin__,_winreg,mock,pytest,sets,setuptools,sitecustomize,sphinx_rtd_theme,urlparse,usercustomize,winreg
+
+[flake8]
+max-complexity = 22
+max-line-length = 120
+ignore = E203, W503, C901, E402
+exclude = virtualenv_embedded/site.py
+
+[pep8]
+max-line-length = 120
diff --git a/virtualenv_embedded/activate.csh b/virtualenv_embedded/activate.csh
index 864865b..2355e77 100644
--- a/virtualenv_embedded/activate.csh
+++ b/virtualenv_embedded/activate.csh
@@ -33,4 +33,3 @@ unset env_name
 alias pydoc python -m pydoc
 
 rehash
-
diff --git a/virtualenv_embedded/activate_this.py b/virtualenv_embedded/activate_this.py
index f18193b..444d3fd 100644
--- a/virtualenv_embedded/activate_this.py
+++ b/virtualenv_embedded/activate_this.py
@@ -9,19 +9,21 @@ try:
     __file__
 except NameError:
     raise AssertionError(
-        "You must run this like execfile('path/to/activate_this.py', dict(__file__='path/to/activate_this.py'))")
-import sys
+        "You must run this like execfile('path/to/activate_this.py', dict(__file__='path/to/activate_this.py'))"
+    )
 import os
+import site
+import sys
 
-old_os_path = os.environ.get('PATH', '')
-os.environ['PATH'] = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) + os.pathsep + old_os_path
+old_os_path = os.environ.get("PATH", "")
+os.environ["PATH"] = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) + os.pathsep + old_os_path
 base = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-if sys.platform == 'win32':
-    site_packages = os.path.join(base, 'Lib', 'site-packages')
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    site_packages = os.path.join(base, "Lib", "site-packages")
 else:
-    site_packages = os.path.join(base, 'lib', 'python%s' % sys.version[:3], 'site-packages')
+    site_packages = os.path.join(base, "lib", "python%s" % sys.version[:3], "site-packages")
 prev_sys_path = list(sys.path)
-import site
+
 site.addsitedir(site_packages)
 sys.real_prefix = sys.prefix
 sys.prefix = base
diff --git a/virtualenv_embedded/deactivate.bat b/virtualenv_embedded/deactivate.bat
index 74d3671..5ad81d4 100644
--- a/virtualenv_embedded/deactivate.bat
+++ b/virtualenv_embedded/deactivate.bat
@@ -16,4 +16,5 @@ if not defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME goto ENDIFVHOME
 if not defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH goto ENDIFVPATH
     set "PATH=%_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH%"
     set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH=
-:ENDIFVPATH
\ No newline at end of file
+:ENDIFVPATH
+
diff --git a/virtualenv_embedded/distutils-init.py b/virtualenv_embedded/distutils-init.py
index 29fc1da..59f55f1 100644
--- a/virtualenv_embedded/distutils-init.py
+++ b/virtualenv_embedded/distutils-init.py
@@ -1,20 +1,21 @@
+import imp
 import os
 import sys
-import warnings 
-import imp
-import opcode # opcode is not a virtualenv module, so we can use it to find the stdlib
-              # Important! To work on pypy, this must be a module that resides in the
-              # lib-python/modified-x.y.z directory
+import warnings
+
+# opcode is not a virtualenv module, so we can use it to find the stdlib
+# Important! To work on pypy, this must be a module that resides in the
+# lib-python/modified-x.y.z directory
+import opcode
 
 dirname = os.path.dirname
 
-distutils_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(opcode.__file__), 'distutils')
+distutils_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(opcode.__file__), "distutils")
 if os.path.normpath(distutils_path) == os.path.dirname(os.path.normpath(__file__)):
-    warnings.warn(
-        "The virtualenv distutils package at %s appears to be in the same location as the system distutils?")
+    warnings.warn("The virtualenv distutils package at %s appears to be in the same location as the system distutils?")
 else:
-    __path__.insert(0, distutils_path)
-    real_distutils = imp.load_module("_virtualenv_distutils", None, distutils_path, ('', '', imp.PKG_DIRECTORY))
+    __path__.insert(0, distutils_path)  # noqa: F821
+    real_distutils = imp.load_module("_virtualenv_distutils", None, distutils_path, ("", "", imp.PKG_DIRECTORY))
     # Copy the relevant attributes
     try:
         __revision__ = real_distutils.__revision__
@@ -22,80 +23,94 @@ else:
         pass
     __version__ = real_distutils.__version__
 
-from distutils import dist, sysconfig
+from distutils import dist, sysconfig  # isort:skip
 
 try:
     basestring
 except NameError:
     basestring = str
 
-## patch build_ext (distutils doesn't know how to get the libs directory
-## path on windows - it hardcodes the paths around the patched sys.prefix)
+# patch build_ext (distutils doesn't know how to get the libs directory
+# path on windows - it hardcodes the paths around the patched sys.prefix)
 
-if sys.platform == 'win32':
+if sys.platform == "win32":
     from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as old_build_ext
+
     class build_ext(old_build_ext):
-        def finalize_options (self):
+        def finalize_options(self):
             if self.library_dirs is None:
                 self.library_dirs = []
             elif isinstance(self.library_dirs, basestring):
                 self.library_dirs = self.library_dirs.split(os.pathsep)
-            
+
             self.library_dirs.insert(0, os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "Libs"))
             old_build_ext.finalize_options(self)
-            
-    from distutils.command import build_ext as build_ext_module 
+
+    from distutils.command import build_ext as build_ext_module
+
     build_ext_module.build_ext = build_ext
 
-## distutils.dist patches:
+# distutils.dist patches:
 
 old_find_config_files = dist.Distribution.find_config_files
+
+
 def find_config_files(self):
     found = old_find_config_files(self)
-    system_distutils = os.path.join(distutils_path, 'distutils.cfg')
-    #if os.path.exists(system_distutils):
-    #    found.insert(0, system_distutils)
-        # What to call the per-user config file
-    if os.name == 'posix':
+    if os.name == "posix":
         user_filename = ".pydistutils.cfg"
     else:
         user_filename = "pydistutils.cfg"
     user_filename = os.path.join(sys.prefix, user_filename)
     if os.path.isfile(user_filename):
         for item in list(found):
-            if item.endswith('pydistutils.cfg'):
+            if item.endswith("pydistutils.cfg"):
                 found.remove(item)
         found.append(user_filename)
     return found
+
+
 dist.Distribution.find_config_files = find_config_files
 
-## distutils.sysconfig patches:
+# distutils.sysconfig patches:
 
 old_get_python_inc = sysconfig.get_python_inc
+
+
 def sysconfig_get_python_inc(plat_specific=0, prefix=None):
     if prefix is None:
         prefix = sys.real_prefix
     return old_get_python_inc(plat_specific, prefix)
+
+
 sysconfig_get_python_inc.__doc__ = old_get_python_inc.__doc__
 sysconfig.get_python_inc = sysconfig_get_python_inc
 
 old_get_python_lib = sysconfig.get_python_lib
+
+
 def sysconfig_get_python_lib(plat_specific=0, standard_lib=0, prefix=None):
     if standard_lib and prefix is None:
         prefix = sys.real_prefix
     return old_get_python_lib(plat_specific, standard_lib, prefix)
+
+
 sysconfig_get_python_lib.__doc__ = old_get_python_lib.__doc__
 sysconfig.get_python_lib = sysconfig_get_python_lib
 
 old_get_config_vars = sysconfig.get_config_vars
+
+
 def sysconfig_get_config_vars(*args):
     real_vars = old_get_config_vars(*args)
-    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
         lib_dir = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "libs")
-        if isinstance(real_vars, dict) and 'LIBDIR' not in real_vars:
-            real_vars['LIBDIR'] = lib_dir # asked for all
-        elif isinstance(real_vars, list) and 'LIBDIR' in args:
-            real_vars = real_vars + [lib_dir] # asked for list
+        if isinstance(real_vars, dict) and "LIBDIR" not in real_vars:
+            real_vars["LIBDIR"] = lib_dir  # asked for all
+        elif isinstance(real_vars, list) and "LIBDIR" in args:
+            real_vars = real_vars + [lib_dir]  # asked for list
     return real_vars
+
+
 sysconfig_get_config_vars.__doc__ = old_get_config_vars.__doc__
 sysconfig.get_config_vars = sysconfig_get_config_vars
diff --git a/virtualenv_embedded/site.py b/virtualenv_embedded/site.py
index 7969769..663e985 100644
--- a/virtualenv_embedded/site.py
+++ b/virtualenv_embedded/site.py
@@ -63,8 +63,9 @@ ImportError exception, it is silently ignored.
 
 """
 
-import sys
 import os
+import sys
+
 try:
     import __builtin__ as builtins
 except ImportError:
@@ -83,33 +84,34 @@ ENABLE_USER_SITE = None
 USER_SITE = None
 USER_BASE = None
 
-_is_64bit = (getattr(sys, 'maxsize', None) or getattr(sys, 'maxint')) > 2**32
-_is_pypy = hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info')
-_is_jython = sys.platform[:4] == 'java'
+_is_64bit = (getattr(sys, "maxsize", None) or getattr(sys, "maxint")) > 2 ** 32
+_is_pypy = hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info")
+_is_jython = sys.platform[:4] == "java"
 if _is_jython:
     ModuleType = type(os)
 
+
 def makepath(*paths):
     dir = os.path.join(*paths)
-    if _is_jython and (dir == '__classpath__' or
-                       dir.startswith('__pyclasspath__')):
+    if _is_jython and (dir == "__classpath__" or dir.startswith("__pyclasspath__")):
         return dir, dir
     dir = os.path.abspath(dir)
     return dir, os.path.normcase(dir)
 
+
 def abs__file__():
     """Set all module' __file__ attribute to an absolute path"""
     for m in sys.modules.values():
-        if ((_is_jython and not isinstance(m, ModuleType)) or
-            hasattr(m, '__loader__')):
+        if (_is_jython and not isinstance(m, ModuleType)) or hasattr(m, "__loader__"):
             # only modules need the abspath in Jython. and don't mess
             # with a PEP 302-supplied __file__
             continue
-        f = getattr(m, '__file__', None)
+        f = getattr(m, "__file__", None)
         if f is None:
             continue
         m.__file__ = os.path.abspath(f)
 
+
 def removeduppaths():
     """ Remove duplicate entries from sys.path along with making them
     absolute"""
@@ -128,18 +130,21 @@ def removeduppaths():
     sys.path[:] = L
     return known_paths
 
+
 # XXX This should not be part of site.py, since it is needed even when
 # using the -S option for Python.  See http://www.python.org/sf/586680
 def addbuilddir():
     """Append ./build/lib.<platform> in case we're running in the build dir
     (especially for Guido :-)"""
     from distutils.util import get_platform
-    s = "build/lib.%s-%.3s" % (get_platform(), sys.version)
-    if hasattr(sys, 'gettotalrefcount'):
-        s += '-pydebug'
+
+    s = "build/lib.{}-{:.3}".format(get_platform(), sys.version)
+    if hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount"):
+        s += "-pydebug"
     s = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.path[-1]), s)
     sys.path.append(s)
 
+
 def _init_pathinfo():
     """Return a set containing all existing directory entries from sys.path"""
     d = set()
@@ -152,6 +157,7 @@ def _init_pathinfo():
             continue
     return d
 
+
 def addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths):
     """Add a new path to known_paths by combining sitedir and 'name' or execute
     sitedir if it starts with 'import'"""
@@ -183,6 +189,7 @@ def addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths):
         known_paths = None
     return known_paths
 
+
 def addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None):
     """Add 'sitedir' argument to sys.path if missing and handle .pth files in
     'sitedir'"""
@@ -193,7 +200,7 @@ def addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None):
         reset = 0
     sitedir, sitedircase = makepath(sitedir)
     if not sitedircase in known_paths:
-        sys.path.append(sitedir)        # Add path component
+        sys.path.append(sitedir)  # Add path component
     try:
         names = os.listdir(sitedir)
     except os.error:
@@ -206,6 +213,7 @@ def addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None):
         known_paths = None
     return known_paths
 
+
 def addsitepackages(known_paths, sys_prefix=sys.prefix, exec_prefix=sys.exec_prefix):
     """Add site-packages (and possibly site-python) to sys.path"""
     prefixes = [os.path.join(sys_prefix, "local"), sys_prefix]
@@ -214,31 +222,32 @@ def addsitepackages(known_paths, sys_prefix=sys.prefix, exec_prefix=sys.exec_pre
 
     for prefix in prefixes:
         if prefix:
-            if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos') or _is_jython:
+            if sys.platform in ("os2emx", "riscos") or _is_jython:
                 sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages")]
             elif _is_pypy:
-                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, 'site-packages')]
-            elif sys.platform == 'darwin' and prefix == sys_prefix:
+                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, "site-packages")]
+            elif sys.platform == "darwin" and prefix == sys_prefix:
 
-                if prefix.startswith("/System/Library/Frameworks/"): # Apple's Python
+                if prefix.startswith("/System/Library/Frameworks/"):  # Apple's Python
 
-                    sitedirs = [os.path.join("/Library/Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
-                                os.path.join(prefix, "Extras", "lib", "python")]
+                    sitedirs = [
+                        os.path.join("/Library/Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
+                        os.path.join(prefix, "Extras", "lib", "python"),
+                    ]
 
-                else: # any other Python distros on OSX work this way
-                    sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
-                                             "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages")]
+                else:  # any other Python distros on OSX work this way
+                    sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages")]
 
-            elif os.sep == '/':
-                sitedirs = [os.path.join(prefix,
-                                         "lib",
-                                         "python" + sys.version[:3],
-                                         "site-packages"),
-                            os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-python"),
-                            os.path.join(prefix, "python" + sys.version[:3], "lib-dynload")]
+            elif os.sep == "/":
+                sitedirs = [
+                    os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages"),
+                    os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-python"),
+                    os.path.join(prefix, "python" + sys.version[:3], "lib-dynload"),
+                ]
                 lib64_dir = os.path.join(prefix, "lib64", "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages")
-                if (os.path.exists(lib64_dir) and
-                    os.path.realpath(lib64_dir) not in [os.path.realpath(p) for p in sitedirs]):
+                if os.path.exists(lib64_dir) and os.path.realpath(lib64_dir) not in [
+                    os.path.realpath(p) for p in sitedirs
+                ]:
                     if _is_64bit:
                         sitedirs.insert(0, lib64_dir)
                     else:
@@ -246,42 +255,32 @@ def addsitepackages(known_paths, sys_prefix=sys.prefix, exec_prefix=sys.exec_pre
                 try:
                     # sys.getobjects only available in --with-pydebug build
                     sys.getobjects
-                    sitedirs.insert(0, os.path.join(sitedirs[0], 'debug'))
+                    sitedirs.insert(0, os.path.join(sitedirs[0], "debug"))
                 except AttributeError:
                     pass
                 # Debian-specific dist-packages directories:
-                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "local/lib",
-                                             "python" + sys.version[:3],
-                                             "dist-packages"))
-                if sys.version[0] == '2':
-                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
-                                                 "python" + sys.version[:3],
-                                                 "dist-packages"))
+                sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "local/lib", "python" + sys.version[:3], "dist-packages"))
+                if sys.version[0] == "2":
+                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "python" + sys.version[:3], "dist-packages"))
                 else:
-                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib",
-                                                 "python" + sys.version[0],
-                                                 "dist-packages"))
+                    sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "python" + sys.version[0], "dist-packages"))
                 sitedirs.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "dist-python"))
             else:
                 sitedirs = [prefix, os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-packages")]
-            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+            if sys.platform == "darwin":
                 # for framework builds *only* we add the standard Apple
                 # locations. Currently only per-user, but /Library and
                 # /Network/Library could be added too
-                if 'Python.framework' in prefix:
-                    home = os.environ.get('HOME')
+                if "Python.framework" in prefix:
+                    home = os.environ.get("HOME")
                     if home:
-                        sitedirs.append(
-                            os.path.join(home,
-                                         'Library',
-                                         'Python',
-                                         sys.version[:3],
-                                         'site-packages'))
+                        sitedirs.append(os.path.join(home, "Library", "Python", sys.version[:3], "site-packages"))
             for sitedir in sitedirs:
                 if os.path.isdir(sitedir):
                     addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths)
     return None
 
+
 def check_enableusersite():
     """Check if user site directory is safe for inclusion
 
@@ -292,7 +291,7 @@ def check_enableusersite():
     False: Disabled by user (command line option)
     True: Safe and enabled
     """
-    if hasattr(sys, 'flags') and getattr(sys.flags, 'no_user_site', False):
+    if hasattr(sys, "flags") and getattr(sys.flags, "no_user_site", False):
         return False
 
     if hasattr(os, "getuid") and hasattr(os, "geteuid"):
@@ -306,6 +305,7 @@ def check_enableusersite():
 
     return True
 
+
 def addusersitepackages(known_paths):
     """Add a per user site-package to sys.path
 
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ def addusersitepackages(known_paths):
     def joinuser(*args):
         return os.path.expanduser(os.path.join(*args))
 
-    #if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'):
+    # if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'):
     #    # Don't know what to put here
     #    USER_BASE = ''
     #    USER_SITE = ''
@@ -334,31 +334,24 @@ def addusersitepackages(known_paths):
             USER_BASE = env_base
         else:
             USER_BASE = joinuser(base, "Python")
-        USER_SITE = os.path.join(USER_BASE,
-                                 "Python" + sys.version[0] + sys.version[2],
-                                 "site-packages")
+        USER_SITE = os.path.join(USER_BASE, "Python" + sys.version[0] + sys.version[2], "site-packages")
     else:
         if env_base:
             USER_BASE = env_base
         else:
             USER_BASE = joinuser("~", ".local")
-        USER_SITE = os.path.join(USER_BASE, "lib",
-                                 "python" + sys.version[:3],
-                                 "site-packages")
+        USER_SITE = os.path.join(USER_BASE, "lib", "python" + sys.version[:3], "site-packages")
 
     if ENABLE_USER_SITE and os.path.isdir(USER_SITE):
         addsitedir(USER_SITE, known_paths)
     if ENABLE_USER_SITE:
         for dist_libdir in ("lib", "local/lib"):
-            user_site = os.path.join(USER_BASE, dist_libdir,
-                                     "python" + sys.version[:3],
-                                     "dist-packages")
+            user_site = os.path.join(USER_BASE, dist_libdir, "python" + sys.version[:3], "dist-packages")
             if os.path.isdir(user_site):
                 addsitedir(user_site, known_paths)
     return known_paths
 
 
-
 def setBEGINLIBPATH():
     """The OS/2 EMX port has optional extension modules that do double duty
     as DLLs (and must use the .DLL file extension) for other extensions.
@@ -368,12 +361,12 @@ def setBEGINLIBPATH():
 
     """
     dllpath = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "Lib", "lib-dynload")
-    libpath = os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'].split(';')
+    libpath = os.environ["BEGINLIBPATH"].split(";")
     if libpath[-1]:
         libpath.append(dllpath)
     else:
         libpath[-1] = dllpath
-    os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'] = ';'.join(libpath)
+    os.environ["BEGINLIBPATH"] = ";".join(libpath)
 
 
 def setquit():
@@ -381,18 +374,20 @@ def setquit():
     These are simply strings that display a hint on how to exit.
 
     """
-    if os.sep == ':':
-        eof = 'Cmd-Q'
-    elif os.sep == '\\':
-        eof = 'Ctrl-Z plus Return'
+    if os.sep == ":":
+        eof = "Cmd-Q"
+    elif os.sep == "\\":
+        eof = "Ctrl-Z plus Return"
     else:
-        eof = 'Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF)'
+        eof = "Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF)"
 
     class Quitter(object):
         def __init__(self, name):
             self.name = name
+
         def __repr__(self):
-            return 'Use %s() or %s to exit' % (self.name, eof)
+            return "Use {}() or {} to exit".format(self.name, eof)
+
         def __call__(self, code=None):
             # Shells like IDLE catch the SystemExit, but listen when their
             # stdin wrapper is closed.
@@ -401,8 +396,9 @@ def setquit():
             except:
                 pass
             raise SystemExit(code)
-    builtins.quit = Quitter('quit')
-    builtins.exit = Quitter('exit')
+
+    builtins.quit = Quitter("quit")
+    builtins.exit = Quitter("exit")
 
 
 class _Printer(object):
@@ -436,7 +432,7 @@ class _Printer(object):
                 break
         if not data:
             data = self.__data
-        self.__lines = data.split('\n')
+        self.__lines = data.split("\n")
         self.__linecnt = len(self.__lines)
 
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -444,11 +440,11 @@ class _Printer(object):
         if len(self.__lines) <= self.MAXLINES:
             return "\n".join(self.__lines)
         else:
-            return "Type %s() to see the full %s text" % ((self.__name,)*2)
+            return "Type %s() to see the full %s text" % ((self.__name,) * 2)
 
     def __call__(self):
         self.__setup()
-        prompt = 'Hit Return for more, or q (and Return) to quit: '
+        prompt = "Hit Return for more, or q (and Return) to quit: "
         lineno = 0
         while 1:
             try:
@@ -464,31 +460,33 @@ class _Printer(object):
                         key = raw_input(prompt)
                     except NameError:
                         key = input(prompt)
-                    if key not in ('', 'q'):
+                    if key not in ("", "q"):
                         key = None
-                if key == 'q':
+                if key == "q":
                     break
 
+
 def setcopyright():
     """Set 'copyright' and 'credits' in __builtin__"""
     builtins.copyright = _Printer("copyright", sys.copyright)
     if _is_jython:
-        builtins.credits = _Printer(
-            "credits",
-            "Jython is maintained by the Jython developers (www.jython.org).")
+        builtins.credits = _Printer("credits", "Jython is maintained by the Jython developers (www.jython.org).")
     elif _is_pypy:
+        builtins.credits = _Printer("credits", "PyPy is maintained by the PyPy developers: http://pypy.org/")
+    else:
         builtins.credits = _Printer(
             "credits",
-            "PyPy is maintained by the PyPy developers: http://pypy.org/")
-    else:
-        builtins.credits = _Printer("credits", """\
+            """\
     Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
-    for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information.""")
+    for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information.""",
+        )
     here = os.path.dirname(os.__file__)
     builtins.license = _Printer(
-        "license", "See http://www.python.org/%.3s/license.html" % sys.version,
+        "license",
+        "See http://www.python.org/%.3s/license.html" % sys.version,
         ["LICENSE.txt", "LICENSE"],
-        [os.path.join(here, os.pardir), here, os.curdir])
+        [os.path.join(here, os.pardir), here, os.curdir],
+    )
 
 
 class _Helper(object):
@@ -498,38 +496,45 @@ class _Helper(object):
     """
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "Type help() for interactive help, " \
-               "or help(object) for help about object."
+        return "Type help() for interactive help, " "or help(object) for help about object."
+
     def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
         import pydoc
+
         return pydoc.help(*args, **kwds)
 
+
 def sethelper():
     builtins.help = _Helper()
 
+
 def aliasmbcs():
     """On Windows, some default encodings are not provided by Python,
     while they are always available as "mbcs" in each locale. Make
     them usable by aliasing to "mbcs" in such a case."""
-    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
         import locale, codecs
+
         enc = locale.getdefaultlocale()[1]
-        if enc.startswith('cp'):            # "cp***" ?
+        if enc.startswith("cp"):  # "cp***" ?
             try:
                 codecs.lookup(enc)
             except LookupError:
                 import encodings
+
                 encodings._cache[enc] = encodings._unknown
-                encodings.aliases.aliases[enc] = 'mbcs'
+                encodings.aliases.aliases[enc] = "mbcs"
+
 
 def setencoding():
     """Set the string encoding used by the Unicode implementation.  The
     default is 'ascii', but if you're willing to experiment, you can
     change this."""
-    encoding = "ascii" # Default value set by _PyUnicode_Init()
+    encoding = "ascii"  # Default value set by _PyUnicode_Init()
     if 0:
         # Enable to support locale aware default string encodings.
         import locale
+
         loc = locale.getdefaultlocale()
         if loc[1]:
             encoding = loc[1]
@@ -539,7 +544,7 @@ def setencoding():
         encoding = "undefined"
     if encoding != "ascii":
         # On Non-Unicode builds this will raise an AttributeError...
-        sys.setdefaultencoding(encoding) # Needs Python Unicode build !
+        sys.setdefaultencoding(encoding)  # Needs Python Unicode build !
 
 
 def execsitecustomize():
@@ -549,41 +554,40 @@ def execsitecustomize():
     except ImportError:
         pass
 
+
 def virtual_install_main_packages():
-    f = open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'orig-prefix.txt'))
+    f = open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "orig-prefix.txt"))
     sys.real_prefix = f.read().strip()
     f.close()
     pos = 2
     hardcoded_relative_dirs = []
-    if sys.path[0] == '':
+    if sys.path[0] == "":
         pos += 1
     if _is_jython:
-        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'Lib')]
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "Lib")]
     elif _is_pypy:
         if sys.version_info > (3, 2):
-            cpyver = '%d' % sys.version_info[0]
+            cpyver = "%d" % sys.version_info[0]
         elif sys.pypy_version_info >= (1, 5):
-            cpyver = '%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2]
+            cpyver = "%d.%d" % sys.version_info[:2]
         else:
-            cpyver = '%d.%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:3]
-        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib_pypy'),
-                 os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib-python', cpyver)]
+            cpyver = "%d.%d.%d" % sys.version_info[:3]
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "lib_pypy"), os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "lib-python", cpyver)]
         if sys.pypy_version_info < (1, 9):
-            paths.insert(1, os.path.join(sys.real_prefix,
-                                         'lib-python', 'modified-%s' % cpyver))
-        hardcoded_relative_dirs = paths[:] # for the special 'darwin' case below
+            paths.insert(1, os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "lib-python", "modified-%s" % cpyver))
+        hardcoded_relative_dirs = paths[:]  # for the special 'darwin' case below
         #
         # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but relative to sys.prefix:
         for path in paths[:]:
-            plat_path = os.path.join(path, 'plat-%s' % sys.platform)
+            plat_path = os.path.join(path, "plat-%s" % sys.platform)
             if os.path.exists(plat_path):
                 paths.append(plat_path)
-    elif sys.platform == 'win32':
-        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'Lib'), os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'DLLs')]
+    elif sys.platform == "win32":
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "Lib"), os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "DLLs")]
     else:
-        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib', 'python'+sys.version[:3])]
-        hardcoded_relative_dirs = paths[:] # for the special 'darwin' case below
-        lib64_path = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib64', 'python'+sys.version[:3])
+        paths = [os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "lib", "python" + sys.version[:3])]
+        hardcoded_relative_dirs = paths[:]  # for the special 'darwin' case below
+        lib64_path = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "lib64", "python" + sys.version[:3])
         if os.path.exists(lib64_path):
             if _is_64bit:
                 paths.insert(0, lib64_path)
@@ -595,28 +599,28 @@ def virtual_install_main_packages():
         # Python 3.3+, this lives in sys.implementation, while in Python 2.7
         # it lives in sys.
         try:
-            arch = getattr(sys, 'implementation', sys)._multiarch
+            arch = getattr(sys, "implementation", sys)._multiarch
         except AttributeError:
             # This is a non-multiarch aware Python.  Fallback to the old way.
             arch = sys.platform
-        plat_path = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, 'lib',
-                                 'python'+sys.version[:3],
-                                 'plat-%s' % arch)
+        plat_path = os.path.join(sys.real_prefix, "lib", "python" + sys.version[:3], "plat-%s" % arch)
         if os.path.exists(plat_path):
             paths.append(plat_path)
     # This is hardcoded in the Python executable, but
     # relative to sys.prefix, so we have to fix up:
     for path in list(paths):
-        tk_dir = os.path.join(path, 'lib-tk')
+        tk_dir = os.path.join(path, "lib-tk")
         if os.path.exists(tk_dir):
             paths.append(tk_dir)
 
     # These are hardcoded in the Apple's Python executable,
     # but relative to sys.prefix, so we have to fix them up:
-    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
-        hardcoded_paths = [os.path.join(relative_dir, module)
-                           for relative_dir in hardcoded_relative_dirs
-                           for module in ('plat-darwin', 'plat-mac', 'plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages')]
+    if sys.platform == "darwin":
+        hardcoded_paths = [
+            os.path.join(relative_dir, module)
+            for relative_dir in hardcoded_relative_dirs
+            for module in ("plat-darwin", "plat-mac", "plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages")
+        ]
 
         for path in hardcoded_paths:
             if os.path.exists(path):
@@ -624,6 +628,7 @@ def virtual_install_main_packages():
 
     sys.path.extend(paths)
 
+
 def force_global_eggs_after_local_site_packages():
     """
     Force easy_installed eggs in the global environment to get placed
@@ -633,16 +638,18 @@ def force_global_eggs_after_local_site_packages():
     around.
 
     """
-    egginsert = getattr(sys, '__egginsert', 0)
+    egginsert = getattr(sys, "__egginsert", 0)
     for i, path in enumerate(sys.path):
         if i > egginsert and path.startswith(sys.prefix):
             egginsert = i
     sys.__egginsert = egginsert + 1
 
+
 def virtual_addsitepackages(known_paths):
     force_global_eggs_after_local_site_packages()
     return addsitepackages(known_paths, sys_prefix=sys.real_prefix)
 
+
 def fixclasspath():
     """Adjust the special classpath sys.path entries for Jython. These
     entries should follow the base virtualenv lib directories.
@@ -650,13 +657,14 @@ def fixclasspath():
     paths = []
     classpaths = []
     for path in sys.path:
-        if path == '__classpath__' or path.startswith('__pyclasspath__'):
+        if path == "__classpath__" or path.startswith("__pyclasspath__"):
             classpaths.append(path)
         else:
             paths.append(path)
     sys.path = paths
     sys.path.extend(classpaths)
 
+
 def execusercustomize():
     """Run custom user specific code, if available."""
     try:
@@ -670,12 +678,11 @@ def main():
     virtual_install_main_packages()
     abs__file__()
     paths_in_sys = removeduppaths()
-    if (os.name == "posix" and sys.path and
-        os.path.basename(sys.path[-1]) == "Modules"):
+    if os.name == "posix" and sys.path and os.path.basename(sys.path[-1]) == "Modules":
         addbuilddir()
     if _is_jython:
         fixclasspath()
-    GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES = not os.path.exists(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'no-global-site-packages.txt'))
+    GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES = not os.path.exists(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "no-global-site-packages.txt"))
     if not GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES:
         ENABLE_USER_SITE = False
     if ENABLE_USER_SITE is None:
@@ -684,7 +691,7 @@ def main():
     paths_in_sys = addusersitepackages(paths_in_sys)
     if GLOBAL_SITE_PACKAGES:
         paths_in_sys = virtual_addsitepackages(paths_in_sys)
-    if sys.platform == 'os2emx':
+    if sys.platform == "os2emx":
         setBEGINLIBPATH()
     setquit()
     setcopyright()
@@ -700,8 +707,10 @@ def main():
     if hasattr(sys, "setdefaultencoding"):
         del sys.setdefaultencoding
 
+
 main()
 
+
 def _script():
     help = """\
     %s [--user-base] [--user-site]
@@ -721,22 +730,24 @@ def _script():
     if not args:
         print("sys.path = [")
         for dir in sys.path:
-            print("    %r," % (dir,))
+            print("    {!r},".format(dir))
         print("]")
+
         def exists(path):
             if os.path.isdir(path):
                 return "exists"
             else:
                 return "doesn't exist"
-        print("USER_BASE: %r (%s)" % (USER_BASE, exists(USER_BASE)))
-        print("USER_SITE: %r (%s)" % (USER_SITE, exists(USER_BASE)))
-        print("ENABLE_USER_SITE: %r" %  ENABLE_USER_SITE)
+
+        print("USER_BASE: {!r} ({})".format(USER_BASE, exists(USER_BASE)))
+        print("USER_SITE: {!r} ({})".format(USER_SITE, exists(USER_BASE)))
+        print("ENABLE_USER_SITE: %r" % ENABLE_USER_SITE)
         sys.exit(0)
 
     buffer = []
-    if '--user-base' in args:
+    if "--user-base" in args:
         buffer.append(USER_BASE)
-    if '--user-site' in args:
+    if "--user-site" in args:
         buffer.append(USER_SITE)
 
     if buffer:
@@ -751,8 +762,10 @@ def _script():
             sys.exit(3)
     else:
         import textwrap
+
         print(textwrap.dedent(help % (sys.argv[0], os.pathsep)))
         sys.exit(10)
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     _script()