diff options
author | Garrett D'Amore <garrett@damore.org> | 2018-01-08 18:10:15 -0800 |
---|---|---|
committer | Garrett D'Amore <garrett@damore.org> | 2018-01-09 11:46:49 -0800 |
commit | 54c8751f82a19b525e8f9e3600f0d9afa0a324a9 (patch) | |
tree | 5b61c93c8bb207c0720408f0cb92834bd14e98ea | |
parent | a98a3ec61ca7e4bc1c8b56f9d25b64cefbb6044b (diff) | |
download | nanomsg-gh-pages-nng-started.tar.gz |
New nng version of Getting Started.gh-pages-nng-started
While here we fixed a few problems with the old version
(mostly compile lines that were botched.)
47 files changed, 6470 insertions, 18 deletions
diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/banner.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/banner.adoc index 6e612f4..2907e11 100644 --- a/_adoc/gettingstarted/banner.adoc +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/banner.adoc @@ -4,3 +4,6 @@ NOTE: This document is derived from an original post by Tim Dysinger. That post is no longer available, but we have modified and restructured it, as well as making enhancments and corrections. Tim's original code is on https://github.com/dysinger/nanomsg-examples[github], but we recommend using the examples here as they have a number of corrections. + +TIP: If you want to use the experimental https://github.com/nanomsg/nng[nng] +library instead, see the document <<nng/index#,Getting Started with 'nng'>>. diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/bus.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/bus.adoc index 0ab43d8..123a398 100644 --- a/_adoc/gettingstarted/bus.adoc +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/bus.adoc @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ include::src/bus.c[] .Compilation [source,bash] ---- -gcc bus.c -lnanomsg.a -o bus +gcc bus.c -lnanomsg -o bus ---- .Execution diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/banner.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/banner.adoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..22d1a7c --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/banner.adoc @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ += <<index#,Getting Started with 'nng'>> + +NOTE: This document is derived from an original post by Tim Dysinger. +However, the examples here are for https://github.com/nanomsg/nng[nng] +instead of https://github.com/nanomsg/nanomsg[nanomsg]. For the legacy +nanomsg version of this, see <<../index#,Getting Started with 'nanomsg'>>. diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/bus.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/bus.adoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cdfc19f --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/bus.adoc @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +:source-highlighter: coderay +:icons: font + +include::banner.adoc[] + +== Bus (Routing) + +image::../bus.png[A Simple Bus] + +The bus protocol is useful for routing applications, or for building +fully interconnected mesh networks. In this pattern, messages are +sent to every directly connected peer. + +.bus.c +[source,c] +---- +include::src/bus.c[] +---- +<1> Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it. + +.Compilation +[source,bash] +---- +gcc bus.c -lnng -o bus +---- + +.Execution +[source,bash] +---- +include::src/bus.sh[] +---- + +.Output +---- +include::src/bus.out[] +---- diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/index.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/index.adoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a409ad --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/index.adoc @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +:source-highlighter: coderay +:icons: font + +include::banner.adoc[] + +== Messaging Patterns + +http://nanomsg.github.io/nng[nng] is a messaging framework that attempts to +help solve common messaging problems with one of a few patterns ('protocols' +in nng parlance.) + +Following are examples of each pattern type in C. + +* <<pipeline#,Pipeline (A One-Way Pipe)>> +* <<reqrep#,Request/Reply (I ask, you answer)>> +* <<pair#,Pair (Two Way Radio)>> +* <<pubsub#,Pub/Sub (Topics & Broadcast)>> +* <<survey#,Survey (Everybody Votes)>> +* <<bus#,Bus (Routing)>> diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/pair.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/pair.adoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..844780a --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/pair.adoc @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +:source-highlighter: coderay +:icons: font + +include::banner.adoc[] + +== Pair (Two Way Radio) + +image::../pair.png[Two Way Radio] + +The pair pattern is used when there a one-to-one peer relationship. +Only one peer may be connected to another peer at a time, but both +may speak freely. + +.pair.c +[source,c] +---- +include::src/pair.c[] +---- +<1> Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it. + +.Compilation +[source,bash] +---- +gcc pair.c -lnng -o pair +---- + +.Execution +[source,bash] +---- +include::src/pair.sh[] +---- + +.Output +---- +include::src/pair.out[] +---- diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/pipeline.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/pipeline.adoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b28272 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/pipeline.adoc @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +:source-highlighter: coderay +:icons: font + +include::banner.adoc[] + +== Pipeline (A One-Way Pipe) + +image::../pipeline.png[A One-Way Pipe] + +This pattern is useful for solving producer/consumer problems, including +load-balancing. Messages flow from the push side to the pull side. If +multiple peers are connected, the pattern attempts to distribute fairly. + +.pipeline.c +[source,C] +---- +include::src/pipeline.c[] +---- +<1> Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it. + +.Compilation +[source,bash] +---- +gcc pipeline.c -lnng -o pipeline +---- + +.Execution +[source,bash] +---- +include::src/pipeline.sh[] +---- + +.Output +---- +include::src/pipeline.out[] +---- diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/pubsub.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/pubsub.adoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4532707 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/pubsub.adoc @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +:source-highlighter: coderay +:icons: font + +include::banner.adoc[] + +== Pub/Sub (Topics & Broadcast) + +image::../pubsub.png[Topics & Broadcast] + +This pattern is used to allow a single broadcaster to publish messages +to many subscribers, which may choose to limit which messages they receive. + +.pubsub.c +[source,c] +---- +include::src/pubsub.c[] +---- +<1> Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it. + +.Compilation +[source,bash] +---- +gcc pubsub.c -lnng -o pubsub +---- + +.Execution +[source,bash] +---- +include::src/pubsub.sh[] +---- + +.Output +---- +include::src/pubsub.out[] +---- diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/reqrep.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/reqrep.adoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec6ea65 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/reqrep.adoc @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +:source-highlighter: coderay +:icons: font + +include::banner.adoc[] + +== Request/Reply (I ask, you answer) + +image::../reqrep.png[I ask, you answer] + +Request/Reply is used for synchronous communications where each question +is responded with a single answer, for example remote procedure calls (RPCs). +Like <<pipeline#,Pipeline>>, it also can perform load-balancing. This +is the only reliable messaging pattern in the suite, as it automatically +will retry if a request is not matched with a response. + +.reqprep.c +[source,c] +---- +include::src/reqrep.c[] +---- +<1> Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it. + +.Compilation +[source,bash] +---- +gcc reqrep.c -lnng -o reqrep +---- + +.Execution +[source,bash] +---- +include::src/reqrep.sh[] +---- + +.Output +---- +include::src/reqrep.out[] +---- diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/bus.c b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/bus.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97cd84d --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/bus.c @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <unistd.h> + +#include <nng/nng.h> +#include <nng/protocol/bus0/bus.h> + +void +fatal(const char *func, int rv) +{ + fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", func, nng_strerror(rv)); + exit(1); +} + +int +node(int argc, char **argv) +{ + nng_socket sock; + int rv; + size_t sz; + + if ((rv = nng_bus0_open(&sock)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_bus0_open", rv); + } + if ((rv = nng_listen(sock, argv[2], NULL, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_listen", rv); + } + + sleep(1); // wait for peers to bind + if (argc >= 3) { + for (int x = 3; x < argc; x++) { + if ((rv = nng_dial(sock, argv[x], NULL, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_dial", rv); + } + } + } + + sleep(1); // wait for connects to establish + + // SEND + sz = strlen(argv[1]) + 1; // '\0' too + printf("%s: SENDING '%s' ONTO BUS\n", argv[1], argv[1]); + if ((rv = nng_send(sock, argv[1], sz, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_send", rv); + } + + // RECV + for (;;) { + char *buf = NULL; + size_t sz; + if ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) !=0) { + if (rv == NNG_ETIMEDOUT) { + fatal("nng_recv", rv); + } + } + printf("%s: RECEIVED '%s' FROM BUS\n", argv[1], buf); // <1> + nng_free(buf, sz); + } + nng_close(sock); + return (0); +} + +int +main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + if (argc >= 3) { + return (node(argc, argv)); + } + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: bus <NODE_NAME> <URL> <URL> ...\n"); + return 1; +} diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/bus.out b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/bus.out new file mode 100644 index 0000000..690004c --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/bus.out @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +node3: SENDING 'node3' ONTO BUS +node0: SENDING 'node0' ONTO BUS +node1: SENDING 'node1' ONTO BUS +node2: SENDING 'node2' ONTO BUS +node0: RECEIVED 'node1' FROM BUS +node1: RECEIVED 'node0' FROM BUS +node2: RECEIVED 'node0' FROM BUS +node3: RECEIVED 'node1' FROM BUS +node0: RECEIVED 'node2' FROM BUS +node1: RECEIVED 'node2' FROM BUS +node3: RECEIVED 'node2' FROM BUS +node0: RECEIVED 'node3' FROM BUS +node2: RECEIVED 'node3' FROM BUS +node1: RECEIVED 'node3' FROM BUS +node3: RECEIVED 'node0' FROM BUS +node2: RECEIVED 'node1' FROM BUS diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/bus.sh b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/bus.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a52379 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/bus.sh @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +./bus node0 ipc:///tmp/node0.ipc ipc:///tmp/node1.ipc ipc:///tmp/node2.ipc & node0=$! +./bus node1 ipc:///tmp/node1.ipc ipc:///tmp/node2.ipc ipc:///tmp/node3.ipc & node1=$! +./bus node2 ipc:///tmp/node2.ipc ipc:///tmp/node3.ipc & node2=$! +./bus node3 ipc:///tmp/node3.ipc ipc:///tmp/node0.ipc & node3=$! +sleep 5 +kill $node0 $node1 $node2 $node3 diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pair.c b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pair.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb9e78c --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pair.c @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <unistd.h> + +#include <nng/nng.h> +#include <nng/protocol/pair0/pair.h> + +#define NODE0 "node0" +#define NODE1 "node1" + +void +fatal(const char *func, int rv) +{ + fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", func, nng_strerror(rv)); + exit(1); +} + +int +send_name(nng_socket sock, char *name) +{ + int rv; + printf("%s: SENDING \"%s\"\n", name, name); + if ((rv = nng_send(sock, name, strlen(name) + 1, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_send", rv); + } + return (rv); +} + +int +recv_name(nng_socket sock, char *name) +{ + char *buf = NULL; + int rv; + size_t sz; + if ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) == 0) { + printf("%s: RECEIVED \"%s\"\n", name, buf); // <1> + nng_free(buf, sz); + } + return (rv); +} + +int +send_recv(nng_socket sock, char *name) +{ + int rv; + if ((rv = nng_setopt_ms(sock, NNG_OPT_RECVTIMEO, 100)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_setopt_ms", rv); + } + for (;;) { + recv_name(sock, name); + sleep(1); + send_name(sock, name); + } +} + +int +node0(const char *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + int rv; + if ((rv = nng_pair0_open(&sock)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_pair0_open", rv); + } + if ((rv = nng_listen(sock, url, NULL, 0)) !=0) { + fatal("nng_listen", rv); + } + return (send_recv(sock, NODE0)); +} + +int +node1(const char *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + int rv; + sleep(1); + if ((rv = nng_pair0_open(&sock)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_pair0_open", rv); + } + if ((rv = nng_dial(sock, url, NULL, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_dial", rv); + } + return (send_recv(sock, NODE1)); +} + +int +main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + if ((argc > 1) && (strcmp(NODE0, argv[1]) == 0)) + return (node0(argv[2])); + + if ((argc > 1) && (strcmp(NODE1, argv[1]) == 0)) + return (node1(argv[2])); + + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: pair %s|%s <URL> <ARG> ...\n", NODE0, NODE1); + return 1; +} diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pair.out b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pair.out new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0bdb0de --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pair.out @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +node0: SENDING "node0" +node1: RECEIVED "node0" +node1: SENDING "node1" +node0: SENDING "node0" +node0: RECEIVED "node1" +node1: RECEIVED "node0" diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pair.sh b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pair.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6bec20 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pair.sh @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +./pair node0 ipc:///tmp/pair.ipc & node0=$! +./pair node1 ipc:///tmp/pair.ipc & node1=$! +sleep 3 +kill $node0 $node1 + diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pipeline.c b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pipeline.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2a48f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pipeline.c @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <stdio.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <unistd.h> + +#include <nng/nng.h> +#include <nng/protocol/pipeline0/pull.h> +#include <nng/protocol/pipeline0/push.h> + +#define NODE0 "node0" +#define NODE1 "node1" + +void +fatal(const char *func, int rv) +{ + fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", func, nng_strerror(rv)); + exit(1); +} + +int +node0(const char *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + int rv; + + if ((rv = nng_pull0_open(&sock)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_pull0_open", rv); + } + if ((rv = nng_listen(sock, url, NULL, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_listen", rv); + } + for (;;) { + char *buf = NULL; + size_t sz; + if ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_recv", rv); + } + printf("NODE0: RECEIVED \"%s\"\n", buf); // <1> + nng_free(buf, sz); + } +} + +int +node1(const char *url, char *msg) +{ + int sz_msg = strlen(msg) + 1; // '\0' too + nng_socket sock; + int rv; + int bytes; + + if ((rv = nng_push0_open(&sock)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_push0_open", rv); + } + if ((rv = nng_dial(sock, url, NULL, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_dial", rv); + } + printf("NODE1: SENDING \"%s\"\n", msg); + if ((rv = nng_send(sock, msg, strlen(msg)+1, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_send", rv); + } + sleep(1); // wait for messages to flush before shutting down + nng_close(sock); + return (0); +} + +int +main(int argc, char **argv) +{ + if ((argc > 1) && (strcmp(NODE0, argv[1]) == 0)) + return (node0(argv[2])); + + if ((argc > 2) && (strcmp(NODE1, argv[1]) == 0)) + return (node1(argv[2], argv[3])); + + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: pipeline %s|%s <URL> <ARG> ...'\n", + NODE0, NODE1); + return (1); +} diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pipeline.out b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pipeline.out new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0427e67 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pipeline.out @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +NODE1: SENDING "Hello, World!" +NODE0: RECEIVED "Hello, World!" +NODE1: SENDING "Goodbye." +NODE0: RECEIVED "Goodbye." diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pipeline.sh b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pipeline.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39b7815 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pipeline.sh @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +./pipeline node0 ipc:///tmp/pipeline.ipc & node0=$! && sleep 1 +./pipeline node1 ipc:///tmp/pipeline.ipc "Hello, World!" +./pipeline node1 ipc:///tmp/pipeline.ipc "Goodbye." +kill $node0 + diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pubsub.c b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pubsub.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..012d1f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pubsub.c @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <stdio.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <time.h> +#include <unistd.h> + +#include <nng/nng.h> +#include <nng/protocol/pubsub0/pub.h> +#include <nng/protocol/pubsub0/sub.h> + +#define SERVER "server" +#define CLIENT "client" + +void +fatal(const char *func, int rv) +{ + fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", func, nng_strerror(rv)); +} + +char * +date(void) +{ + time_t now = time(&now); + struct tm *info = localtime(&now); + char *text = asctime(info); + text[strlen(text)-1] = '\0'; // remove '\n' + return (text); +} + +int +server(const char *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + int rv; + + if ((rv = nng_pub0_open(&sock)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_pub0_open", rv); + } + if ((rv = nng_listen(sock, url, NULL, 0)) < 0) { + fatal("nng_listen", rv); + } + for (;;) { + char *d = date(); + printf("SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE %s\n", d); + if ((rv = nng_send(sock, d, strlen(d) + 1, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_send", rv); + } + sleep(1); + } +} + +int +client(const char *url, const char *name) +{ + nng_socket sock; + int rv; + + if ((rv = nng_sub0_open(&sock)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_sub0_open", rv); + } + + // subscribe to everything (empty means all topics) + if ((rv = nng_setopt(sock, NNG_OPT_SUB_SUBSCRIBE, "", 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_setopt", rv); + } + if ((rv = nng_dial(sock, url, NULL, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_dial", rv); + } + for (;;) { + char *buf = NULL; + size_t sz; + if ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_recv", rv); + } + printf("CLIENT (%s): RECEIVED %s\n", name, buf); // <1> + nng_free(buf, sz); + } +} + +int +main(const int argc, const char **argv) +{ + if ((argc >= 2) && (strcmp(SERVER, argv[1]) == 0)) + return (server(argv[2])); + + if ((argc >= 3) && (strcmp(CLIENT, argv[1]) == 0)) + return (client (argv[2], argv[3])); + + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: pubsub %s|%s <URL> <ARG> ...\n", + SERVER, CLIENT); + return 1; +} diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pubsub.out b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pubsub.out new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4caf5f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pubsub.out @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE Tue Jan 9 08:21:31 2018 +SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE Tue Jan 9 08:21:32 2018 +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:32 2018 +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:32 2018 +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:32 2018 +SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE Tue Jan 9 08:21:33 2018 +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:33 2018 +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:33 2018 +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:33 2018 +SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE Tue Jan 9 08:21:34 2018 +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:34 2018 +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:34 2018 +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:34 2018 +SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE Tue Jan 9 08:21:35 2018 +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:35 2018 +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:35 2018 +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:35 2018 +SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE Tue Jan 9 08:21:36 2018 +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:36 2018 +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:36 2018 +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:36 2018 diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pubsub.sh b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pubsub.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c3f1c59 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/pubsub.sh @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +./pubsub server ipc:///tmp/pubsub.ipc & server=$! && sleep 1 +./pubsub client ipc:///tmp/pubsub.ipc client0 & client0=$! +./pubsub client ipc:///tmp/pubsub.ipc client1 & client1=$! +./pubsub client ipc:///tmp/pubsub.ipc client2 & client2=$! +sleep 5 +kill $server $client0 $client1 $client2 diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/reqrep.c b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/reqrep.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ef0448 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/reqrep.c @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <stdio.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <time.h> + +#include <nng/nng.h> +#include <nng/protocol/reqrep0/rep.h> +#include <nng/protocol/reqrep0/req.h> + +#define NODE0 "node0" +#define NODE1 "node1" +#define DATE "DATE" + +void +fatal(const char *func, int rv) +{ + fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", func, nng_strerror(rv)); + exit(1); +} + +char * +date(void) +{ + time_t now = time(&now); + struct tm *info = localtime(&now); + char *text = asctime(info); + text[strlen(text)-1] = '\0'; // remove '\n' + return (text); +} + +int +node0(const char *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + int rv; + + if ((rv = nng_rep0_open(&sock)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_rep0_open", rv); + } + if ((rv = nng_listen(sock, url, NULL, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_listen", rv); + } + for (;;) { + char *buf = NULL; + size_t sz; + if ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_recv", rv); + } + if ((sz == (strlen(DATE) + 1)) && (strcmp(DATE, buf) == 0)) { + printf("NODE0: RECEIVED DATE REQUEST\n"); + char *d = date(); + printf("NODE0: SENDING DATE %s\n", d); + if ((rv = nng_send(sock, d, strlen(d) + 1, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_send", rv); + } + } + nng_free(buf, sz); + } +} + +int +node1(const char *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + int rv; + size_t sz; + char *buf = NULL; + + if ((rv = nng_req0_open(&sock)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_socket", rv); + } + if ((rv = nng_dial(sock, url, NULL, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_dial", rv); + } + printf("NODE1: SENDING DATE REQUEST %s\n", DATE); + if ((rv = nng_send(sock, DATE, strlen(DATE)+1, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_send", rv); + } + if ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_recv", rv); + } + printf("NODE1: RECEIVED DATE %s\n", buf); // <1> + nng_free(buf, sz); + nng_close(sock); + return (0); +} + +int +main(const int argc, const char **argv) +{ + if ((argc > 1) && (strcmp(NODE0, argv[1]) == 0)) + return (node0(argv[2])); + + if ((argc > 1) && (strcmp(NODE1, argv[1]) == 0)) + return (node1(argv[2])); + + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: reqrep %s|%s <URL> ...\n", NODE0, NODE1); + return (1); +} diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/reqrep.out b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/reqrep.out new file mode 100644 index 0000000..edfe64b --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/reqrep.out @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +NODE1: SENDING DATE REQUEST DATE +NODE0: RECEIVED DATE REQUEST +NODE0: SENDING DATE Tue Jan 9 09:17:02 2018 +NODE1: RECEIVED DATE Tue Jan 9 09:17:02 2018 diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/reqrep.sh b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/reqrep.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a21bb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/reqrep.sh @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +./reqrep node0 ipc:///tmp/reqrep.ipc & node0=$! && sleep 1 +./reqrep node1 ipc:///tmp/reqrep.ipc +kill $node0 diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/survey.c b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/survey.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1909830 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/survey.c @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <time.h> +#include <unistd.h> + +#include <nng/nng.h> +#include <nng/protocol/survey0/survey.h> +#include <nng/protocol/survey0/respond.h> + +#define SERVER "server" +#define CLIENT "client" +#define DATE "DATE" + +void +fatal(const char *func, int rv) +{ + fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", func, nng_strerror(rv)); + exit(1); +} + +char * +date(void) +{ + time_t now = time(&now); + struct tm *info = localtime(&now); + char *text = asctime(info); + text[strlen(text)-1] = '\0'; // remove '\n' + return (text); +} + +int +server(const char *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + int rv; + + if ((rv = nng_surveyor0_open(&sock)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_surveyor0_open", rv); + } + if ((rv = nng_listen(sock, url, NULL, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_listen", rv); + } + for (;;) { + printf("SERVER: SENDING DATE SURVEY REQUEST\n"); + if ((rv = nng_send(sock, DATE, strlen(DATE) + 1, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_send", rv); + } + + for (;;) { + char *buf = NULL; + size_t sz; + rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC); + if (rv == NNG_ETIMEDOUT) { + break; + } + if (rv != 0) { + fatal("nng_recv", rv); + } + printf("SERVER: RECEIVED \"%s\" SURVEY RESPONSE\n", + buf); // <1> + nng_free(buf, sz); + } + + printf("SERVER: SURVEY COMPLETE\n"); + } +} + +int +client(const char *url, const char *name) +{ + nng_socket sock; + int rv; + + if ((rv = nng_respondent0_open(&sock)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_respondent0_open", rv); + } + if ((rv = nng_dial(sock, url, NULL, NNG_FLAG_NONBLOCK)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_dial", rv); + } + for (;;) { + char *buf = NULL; + size_t sz; + if ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) == 0) { + printf("CLIENT (%s): RECEIVED \"%s\" SURVEY REQUEST\n", + name, buf); // <1> + nng_free(buf, sz); + char *d = date(); + printf("CLIENT (%s): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE\n", + name); + if ((rv = nng_send(sock, d, strlen(d) + 1, 0)) != 0) { + fatal("nng_send", rv); + } + } + } +} + +int +main(const int argc, const char **argv) +{ + if ((argc >= 2) && (strcmp(SERVER, argv[1]) == 0)) + return (server(argv[2])); + + if ((argc >= 3) && (strcmp(CLIENT, argv[1]) == 0)) + return (client(argv[2], argv[3])); + + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: survey %s|%s <URL> <ARG> ...\n", + SERVER, CLIENT); + return 1; +} diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/survey.out b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/survey.out new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d300e71 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/survey.out @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +SERVER: SENDING DATE SURVEY REQUEST +SERVER: SURVEY COMPLETE +SERVER: SENDING DATE SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED "DATE" SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED "DATE" SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED "DATE" SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client2): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE +CLIENT (client1): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE +CLIENT (client0): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: RECEIVED "Tue Jan 9 11:33:40 2018" SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: RECEIVED "Tue Jan 9 11:33:40 2018" SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: RECEIVED "Tue Jan 9 11:33:40 2018" SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: SURVEY COMPLETE +SERVER: SENDING DATE SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED "DATE" SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client2): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED "DATE" SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client0): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED "DATE" SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client1): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: RECEIVED "Tue Jan 9 11:33:41 2018" SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: RECEIVED "Tue Jan 9 11:33:41 2018" SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: RECEIVED "Tue Jan 9 11:33:41 2018" SURVEY RESPONSE diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/survey.sh b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/survey.sh new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5bac72 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/src/survey.sh @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +./survey server ipc:///tmp/survey.ipc & server=$! +./survey client ipc:///tmp/survey.ipc client0 & client0=$! +./survey client ipc:///tmp/survey.ipc client1 & client1=$! +./survey client ipc:///tmp/survey.ipc client2 & client2=$! +sleep 3 # <1> +kill $server $client0 $client1 $client2 diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/survey.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/survey.adoc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ff2397 --- /dev/null +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/nng/survey.adoc @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +:source-highlighter: coderay +:icons: font + +include::banner.adoc[] + +== Survey (Everybody Votes) + +image::../survey.png[Everybody Votes] + +The surveyor pattern is used to send a timed survey out, responses +are individually returned until the survey has expired. This pattern +is useful for service discovery and voting algorithms. + +.survey.c +[source,c] +---- +include::src/survey.c[] +---- +<1> Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it. + +.Compilation +[source,bash] +---- +gcc survey.c -lnng -o survey +---- + +.Execution +[source,bash] +---- +include::src/survey.sh[] +---- +<1> The first survey times out with no responses because the clients aren’t connected yet. + +.Output +---- +include::src/survey.out[] +---- diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/pair.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/pair.adoc index b96a5db..77b22f8 100644 --- a/_adoc/gettingstarted/pair.adoc +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/pair.adoc @@ -38,8 +38,9 @@ kill $node0 $node1 .Output ---- -NODE1: SENDING DATE REQUEST DATE -NODE0: RECEIVED DATE REQUEST -NODE0: SENDING DATE Sat Sep 7 17:39:01 2013 -NODE1: RECEIVED DATE Sat Sep 7 17:39:01 2013 +node0: SENDING "node0" +node1: SENDING "node1" +node1: RECEIVED"node0" +node0: SENDING "node0" +node0: RECEIVED"node1" ---- diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/pubsub.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/pubsub.adoc index f92f3be..43eb397 100644 --- a/_adoc/gettingstarted/pubsub.adoc +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/pubsub.adoc @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ include::src/pubsub.c[] .Compilation [source,bash] ---- -gcc pubsub.c /usr/local/lib/libnanomsg.a -o pubsub +gcc pubsub.c -lnanomsg -o pubsub ---- .Execution diff --git a/_adoc/gettingstarted/survey.adoc b/_adoc/gettingstarted/survey.adoc index e871b58..b461f3a 100644 --- a/_adoc/gettingstarted/survey.adoc +++ b/_adoc/gettingstarted/survey.adoc @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ include::src/survey.c[] .Compilation [source,bash] ---- -gcc survey.c -lnanmosg -o survey +gcc survey.c -lnanomosg -o survey ---- .Execution diff --git a/gettingstarted/bus.html b/gettingstarted/bus.html index 3535b1a..6b05e0d 100644 --- a/gettingstarted/bus.html +++ b/gettingstarted/bus.html @@ -542,6 +542,19 @@ Tim’s original code is on <a href="https://github.com/dysinger/nanomsg-exa </tr> </table> </div> +<div class="admonitionblock tip"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +If you want to use the experimental <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +library instead, see the document <a href="nng/index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> @@ -643,7 +656,7 @@ main(<span class="predefined-type">int</span> argc, <span class="directive">cons <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">Compilation</div> <div class="content"> -<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">gcc bus.c -lnanomsg.a -o bus</code></pre> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">gcc bus.c -lnanomsg -o bus</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="listingblock"> @@ -683,7 +696,7 @@ node3: RECEIVED 'node2' FROM BUS</pre> </div> <div id="footer"> <div id="footer-text"> -Last updated 2018-01-09 01:08:26 UTC +Last updated 2018-01-09 14:17:57 UTC </div> </div> </body> diff --git a/gettingstarted/index.html b/gettingstarted/index.html index fcc7978..fe35986 100644 --- a/gettingstarted/index.html +++ b/gettingstarted/index.html @@ -542,6 +542,19 @@ Tim’s original code is on <a href="https://github.com/dysinger/nanomsg-exa </tr> </table> </div> +<div class="admonitionblock tip"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +If you want to use the experimental <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +library instead, see the document <a href="nng/index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> diff --git a/gettingstarted/nng/banner.html b/gettingstarted/nng/banner.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 --- /dev/null +++ b/gettingstarted/nng/banner.html diff --git a/gettingstarted/nng/bus.html b/gettingstarted/nng/bus.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aaf437b --- /dev/null +++ b/gettingstarted/nng/bus.html @@ -0,0 +1,692 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> +<meta charset="UTF-8"> +<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]--> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.6.1"> +<title>Getting Started with 'nng'</title> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"> +<style> +/* Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | http://asciidoctor.org */ +/* Remove comment around @import statement below when using as a custom stylesheet */ +/*@import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700";*/ +article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section,summary{display:block} +audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block} +audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0} +[hidden],template{display:none} +script{display:none!important} +html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%} +a{background:transparent} +a:focus{outline:thin dotted} +a:active,a:hover{outline:0} +h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0} +abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted} +b,strong{font-weight:bold} +dfn{font-style:italic} +hr{-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0} +mark{background:#ff0;color:#000} +code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em} +pre{white-space:pre-wrap} +q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"} +small{font-size:80%} +sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline} +sup{top:-.5em} +sub{bottom:-.25em} +img{border:0} +svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden} +figure{margin:0} +fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em} +legend{border:0;padding:0} +button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0} +button,input{line-height:normal} +button,select{text-transform:none} +button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer} +button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default} +input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0} +input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box} +input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none} +button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0} +textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top} +table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0} +*,*:before,*:after{-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box} +html,body{font-size:100%} +body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;tab-size:4;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased} +a:hover{cursor:pointer} +img,object,embed{max-width:100%;height:auto} +object,embed{height:100%} +img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic} +.left{float:left!important} +.right{float:right!important} +.text-left{text-align:left!important} +.text-right{text-align:right!important} +.text-center{text-align:center!important} +.text-justify{text-align:justify!important} +.hide{display:none} +img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle} +textarea{height:auto;min-height:50px} +select{width:100%} +.center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto} +.spread{width:100%} +p.lead,.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:1.21875em;line-height:1.6} +.subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em} +div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,p,blockquote,th,td{margin:0;padding:0;direction:ltr} +a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit} +a:hover,a:focus{color:#1d4b8f} +a img{border:none} +p{font-family:inherit;font-weight:400;font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +p aside{font-size:.875em;line-height:1.35;font-style:italic} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;color:#ba3925;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;line-height:1.0125em} +h1 small,h2 small,h3 small,#toctitle small,.sidebarblock>.content>.title small,h4 small,h5 small,h6 small{font-size:60%;color:#e99b8f;line-height:0} +h1{font-size:2.125em} +h2{font-size:1.6875em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.375em} +h4,h5{font-size:1.125em} +h6{font-size:1em} +hr{border:solid #ddddd8;border-width:1px 0 0;clear:both;margin:1.25em 0 1.1875em;height:0} +em,i{font-style:italic;line-height:inherit} +strong,b{font-weight:bold;line-height:inherit} +small{font-size:60%;line-height:inherit} +code{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +ul,ol,dl{font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;list-style-position:outside;font-family:inherit} +ul,ol{margin-left:1.5em} +ul li ul,ul li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em} +ul.square li ul,ul.circle li ul,ul.disc li ul{list-style:inherit} +ul.square{list-style-type:square} +ul.circle{list-style-type:circle} +ul.disc{list-style-type:disc} +ol li ul,ol li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0} +dl dt{margin-bottom:.3125em;font-weight:bold} +dl dd{margin-bottom:1.25em} +abbr,acronym{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:90%;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border-bottom:1px dotted #ddd;cursor:help} +abbr{text-transform:none} +blockquote{margin:0 0 1.25em;padding:.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em;border-left:1px solid #ddd} +blockquote cite{display:block;font-size:.9375em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote cite:before{content:"\2014 \0020"} +blockquote cite a,blockquote cite a:visited{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote,blockquote p{line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2} +h1{font-size:2.75em} +h2{font-size:2.3125em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.6875em} +h4{font-size:1.4375em}} +table{background:#fff;margin-bottom:1.25em;border:solid 1px #dedede} +table thead,table tfoot{background:#f7f8f7;font-weight:bold} +table thead tr th,table thead tr td,table tfoot tr th,table tfoot tr td{padding:.5em .625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);text-align:left} +table tr th,table tr td{padding:.5625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8)} +table tr.even,table tr.alt,table tr:nth-of-type(even){background:#f8f8f7} +table thead tr th,table tfoot tr th,table tbody tr td,table tr td,table tfoot tr td{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2;word-spacing:-.05em} +h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,#toctitle strong,.sidebarblock>.content>.title strong,h4 strong,h5 strong,h6 strong{font-weight:400} +.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after,.float-group:before,.float-group:after{content:" ";display:table} +.clearfix:after,.float-group:after{clear:both} +*:not(pre)>code{font-size:.9375em;font-style:normal!important;letter-spacing:0;padding:.1em .5ex;word-spacing:-.15em;background-color:#f7f7f8;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed;word-wrap:break-word} +*:not(pre)>code.nobreak{word-wrap:normal} +*:not(pre)>code.nowrap{white-space:nowrap} +pre,pre>code{line-height:1.45;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed} +em em{font-style:normal} +strong strong{font-weight:400} +.keyseq{color:rgba(51,51,51,.8)} +kbd{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;display:inline-block;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:.65em;line-height:1.45;background-color:#f7f7f7;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em white inset;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em #fff inset;margin:0 .15em;padding:.2em .5em;vertical-align:middle;position:relative;top:-.1em;white-space:nowrap} +.keyseq kbd:first-child{margin-left:0} +.keyseq kbd:last-child{margin-right:0} +.menuseq,.menuref{color:#000} +.menuseq b:not(.caret),.menuref{font-weight:inherit} +.menuseq{word-spacing:-.02em} +.menuseq b.caret{font-size:1.25em;line-height:.8} +.menuseq i.caret{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;width:.45em} +b.button:before,b.button:after{position:relative;top:-1px;font-weight:400} +b.button:before{content:"[";padding:0 3px 0 2px} +b.button:after{content:"]";padding:0 2px 0 3px} +p a>code:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;max-width:62.5em;*zoom:1;position:relative;padding-left:.9375em;padding-right:.9375em} +#header:before,#header:after,#content:before,#content:after,#footnotes:before,#footnotes:after,#footer:before,#footer:after{content:" ";display:table} +#header:after,#content:after,#footnotes:after,#footer:after{clear:both} +#content{margin-top:1.25em} +#content:before{content:none} +#header>h1:first-child{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);margin-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:0} +#header>h1:first-child+#toc{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid #ddddd8} +#header>h1:only-child,body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2){border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px} +#header .details{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;line-height:1.45;padding-top:.25em;padding-bottom:.25em;padding-left:.25em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap} +#header .details span:first-child{margin-left:-.125em} +#header .details span.email a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br{display:none} +#header .details br+span:before{content:"\00a0\2013\00a0"} +#header .details br+span.author:before{content:"\00a0\22c5\00a0";color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br+span#revremark:before{content:"\00a0|\00a0"} +#header #revnumber{text-transform:capitalize} +#header #revnumber:after{content:"\00a0"} +#content>h1:first-child:not([class]){color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #efefed;padding-bottom:.5em} +#toc>ul{margin-left:.125em} +#toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a{font-style:italic} +#toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{margin:.5em 0} +#toc ul{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;list-style-type:none} +#toc li{line-height:1.3334;margin-top:.3334em} +#toc a{text-decoration:none} +#toc a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#toctitle{color:#7a2518;font-size:1.2em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){#toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +body.toc2{padding-left:15em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{margin-top:0!important;background-color:#f8f8f7;position:fixed;width:15em;left:0;top:0;border-right:1px solid #efefed;border-top-width:0!important;border-bottom-width:0!important;z-index:1000;padding:1.25em 1em;height:100%;overflow:auto} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-size:1.2em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:0} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{margin-left:0;padding-left:1em} +#toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{padding-left:0;margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:15em} +body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2{border-right-width:0;border-left:1px solid #efefed;left:auto;right:0}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){body.toc2{padding-left:20em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{width:20em} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.95em} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{padding-left:1.25em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:20em}} +#content #toc{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +#content #toc>:first-child{margin-top:0} +#content #toc>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +#footer{max-width:100%;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:1.25em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8);line-height:1.44} +.sect1{padding-bottom:.625em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.sect1{padding-bottom:1.25em}} +.sect1+.sect1{border-top:1px solid #efefed} +#content h1>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor,#toctitle>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor{position:absolute;z-index:1001;width:1.5ex;margin-left:-1.5ex;display:block;text-decoration:none!important;visibility:hidden;text-align:center;font-weight:400} +#content h1>a.anchor:before,h2>a.anchor:before,h3>a.anchor:before,#toctitle>a.anchor:before,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:before,h4>a.anchor:before,h5>a.anchor:before,h6>a.anchor:before{content:"\00A7";font-size:.85em;display:block;padding-top:.1em} +#content h1:hover>a.anchor,#content h1>a.anchor:hover,h2:hover>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor:hover,h3:hover>a.anchor,#toctitle:hover>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor:hover,#toctitle>a.anchor:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover,h4:hover>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor:hover,h5:hover>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor:hover,h6:hover>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor:hover{visibility:visible} +#content h1>a.link,h2>a.link,h3>a.link,#toctitle>a.link,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link,h4>a.link,h5>a.link,h6>a.link{color:#ba3925;text-decoration:none} +#content h1>a.link:hover,h2>a.link:hover,h3>a.link:hover,#toctitle>a.link:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover,h4>a.link:hover,h5>a.link:hover,h6>a.link:hover{color:#a53221} +.audioblock,.imageblock,.literalblock,.listingblock,.stemblock,.videoblock{margin-bottom:1.25em} +.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-align:left;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic} +table.tableblock>caption.title{white-space:nowrap;overflow:visible;max-width:0} +.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +table.tableblock #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:inherit} +.admonitionblock>table{border-collapse:separate;border:0;background:none;width:100%} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon{text-align:center;width:80px} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon img{max-width:initial} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon .title{font-weight:bold;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase} +.admonitionblock>table td.content{padding-left:1.125em;padding-right:1.25em;border-left:1px solid #ddddd8;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.admonitionblock>table td.content>:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.exampleblock>.content{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e6e6e6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#fff;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.exampleblock>.content>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.sidebarblock>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.sidebarblock>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock>.content>.title{color:#7a2518;margin-top:0;text-align:center} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.literalblock pre,.listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.listingblock pre.CodeRay,.listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f7f7f8} +.sidebarblock .literalblock pre,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.CodeRay,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f2f1f1} +.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;word-wrap:break-word;padding:1em;font-size:.8125em} +.literalblock pre.nowrap,.literalblock pre[class].nowrap,.listingblock pre.nowrap,.listingblock pre[class].nowrap{overflow-x:auto;white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:.90625em}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:1em}} +.literalblock.output pre{color:#f7f7f8;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs{padding:0} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs>code{padding:1em;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.listingblock pre.prettyprint{border-width:0} +.listingblock>.content{position:relative} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:none;content:attr(data-lang);position:absolute;font-size:.75em;top:.425rem;right:.5rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:#999} +.listingblock:hover code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:before{content:attr(data-prompt);padding-right:.5em;color:#999} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt]):before{content:"$"} +table.pyhltable{border-collapse:separate;border:0;margin-bottom:0;background:none} +table.pyhltable td{vertical-align:top;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.45} +table.pyhltable td.code{padding-left:.75em;padding-right:0} +pre.pygments .lineno,table.pyhltable td:not(.code){color:#999;padding-left:0;padding-right:.5em;border-right:1px solid #ddddd8} +pre.pygments .lineno{display:inline-block;margin-right:.25em} +table.pyhltable .linenodiv{background:none!important;padding-right:0!important} +.quoteblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1.5em;display:table} +.quoteblock>.title{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-bottom:.75em} +.quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock blockquote p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.75;word-spacing:.1em;letter-spacing:0;font-style:italic;text-align:justify} +.quoteblock blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border:0} +.quoteblock blockquote:before{content:"\201c";float:left;font-size:2.75em;font-weight:bold;line-height:.6em;margin-left:-.6em;color:#7a2518;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)} +.quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p{margin-bottom:0} +.quoteblock .attribution{margin-top:.5em;margin-right:.5ex;text-align:right} +.quoteblock .quoteblock{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding:.5em 0;border-left:3px solid rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote{padding:0 0 0 .75em} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote:before{display:none} +.verseblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1em} +.verseblock pre{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans;font-size:1.15rem;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-weight:300;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +.verseblock pre strong{font-weight:400} +.verseblock .attribution{margin-top:1.25rem;margin-left:.5ex} +.quoteblock .attribution,.verseblock .attribution{font-size:.9375em;line-height:1.45;font-style:italic} +.quoteblock .attribution br,.verseblock .attribution br{display:none} +.quoteblock .attribution cite,.verseblock .attribution cite{display:block;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock.abstract{margin:0 0 1.25em 0;display:block} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p{text-align:left;word-spacing:0} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote:before,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p:first-of-type:before{display:none} +table.tableblock{max-width:100%;border-collapse:separate} +table.tableblock td>.paragraph:last-child p>p:last-child,table.tableblock th>p:last-child,table.tableblock td>p:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +table.tableblock,th.tableblock,td.tableblock{border:0 solid #dedede} +table.grid-all>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-all>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 1px 0} +table.grid-all>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 1px 0 0} +table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 0 0} +table.grid-rows>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 0 1px 0} +table.grid-rows>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 0 0 0} +table.grid-all>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child,table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child{border-right-width:0} +table.grid-all>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-all>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock{border-bottom-width:0} +table.frame-all{border-width:1px} +table.frame-sides{border-width:0 1px} +table.frame-topbot{border-width:1px 0} +th.halign-left,td.halign-left{text-align:left} +th.halign-right,td.halign-right{text-align:right} +th.halign-center,td.halign-center{text-align:center} +th.valign-top,td.valign-top{vertical-align:top} +th.valign-bottom,td.valign-bottom{vertical-align:bottom} +th.valign-middle,td.valign-middle{vertical-align:middle} +table thead th,table tfoot th{font-weight:bold} +tbody tr th{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6;background:#f7f8f7} +tbody tr th,tbody tr th p,tfoot tr th,tfoot tr th p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-weight:bold} +p.tableblock>code:only-child{background:none;padding:0} +p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +td>div.verse{white-space:pre} +ol{margin-left:1.75em} +ul li ol{margin-left:1.5em} +dl dd{margin-left:1.125em} +dl dd:last-child,dl dd:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +ol>li p,ul>li p,ul dd,ol dd,.olist .olist,.ulist .ulist,.ulist .olist,.olist .ulist{margin-bottom:.625em} +ul.checklist,ul.none,ol.none,ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered,ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{list-style-type:none} +ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered{margin-left:.625em} +ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{margin-left:0} +ul.checklist{margin-left:.625em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child,ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child{width:1.25em;font-size:.8em;position:relative;bottom:.125em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>input[type="checkbox"]:first-child{margin-right:.25em} +ul.inline{margin:0 auto .625em auto;margin-left:-1.375em;margin-right:0;padding:0;list-style:none;overflow:hidden} +ul.inline>li{list-style:none;float:left;margin-left:1.375em;display:block} +ul.inline>li>*{display:block} +.unstyled dl dt{font-weight:400;font-style:normal} +ol.arabic{list-style-type:decimal} +ol.decimal{list-style-type:decimal-leading-zero} +ol.loweralpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha} +ol.upperalpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha} +ol.lowerroman{list-style-type:lower-roman} +ol.upperroman{list-style-type:upper-roman} +ol.lowergreek{list-style-type:lower-greek} +.hdlist>table,.colist>table{border:0;background:none} +.hdlist>table>tbody>tr,.colist>table>tbody>tr{background:none} +td.hdlist1,td.hdlist2{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .625em} +td.hdlist1{font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:1.25em} +.literalblock+.colist,.listingblock+.colist{margin-top:-.5em} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type{padding:.4em .75em 0 .75em;line-height:1;vertical-align:top} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type img{max-width:initial} +.colist>table tr>td:last-of-type{padding:.25em 0} +.thumb,.th{line-height:0;display:inline-block;border:solid 4px #fff;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd} +.imageblock.left,.imageblock[style*="float: left"]{margin:.25em .625em 1.25em 0} +.imageblock.right,.imageblock[style*="float: right"]{margin:.25em 0 1.25em .625em} +.imageblock>.title{margin-bottom:0} +.imageblock.thumb,.imageblock.th{border-width:6px} +.imageblock.thumb>.title,.imageblock.th>.title{padding:0 .125em} +.image.left,.image.right{margin-top:.25em;margin-bottom:.25em;display:inline-block;line-height:0} +.image.left{margin-right:.625em} +.image.right{margin-left:.625em} +a.image{text-decoration:none;display:inline-block} +a.image object{pointer-events:none} +sup.footnote,sup.footnoteref{font-size:.875em;position:static;vertical-align:super} +sup.footnote a,sup.footnoteref a{text-decoration:none} +sup.footnote a:active,sup.footnoteref a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#footnotes{padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;margin-bottom:.625em} +#footnotes hr{width:20%;min-width:6.25em;margin:-.25em 0 .75em 0;border-width:1px 0 0 0} +#footnotes .footnote{padding:0 .375em 0 .225em;line-height:1.3334;font-size:.875em;margin-left:1.2em;text-indent:-1.05em;margin-bottom:.2em} +#footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type{font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none} +#footnotes .footnote:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0} +#content #footnotes{margin-top:-.625em;margin-bottom:0;padding:.75em 0} +.gist .file-data>table{border:0;background:#fff;width:100%;margin-bottom:0} +.gist .file-data>table td.line-data{width:99%} +div.unbreakable{page-break-inside:avoid} +.big{font-size:larger} +.small{font-size:smaller} +.underline{text-decoration:underline} +.overline{text-decoration:overline} +.line-through{text-decoration:line-through} +.aqua{color:#00bfbf} +.aqua-background{background-color:#00fafa} +.black{color:#000} +.black-background{background-color:#000} +.blue{color:#0000bf} +.blue-background{background-color:#0000fa} +.fuchsia{color:#bf00bf} +.fuchsia-background{background-color:#fa00fa} +.gray{color:#606060} +.gray-background{background-color:#7d7d7d} +.green{color:#006000} +.green-background{background-color:#007d00} +.lime{color:#00bf00} +.lime-background{background-color:#00fa00} +.maroon{color:#600000} +.maroon-background{background-color:#7d0000} +.navy{color:#000060} +.navy-background{background-color:#00007d} +.olive{color:#606000} +.olive-background{background-color:#7d7d00} +.purple{color:#600060} +.purple-background{background-color:#7d007d} +.red{color:#bf0000} +.red-background{background-color:#fa0000} +.silver{color:#909090} +.silver-background{background-color:#bcbcbc} +.teal{color:#006060} +.teal-background{background-color:#007d7d} +.white{color:#bfbfbf} +.white-background{background-color:#fafafa} +.yellow{color:#bfbf00} +.yellow-background{background-color:#fafa00} +span.icon>.fa{cursor:default} +a span.icon>.fa{cursor:inherit} +.admonitionblock td.icon [class^="fa icon-"]{font-size:2.5em;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.5);cursor:default} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-note:before{content:"\f05a";color:#19407c} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-tip:before{content:"\f0eb";text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(155,155,0,.8);color:#111} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-warning:before{content:"\f071";color:#bf6900} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-caution:before{content:"\f06d";color:#bf3400} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-important:before{content:"\f06a";color:#bf0000} +.conum[data-value]{display:inline-block;color:#fff!important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);-webkit-border-radius:100px;border-radius:100px;text-align:center;font-size:.75em;width:1.67em;height:1.67em;line-height:1.67em;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold} +.conum[data-value] *{color:#fff!important} +.conum[data-value]+b{display:none} +.conum[data-value]:after{content:attr(data-value)} +pre .conum[data-value]{position:relative;top:-.125em} +b.conum *{color:inherit!important} +.conum:not([data-value]):empty{display:none} +dt,th.tableblock,td.content,div.footnote{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +h1,h2,p,td.content,span.alt{letter-spacing:-.01em} +p strong,td.content strong,div.footnote strong{letter-spacing:-.005em} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content,span.alt{font-size:1.0625rem} +p{margin-bottom:1.25rem} +.sidebarblock p,.sidebarblock dt,.sidebarblock td.content,p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +.exampleblock>.content{background-color:#fffef7;border-color:#e0e0dc;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc;box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc} +.print-only{display:none!important} +@media print{@page{margin:1.25cm .75cm} +*{-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important} +a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important} +a.bare,a[href^="#"],a[href^="mailto:"]{text-decoration:none!important} +a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare):after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare):after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em} +abbr[title]:after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"} +pre,blockquote,tr,img,object,svg{page-break-inside:avoid} +thead{display:table-header-group} +svg{max-width:100%} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content{font-size:1em;orphans:3;widows:3} +h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid} +#toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8!important;padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1{padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1+.sect1{border:0!important} +#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} +body.book #header{text-align:center} +body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em 0} +body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important} +body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important} +body.book #header .details br{display:block} +body.book #header .details br+span:before{content:none!important} +body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important} +body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +#footer{background:none!important;padding:0 .9375em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)!important;font-size:.9em} +.hide-on-print{display:none!important} +.print-only{display:block!important} +.hide-for-print{display:none!important} +.show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} +</style> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.6.3/css/font-awesome.min.css"> +<style> +/* Stylesheet for CodeRay to match GitHub theme | MIT License | http://foundation.zurb.com */ +/*pre.CodeRay {background-color:#f7f7f8;}*/ +.CodeRay .line-numbers{border-right:1px solid #d8d8d8;padding:0 0.5em 0 .25em} +.CodeRay span.line-numbers{display:inline-block;margin-right:.5em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +.CodeRay .line-numbers strong{color:rgba(0,0,0,.4)} +table.CodeRay{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;margin-bottom:0;border:0;background:none} +table.CodeRay td{vertical-align: top;line-height:1.45} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers{text-align:right} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers>pre{padding:0;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +table.CodeRay td.code{padding:0 0 0 .5em} +table.CodeRay td.code>pre{padding:0} +.CodeRay .debug{color:#fff !important;background:#000080 !important} +.CodeRay .annotation{color:#007} +.CodeRay .attribute-name{color:#000080} +.CodeRay .attribute-value{color:#700} +.CodeRay .binary{color:#509} +.CodeRay .comment{color:#998;font-style:italic} +.CodeRay .char{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .content{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .delimiter{color:#039} +.CodeRay .class{color:#458;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .complex{color:#a08} +.CodeRay .constant,.CodeRay .predefined-constant{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .color{color:#099} +.CodeRay .class-variable{color:#369} +.CodeRay .decorator{color:#b0b} +.CodeRay .definition{color:#099} +.CodeRay .delimiter{color:#000} +.CodeRay .doc{color:#970} +.CodeRay .doctype{color:#34b} +.CodeRay .doc-string{color:#d42} +.CodeRay .escape{color:#666} +.CodeRay .entity{color:#800} +.CodeRay .error{color:#808} +.CodeRay .exception{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .filename{color:#099} +.CodeRay .function{color:#900;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .global-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .hex{color:#058} +.CodeRay .integer,.CodeRay .float{color:#099} +.CodeRay .include{color:#555} +.CodeRay .inline{color:#000} +.CodeRay .inline .inline{background:#ccc} +.CodeRay .inline .inline .inline{background:#bbb} +.CodeRay .inline .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .important{color:#555;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .interpreted{color:#b2b} +.CodeRay .instance-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .label{color:#970} +.CodeRay .local-variable{color:#963} +.CodeRay .octal{color:#40e} +.CodeRay .predefined{color:#369} +.CodeRay .preprocessor{color:#579} +.CodeRay .pseudo-class{color:#555} +.CodeRay .directive{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .type{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .predefined-type{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .reserved,.CodeRay .keyword {color:#000;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .key{color:#808} +.CodeRay .key .delimiter{color:#606} +.CodeRay .key .char{color:#80f} +.CodeRay .value{color:#088} +.CodeRay .regexp .delimiter{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .content{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .modifier{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .regexp .function{color:#404;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .string{color:#d20} +.CodeRay .string .string .string{background:#ffd0d0} +.CodeRay .string .content{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .symbol{color:#990073} +.CodeRay .symbol .content{color:#a60} +.CodeRay .symbol .delimiter{color:#630} +.CodeRay .tag{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .tag-special{color:#d70} +.CodeRay .variable{color:#036} +.CodeRay .insert{background:#afa} +.CodeRay .delete{background:#faa} +.CodeRay .change{color:#aaf;background:#007} +.CodeRay .head{color:#f8f;background:#505} +.CodeRay .insert .insert{color:#080} +.CodeRay .delete .delete{color:#800} +.CodeRay .change .change{color:#66f} +.CodeRay .head .head{color:#f4f} +</style> +</head> +<body class="article"> +<div id="header"> +<h1><a href="index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a></h1> +</div> +<div id="content"> +<div id="preamble"> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="admonitionblock note"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +This document is derived from an original post by Tim Dysinger. +However, the examples here are for <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +instead of <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nanomsg">nanomsg</a>. For the legacy +nanomsg version of this, see <a href="../index.html">Getting Started with 'nanomsg'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="sect1"> +<h2 id="_bus_routing">Bus (Routing)</h2> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="imageblock"> +<div class="content"> +<img src="../bus.png" alt="A Simple Bus"> +</div> +</div> +<div class="paragraph"> +<p>The bus protocol is useful for routing applications, or for building +fully interconnected mesh networks. In this pattern, messages are +sent to every directly connected peer.</p> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">bus.c</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><stdio.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><stdlib.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><string.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><unistd.h></span> + +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/nng.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/protocol/bus0/bus.h></span> + +<span class="directive">void</span> +fatal(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *func, <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv) +{ + fprintf(stderr, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">%s: %s</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, func, nng_strerror(rv)); + exit(<span class="integer">1</span>); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +node(<span class="predefined-type">int</span> argc, <span class="predefined-type">char</span> **argv) +{ + nng_socket sock; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + size_t sz; + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_bus0_open(&sock)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_bus0_open</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_listen(sock, argv[<span class="integer">2</span>], <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_listen</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + + sleep(<span class="integer">1</span>); <span class="comment">// wait for peers to bind</span> + <span class="keyword">if</span> (argc >= <span class="integer">3</span>) { + <span class="keyword">for</span> (<span class="predefined-type">int</span> x = <span class="integer">3</span>; x < argc; x++) { + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_dial(sock, argv[x], <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_dial</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + } + } + + sleep(<span class="integer">1</span>); <span class="comment">// wait for connects to establish</span> + + <span class="comment">// SEND</span> + sz = strlen(argv[<span class="integer">1</span>]) + <span class="integer">1</span>; <span class="comment">// '\0' too</span> + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">%s: SENDING '%s' ONTO BUS</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>], argv[<span class="integer">1</span>]); + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_send(sock, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>], sz, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_send</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + + <span class="comment">// RECV</span> + <span class="keyword">for</span> (;;) { + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *buf = <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>; + size_t sz; + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) !=<span class="integer">0</span>) { + <span class="keyword">if</span> (rv == NNG_ETIMEDOUT) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_recv</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + } + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">%s: RECEIVED '%s' FROM BUS</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>], buf); <i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>(1)</b> + nng_free(buf, sz); + } + nng_close(sock); + <span class="keyword">return</span> (<span class="integer">0</span>); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +main(<span class="predefined-type">int</span> argc, <span class="predefined-type">char</span> **argv) +{ + <span class="keyword">if</span> (argc >= <span class="integer">3</span>) { + <span class="keyword">return</span> (node(argc, argv)); + } + fprintf(stderr, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">Usage: bus <NODE_NAME> <URL> <URL> ...</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>); + <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="integer">1</span>; +}</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="colist arabic"> +<table> +<tr> +<td><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>1</b></td> +<td>Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Compilation</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">gcc bus.c -lnng -o bus</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Execution</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">./bus node0 ipc:///tmp/node0.ipc ipc:///tmp/node1.ipc ipc:///tmp/node2.ipc & node0=$! +./bus node1 ipc:///tmp/node1.ipc ipc:///tmp/node2.ipc ipc:///tmp/node3.ipc & node1=$! +./bus node2 ipc:///tmp/node2.ipc ipc:///tmp/node3.ipc & node2=$! +./bus node3 ipc:///tmp/node3.ipc ipc:///tmp/node0.ipc & node3=$! +sleep 5 +kill $node0 $node1 $node2 $node3</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Output</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre>node3: SENDING 'node3' ONTO BUS +node0: SENDING 'node0' ONTO BUS +node1: SENDING 'node1' ONTO BUS +node2: SENDING 'node2' ONTO BUS +node0: RECEIVED 'node1' FROM BUS +node1: RECEIVED 'node0' FROM BUS +node2: RECEIVED 'node0' FROM BUS +node3: RECEIVED 'node1' FROM BUS +node0: RECEIVED 'node2' FROM BUS +node1: RECEIVED 'node2' FROM BUS +node3: RECEIVED 'node2' FROM BUS +node0: RECEIVED 'node3' FROM BUS +node2: RECEIVED 'node3' FROM BUS +node1: RECEIVED 'node3' FROM BUS +node3: RECEIVED 'node0' FROM BUS +node2: RECEIVED 'node1' FROM BUS</pre> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer-text"> +Last updated 2018-01-09 19:42:00 UTC +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/gettingstarted/nng/index.html b/gettingstarted/nng/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7acc5f --- /dev/null +++ b/gettingstarted/nng/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,589 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> +<meta charset="UTF-8"> +<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]--> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.6.1"> +<title>Getting Started with 'nng'</title> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"> +<style> +/* Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | http://asciidoctor.org */ +/* Remove comment around @import statement below when using as a custom stylesheet */ +/*@import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700";*/ +article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section,summary{display:block} +audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block} +audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0} +[hidden],template{display:none} +script{display:none!important} +html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%} +a{background:transparent} +a:focus{outline:thin dotted} +a:active,a:hover{outline:0} +h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0} +abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted} +b,strong{font-weight:bold} +dfn{font-style:italic} +hr{-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0} +mark{background:#ff0;color:#000} +code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em} +pre{white-space:pre-wrap} +q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"} +small{font-size:80%} +sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline} +sup{top:-.5em} +sub{bottom:-.25em} +img{border:0} +svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden} +figure{margin:0} +fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em} +legend{border:0;padding:0} +button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0} +button,input{line-height:normal} +button,select{text-transform:none} +button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer} +button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default} +input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0} +input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box} +input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none} +button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0} +textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top} +table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0} +*,*:before,*:after{-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box} +html,body{font-size:100%} +body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;tab-size:4;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased} +a:hover{cursor:pointer} +img,object,embed{max-width:100%;height:auto} +object,embed{height:100%} +img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic} +.left{float:left!important} +.right{float:right!important} +.text-left{text-align:left!important} +.text-right{text-align:right!important} +.text-center{text-align:center!important} +.text-justify{text-align:justify!important} +.hide{display:none} +img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle} +textarea{height:auto;min-height:50px} +select{width:100%} +.center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto} +.spread{width:100%} +p.lead,.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:1.21875em;line-height:1.6} +.subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em} +div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,p,blockquote,th,td{margin:0;padding:0;direction:ltr} +a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit} +a:hover,a:focus{color:#1d4b8f} +a img{border:none} +p{font-family:inherit;font-weight:400;font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +p aside{font-size:.875em;line-height:1.35;font-style:italic} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;color:#ba3925;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;line-height:1.0125em} +h1 small,h2 small,h3 small,#toctitle small,.sidebarblock>.content>.title small,h4 small,h5 small,h6 small{font-size:60%;color:#e99b8f;line-height:0} +h1{font-size:2.125em} +h2{font-size:1.6875em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.375em} +h4,h5{font-size:1.125em} +h6{font-size:1em} +hr{border:solid #ddddd8;border-width:1px 0 0;clear:both;margin:1.25em 0 1.1875em;height:0} +em,i{font-style:italic;line-height:inherit} +strong,b{font-weight:bold;line-height:inherit} +small{font-size:60%;line-height:inherit} +code{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +ul,ol,dl{font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;list-style-position:outside;font-family:inherit} +ul,ol{margin-left:1.5em} +ul li ul,ul li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em} +ul.square li ul,ul.circle li ul,ul.disc li ul{list-style:inherit} +ul.square{list-style-type:square} +ul.circle{list-style-type:circle} +ul.disc{list-style-type:disc} +ol li ul,ol li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0} +dl dt{margin-bottom:.3125em;font-weight:bold} +dl dd{margin-bottom:1.25em} +abbr,acronym{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:90%;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border-bottom:1px dotted #ddd;cursor:help} +abbr{text-transform:none} +blockquote{margin:0 0 1.25em;padding:.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em;border-left:1px solid #ddd} +blockquote cite{display:block;font-size:.9375em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote cite:before{content:"\2014 \0020"} +blockquote cite a,blockquote cite a:visited{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote,blockquote p{line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2} +h1{font-size:2.75em} +h2{font-size:2.3125em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.6875em} +h4{font-size:1.4375em}} +table{background:#fff;margin-bottom:1.25em;border:solid 1px #dedede} +table thead,table tfoot{background:#f7f8f7;font-weight:bold} +table thead tr th,table thead tr td,table tfoot tr th,table tfoot tr td{padding:.5em .625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);text-align:left} +table tr th,table tr td{padding:.5625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8)} +table tr.even,table tr.alt,table tr:nth-of-type(even){background:#f8f8f7} +table thead tr th,table tfoot tr th,table tbody tr td,table tr td,table tfoot tr td{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2;word-spacing:-.05em} +h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,#toctitle strong,.sidebarblock>.content>.title strong,h4 strong,h5 strong,h6 strong{font-weight:400} +.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after,.float-group:before,.float-group:after{content:" ";display:table} +.clearfix:after,.float-group:after{clear:both} +*:not(pre)>code{font-size:.9375em;font-style:normal!important;letter-spacing:0;padding:.1em .5ex;word-spacing:-.15em;background-color:#f7f7f8;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed;word-wrap:break-word} +*:not(pre)>code.nobreak{word-wrap:normal} +*:not(pre)>code.nowrap{white-space:nowrap} +pre,pre>code{line-height:1.45;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed} +em em{font-style:normal} +strong strong{font-weight:400} +.keyseq{color:rgba(51,51,51,.8)} +kbd{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;display:inline-block;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:.65em;line-height:1.45;background-color:#f7f7f7;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em white inset;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em #fff inset;margin:0 .15em;padding:.2em .5em;vertical-align:middle;position:relative;top:-.1em;white-space:nowrap} +.keyseq kbd:first-child{margin-left:0} +.keyseq kbd:last-child{margin-right:0} +.menuseq,.menuref{color:#000} +.menuseq b:not(.caret),.menuref{font-weight:inherit} +.menuseq{word-spacing:-.02em} +.menuseq b.caret{font-size:1.25em;line-height:.8} +.menuseq i.caret{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;width:.45em} +b.button:before,b.button:after{position:relative;top:-1px;font-weight:400} +b.button:before{content:"[";padding:0 3px 0 2px} +b.button:after{content:"]";padding:0 2px 0 3px} +p a>code:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;max-width:62.5em;*zoom:1;position:relative;padding-left:.9375em;padding-right:.9375em} +#header:before,#header:after,#content:before,#content:after,#footnotes:before,#footnotes:after,#footer:before,#footer:after{content:" ";display:table} +#header:after,#content:after,#footnotes:after,#footer:after{clear:both} +#content{margin-top:1.25em} +#content:before{content:none} +#header>h1:first-child{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);margin-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:0} +#header>h1:first-child+#toc{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid #ddddd8} +#header>h1:only-child,body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2){border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px} +#header .details{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;line-height:1.45;padding-top:.25em;padding-bottom:.25em;padding-left:.25em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap} +#header .details span:first-child{margin-left:-.125em} +#header .details span.email a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br{display:none} +#header .details br+span:before{content:"\00a0\2013\00a0"} +#header .details br+span.author:before{content:"\00a0\22c5\00a0";color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br+span#revremark:before{content:"\00a0|\00a0"} +#header #revnumber{text-transform:capitalize} +#header #revnumber:after{content:"\00a0"} +#content>h1:first-child:not([class]){color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #efefed;padding-bottom:.5em} +#toc>ul{margin-left:.125em} +#toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a{font-style:italic} +#toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{margin:.5em 0} +#toc ul{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;list-style-type:none} +#toc li{line-height:1.3334;margin-top:.3334em} +#toc a{text-decoration:none} +#toc a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#toctitle{color:#7a2518;font-size:1.2em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){#toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +body.toc2{padding-left:15em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{margin-top:0!important;background-color:#f8f8f7;position:fixed;width:15em;left:0;top:0;border-right:1px solid #efefed;border-top-width:0!important;border-bottom-width:0!important;z-index:1000;padding:1.25em 1em;height:100%;overflow:auto} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-size:1.2em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:0} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{margin-left:0;padding-left:1em} +#toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{padding-left:0;margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:15em} +body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2{border-right-width:0;border-left:1px solid #efefed;left:auto;right:0}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){body.toc2{padding-left:20em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{width:20em} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.95em} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{padding-left:1.25em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:20em}} +#content #toc{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +#content #toc>:first-child{margin-top:0} +#content #toc>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +#footer{max-width:100%;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:1.25em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8);line-height:1.44} +.sect1{padding-bottom:.625em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.sect1{padding-bottom:1.25em}} +.sect1+.sect1{border-top:1px solid #efefed} +#content h1>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor,#toctitle>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor{position:absolute;z-index:1001;width:1.5ex;margin-left:-1.5ex;display:block;text-decoration:none!important;visibility:hidden;text-align:center;font-weight:400} +#content h1>a.anchor:before,h2>a.anchor:before,h3>a.anchor:before,#toctitle>a.anchor:before,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:before,h4>a.anchor:before,h5>a.anchor:before,h6>a.anchor:before{content:"\00A7";font-size:.85em;display:block;padding-top:.1em} +#content h1:hover>a.anchor,#content h1>a.anchor:hover,h2:hover>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor:hover,h3:hover>a.anchor,#toctitle:hover>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor:hover,#toctitle>a.anchor:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover,h4:hover>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor:hover,h5:hover>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor:hover,h6:hover>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor:hover{visibility:visible} +#content h1>a.link,h2>a.link,h3>a.link,#toctitle>a.link,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link,h4>a.link,h5>a.link,h6>a.link{color:#ba3925;text-decoration:none} +#content h1>a.link:hover,h2>a.link:hover,h3>a.link:hover,#toctitle>a.link:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover,h4>a.link:hover,h5>a.link:hover,h6>a.link:hover{color:#a53221} +.audioblock,.imageblock,.literalblock,.listingblock,.stemblock,.videoblock{margin-bottom:1.25em} +.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-align:left;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic} +table.tableblock>caption.title{white-space:nowrap;overflow:visible;max-width:0} +.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +table.tableblock #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:inherit} +.admonitionblock>table{border-collapse:separate;border:0;background:none;width:100%} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon{text-align:center;width:80px} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon img{max-width:initial} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon .title{font-weight:bold;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase} +.admonitionblock>table td.content{padding-left:1.125em;padding-right:1.25em;border-left:1px solid #ddddd8;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.admonitionblock>table td.content>:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.exampleblock>.content{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e6e6e6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#fff;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.exampleblock>.content>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.sidebarblock>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.sidebarblock>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock>.content>.title{color:#7a2518;margin-top:0;text-align:center} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.literalblock pre,.listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.listingblock pre.CodeRay,.listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f7f7f8} +.sidebarblock .literalblock pre,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.CodeRay,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f2f1f1} +.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;word-wrap:break-word;padding:1em;font-size:.8125em} +.literalblock pre.nowrap,.literalblock pre[class].nowrap,.listingblock pre.nowrap,.listingblock pre[class].nowrap{overflow-x:auto;white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:.90625em}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:1em}} +.literalblock.output pre{color:#f7f7f8;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs{padding:0} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs>code{padding:1em;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.listingblock pre.prettyprint{border-width:0} +.listingblock>.content{position:relative} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:none;content:attr(data-lang);position:absolute;font-size:.75em;top:.425rem;right:.5rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:#999} +.listingblock:hover code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:before{content:attr(data-prompt);padding-right:.5em;color:#999} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt]):before{content:"$"} +table.pyhltable{border-collapse:separate;border:0;margin-bottom:0;background:none} +table.pyhltable td{vertical-align:top;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.45} +table.pyhltable td.code{padding-left:.75em;padding-right:0} +pre.pygments .lineno,table.pyhltable td:not(.code){color:#999;padding-left:0;padding-right:.5em;border-right:1px solid #ddddd8} +pre.pygments .lineno{display:inline-block;margin-right:.25em} +table.pyhltable .linenodiv{background:none!important;padding-right:0!important} +.quoteblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1.5em;display:table} +.quoteblock>.title{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-bottom:.75em} +.quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock blockquote p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.75;word-spacing:.1em;letter-spacing:0;font-style:italic;text-align:justify} +.quoteblock blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border:0} +.quoteblock blockquote:before{content:"\201c";float:left;font-size:2.75em;font-weight:bold;line-height:.6em;margin-left:-.6em;color:#7a2518;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)} +.quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p{margin-bottom:0} +.quoteblock .attribution{margin-top:.5em;margin-right:.5ex;text-align:right} +.quoteblock .quoteblock{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding:.5em 0;border-left:3px solid rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote{padding:0 0 0 .75em} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote:before{display:none} +.verseblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1em} +.verseblock pre{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans;font-size:1.15rem;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-weight:300;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +.verseblock pre strong{font-weight:400} +.verseblock .attribution{margin-top:1.25rem;margin-left:.5ex} +.quoteblock .attribution,.verseblock .attribution{font-size:.9375em;line-height:1.45;font-style:italic} +.quoteblock .attribution br,.verseblock .attribution br{display:none} +.quoteblock .attribution cite,.verseblock .attribution cite{display:block;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock.abstract{margin:0 0 1.25em 0;display:block} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p{text-align:left;word-spacing:0} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote:before,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p:first-of-type:before{display:none} +table.tableblock{max-width:100%;border-collapse:separate} +table.tableblock td>.paragraph:last-child p>p:last-child,table.tableblock th>p:last-child,table.tableblock td>p:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +table.tableblock,th.tableblock,td.tableblock{border:0 solid #dedede} +table.grid-all>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-all>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 1px 0} +table.grid-all>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 1px 0 0} +table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 0 0} +table.grid-rows>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 0 1px 0} +table.grid-rows>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 0 0 0} +table.grid-all>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child,table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child{border-right-width:0} +table.grid-all>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-all>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock{border-bottom-width:0} +table.frame-all{border-width:1px} +table.frame-sides{border-width:0 1px} +table.frame-topbot{border-width:1px 0} +th.halign-left,td.halign-left{text-align:left} +th.halign-right,td.halign-right{text-align:right} +th.halign-center,td.halign-center{text-align:center} +th.valign-top,td.valign-top{vertical-align:top} +th.valign-bottom,td.valign-bottom{vertical-align:bottom} +th.valign-middle,td.valign-middle{vertical-align:middle} +table thead th,table tfoot th{font-weight:bold} +tbody tr th{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6;background:#f7f8f7} +tbody tr th,tbody tr th p,tfoot tr th,tfoot tr th p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-weight:bold} +p.tableblock>code:only-child{background:none;padding:0} +p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +td>div.verse{white-space:pre} +ol{margin-left:1.75em} +ul li ol{margin-left:1.5em} +dl dd{margin-left:1.125em} +dl dd:last-child,dl dd:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +ol>li p,ul>li p,ul dd,ol dd,.olist .olist,.ulist .ulist,.ulist .olist,.olist .ulist{margin-bottom:.625em} +ul.checklist,ul.none,ol.none,ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered,ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{list-style-type:none} +ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered{margin-left:.625em} +ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{margin-left:0} +ul.checklist{margin-left:.625em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child,ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child{width:1.25em;font-size:.8em;position:relative;bottom:.125em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>input[type="checkbox"]:first-child{margin-right:.25em} +ul.inline{margin:0 auto .625em auto;margin-left:-1.375em;margin-right:0;padding:0;list-style:none;overflow:hidden} +ul.inline>li{list-style:none;float:left;margin-left:1.375em;display:block} +ul.inline>li>*{display:block} +.unstyled dl dt{font-weight:400;font-style:normal} +ol.arabic{list-style-type:decimal} +ol.decimal{list-style-type:decimal-leading-zero} +ol.loweralpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha} +ol.upperalpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha} +ol.lowerroman{list-style-type:lower-roman} +ol.upperroman{list-style-type:upper-roman} +ol.lowergreek{list-style-type:lower-greek} +.hdlist>table,.colist>table{border:0;background:none} +.hdlist>table>tbody>tr,.colist>table>tbody>tr{background:none} +td.hdlist1,td.hdlist2{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .625em} +td.hdlist1{font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:1.25em} +.literalblock+.colist,.listingblock+.colist{margin-top:-.5em} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type{padding:.4em .75em 0 .75em;line-height:1;vertical-align:top} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type img{max-width:initial} +.colist>table tr>td:last-of-type{padding:.25em 0} +.thumb,.th{line-height:0;display:inline-block;border:solid 4px #fff;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd} +.imageblock.left,.imageblock[style*="float: left"]{margin:.25em .625em 1.25em 0} +.imageblock.right,.imageblock[style*="float: right"]{margin:.25em 0 1.25em .625em} +.imageblock>.title{margin-bottom:0} +.imageblock.thumb,.imageblock.th{border-width:6px} +.imageblock.thumb>.title,.imageblock.th>.title{padding:0 .125em} +.image.left,.image.right{margin-top:.25em;margin-bottom:.25em;display:inline-block;line-height:0} +.image.left{margin-right:.625em} +.image.right{margin-left:.625em} +a.image{text-decoration:none;display:inline-block} +a.image object{pointer-events:none} +sup.footnote,sup.footnoteref{font-size:.875em;position:static;vertical-align:super} +sup.footnote a,sup.footnoteref a{text-decoration:none} +sup.footnote a:active,sup.footnoteref a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#footnotes{padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;margin-bottom:.625em} +#footnotes hr{width:20%;min-width:6.25em;margin:-.25em 0 .75em 0;border-width:1px 0 0 0} +#footnotes .footnote{padding:0 .375em 0 .225em;line-height:1.3334;font-size:.875em;margin-left:1.2em;text-indent:-1.05em;margin-bottom:.2em} +#footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type{font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none} +#footnotes .footnote:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0} +#content #footnotes{margin-top:-.625em;margin-bottom:0;padding:.75em 0} +.gist .file-data>table{border:0;background:#fff;width:100%;margin-bottom:0} +.gist .file-data>table td.line-data{width:99%} +div.unbreakable{page-break-inside:avoid} +.big{font-size:larger} +.small{font-size:smaller} +.underline{text-decoration:underline} +.overline{text-decoration:overline} +.line-through{text-decoration:line-through} +.aqua{color:#00bfbf} +.aqua-background{background-color:#00fafa} +.black{color:#000} +.black-background{background-color:#000} +.blue{color:#0000bf} +.blue-background{background-color:#0000fa} +.fuchsia{color:#bf00bf} +.fuchsia-background{background-color:#fa00fa} +.gray{color:#606060} +.gray-background{background-color:#7d7d7d} +.green{color:#006000} +.green-background{background-color:#007d00} +.lime{color:#00bf00} +.lime-background{background-color:#00fa00} +.maroon{color:#600000} +.maroon-background{background-color:#7d0000} +.navy{color:#000060} +.navy-background{background-color:#00007d} +.olive{color:#606000} +.olive-background{background-color:#7d7d00} +.purple{color:#600060} +.purple-background{background-color:#7d007d} +.red{color:#bf0000} +.red-background{background-color:#fa0000} +.silver{color:#909090} +.silver-background{background-color:#bcbcbc} +.teal{color:#006060} +.teal-background{background-color:#007d7d} +.white{color:#bfbfbf} +.white-background{background-color:#fafafa} +.yellow{color:#bfbf00} +.yellow-background{background-color:#fafa00} +span.icon>.fa{cursor:default} +a span.icon>.fa{cursor:inherit} +.admonitionblock td.icon [class^="fa icon-"]{font-size:2.5em;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.5);cursor:default} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-note:before{content:"\f05a";color:#19407c} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-tip:before{content:"\f0eb";text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(155,155,0,.8);color:#111} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-warning:before{content:"\f071";color:#bf6900} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-caution:before{content:"\f06d";color:#bf3400} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-important:before{content:"\f06a";color:#bf0000} +.conum[data-value]{display:inline-block;color:#fff!important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);-webkit-border-radius:100px;border-radius:100px;text-align:center;font-size:.75em;width:1.67em;height:1.67em;line-height:1.67em;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold} +.conum[data-value] *{color:#fff!important} +.conum[data-value]+b{display:none} +.conum[data-value]:after{content:attr(data-value)} +pre .conum[data-value]{position:relative;top:-.125em} +b.conum *{color:inherit!important} +.conum:not([data-value]):empty{display:none} +dt,th.tableblock,td.content,div.footnote{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +h1,h2,p,td.content,span.alt{letter-spacing:-.01em} +p strong,td.content strong,div.footnote strong{letter-spacing:-.005em} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content,span.alt{font-size:1.0625rem} +p{margin-bottom:1.25rem} +.sidebarblock p,.sidebarblock dt,.sidebarblock td.content,p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +.exampleblock>.content{background-color:#fffef7;border-color:#e0e0dc;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc;box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc} +.print-only{display:none!important} +@media print{@page{margin:1.25cm .75cm} +*{-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important} +a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important} +a.bare,a[href^="#"],a[href^="mailto:"]{text-decoration:none!important} +a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare):after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare):after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em} +abbr[title]:after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"} +pre,blockquote,tr,img,object,svg{page-break-inside:avoid} +thead{display:table-header-group} +svg{max-width:100%} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content{font-size:1em;orphans:3;widows:3} +h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid} +#toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8!important;padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1{padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1+.sect1{border:0!important} +#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} +body.book #header{text-align:center} +body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em 0} +body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important} +body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important} +body.book #header .details br{display:block} +body.book #header .details br+span:before{content:none!important} +body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important} +body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +#footer{background:none!important;padding:0 .9375em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)!important;font-size:.9em} +.hide-on-print{display:none!important} +.print-only{display:block!important} +.hide-for-print{display:none!important} +.show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} +</style> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.6.3/css/font-awesome.min.css"> +<style> +/* Stylesheet for CodeRay to match GitHub theme | MIT License | http://foundation.zurb.com */ +/*pre.CodeRay {background-color:#f7f7f8;}*/ +.CodeRay .line-numbers{border-right:1px solid #d8d8d8;padding:0 0.5em 0 .25em} +.CodeRay span.line-numbers{display:inline-block;margin-right:.5em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +.CodeRay .line-numbers strong{color:rgba(0,0,0,.4)} +table.CodeRay{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;margin-bottom:0;border:0;background:none} +table.CodeRay td{vertical-align: top;line-height:1.45} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers{text-align:right} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers>pre{padding:0;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +table.CodeRay td.code{padding:0 0 0 .5em} +table.CodeRay td.code>pre{padding:0} +.CodeRay .debug{color:#fff !important;background:#000080 !important} +.CodeRay .annotation{color:#007} +.CodeRay .attribute-name{color:#000080} +.CodeRay .attribute-value{color:#700} +.CodeRay .binary{color:#509} +.CodeRay .comment{color:#998;font-style:italic} +.CodeRay .char{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .content{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .delimiter{color:#039} +.CodeRay .class{color:#458;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .complex{color:#a08} +.CodeRay .constant,.CodeRay .predefined-constant{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .color{color:#099} +.CodeRay .class-variable{color:#369} +.CodeRay .decorator{color:#b0b} +.CodeRay .definition{color:#099} +.CodeRay .delimiter{color:#000} +.CodeRay .doc{color:#970} +.CodeRay .doctype{color:#34b} +.CodeRay .doc-string{color:#d42} +.CodeRay .escape{color:#666} +.CodeRay .entity{color:#800} +.CodeRay .error{color:#808} +.CodeRay .exception{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .filename{color:#099} +.CodeRay .function{color:#900;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .global-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .hex{color:#058} +.CodeRay .integer,.CodeRay .float{color:#099} +.CodeRay .include{color:#555} +.CodeRay .inline{color:#000} +.CodeRay .inline .inline{background:#ccc} +.CodeRay .inline .inline .inline{background:#bbb} +.CodeRay .inline .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .important{color:#555;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .interpreted{color:#b2b} +.CodeRay .instance-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .label{color:#970} +.CodeRay .local-variable{color:#963} +.CodeRay .octal{color:#40e} +.CodeRay .predefined{color:#369} +.CodeRay .preprocessor{color:#579} +.CodeRay .pseudo-class{color:#555} +.CodeRay .directive{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .type{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .predefined-type{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .reserved,.CodeRay .keyword {color:#000;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .key{color:#808} +.CodeRay .key .delimiter{color:#606} +.CodeRay .key .char{color:#80f} +.CodeRay .value{color:#088} +.CodeRay .regexp .delimiter{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .content{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .modifier{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .regexp .function{color:#404;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .string{color:#d20} +.CodeRay .string .string .string{background:#ffd0d0} +.CodeRay .string .content{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .symbol{color:#990073} +.CodeRay .symbol .content{color:#a60} +.CodeRay .symbol .delimiter{color:#630} +.CodeRay .tag{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .tag-special{color:#d70} +.CodeRay .variable{color:#036} +.CodeRay .insert{background:#afa} +.CodeRay .delete{background:#faa} +.CodeRay .change{color:#aaf;background:#007} +.CodeRay .head{color:#f8f;background:#505} +.CodeRay .insert .insert{color:#080} +.CodeRay .delete .delete{color:#800} +.CodeRay .change .change{color:#66f} +.CodeRay .head .head{color:#f4f} +</style> +</head> +<body class="article"> +<div id="header"> +<h1><a href="#">Getting Started with 'nng'</a></h1> +</div> +<div id="content"> +<div id="preamble"> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="admonitionblock note"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +This document is derived from an original post by Tim Dysinger. +However, the examples here are for <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +instead of <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nanomsg">nanomsg</a>. For the legacy +nanomsg version of this, see <a href="../index.html">Getting Started with 'nanomsg'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="sect1"> +<h2 id="_messaging_patterns">Messaging Patterns</h2> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="paragraph"> +<p><a href="http://nanomsg.github.io/nng">nng</a> is a messaging framework that attempts to +help solve common messaging problems with one of a few patterns ('protocols' +in nng parlance.)</p> +</div> +<div class="paragraph"> +<p>Following are examples of each pattern type in C.</p> +</div> +<div class="ulist"> +<ul> +<li> +<p><a href="pipeline.html">Pipeline (A One-Way Pipe)</a></p> +</li> +<li> +<p><a href="reqrep.html">Request/Reply (I ask, you answer)</a></p> +</li> +<li> +<p><a href="pair.html">Pair (Two Way Radio)</a></p> +</li> +<li> +<p><a href="pubsub.html">Pub/Sub (Topics & Broadcast)</a></p> +</li> +<li> +<p><a href="survey.html">Survey (Everybody Votes)</a></p> +</li> +<li> +<p><a href="bus.html">Bus (Routing)</a></p> +</li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer-text"> +Last updated 2018-01-09 02:10:15 UTC +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/gettingstarted/nng/pair.html b/gettingstarted/nng/pair.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f4a8a28 --- /dev/null +++ b/gettingstarted/nng/pair.html @@ -0,0 +1,705 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> +<meta charset="UTF-8"> +<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]--> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.6.1"> +<title>Getting Started with 'nng'</title> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"> +<style> +/* Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | http://asciidoctor.org */ +/* Remove comment around @import statement below when using as a custom stylesheet */ +/*@import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700";*/ +article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section,summary{display:block} +audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block} +audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0} +[hidden],template{display:none} +script{display:none!important} +html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%} +a{background:transparent} +a:focus{outline:thin dotted} +a:active,a:hover{outline:0} +h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0} +abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted} +b,strong{font-weight:bold} +dfn{font-style:italic} +hr{-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0} +mark{background:#ff0;color:#000} +code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em} +pre{white-space:pre-wrap} +q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"} +small{font-size:80%} +sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline} +sup{top:-.5em} +sub{bottom:-.25em} +img{border:0} +svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden} +figure{margin:0} +fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em} +legend{border:0;padding:0} +button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0} +button,input{line-height:normal} +button,select{text-transform:none} +button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer} +button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default} +input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0} +input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box} +input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none} +button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0} +textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top} +table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0} +*,*:before,*:after{-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box} +html,body{font-size:100%} +body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;tab-size:4;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased} +a:hover{cursor:pointer} +img,object,embed{max-width:100%;height:auto} +object,embed{height:100%} +img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic} +.left{float:left!important} +.right{float:right!important} +.text-left{text-align:left!important} +.text-right{text-align:right!important} +.text-center{text-align:center!important} +.text-justify{text-align:justify!important} +.hide{display:none} +img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle} +textarea{height:auto;min-height:50px} +select{width:100%} +.center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto} +.spread{width:100%} +p.lead,.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:1.21875em;line-height:1.6} +.subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em} +div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,p,blockquote,th,td{margin:0;padding:0;direction:ltr} +a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit} +a:hover,a:focus{color:#1d4b8f} +a img{border:none} +p{font-family:inherit;font-weight:400;font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +p aside{font-size:.875em;line-height:1.35;font-style:italic} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;color:#ba3925;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;line-height:1.0125em} +h1 small,h2 small,h3 small,#toctitle small,.sidebarblock>.content>.title small,h4 small,h5 small,h6 small{font-size:60%;color:#e99b8f;line-height:0} +h1{font-size:2.125em} +h2{font-size:1.6875em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.375em} +h4,h5{font-size:1.125em} +h6{font-size:1em} +hr{border:solid #ddddd8;border-width:1px 0 0;clear:both;margin:1.25em 0 1.1875em;height:0} +em,i{font-style:italic;line-height:inherit} +strong,b{font-weight:bold;line-height:inherit} +small{font-size:60%;line-height:inherit} +code{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +ul,ol,dl{font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;list-style-position:outside;font-family:inherit} +ul,ol{margin-left:1.5em} +ul li ul,ul li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em} +ul.square li ul,ul.circle li ul,ul.disc li ul{list-style:inherit} +ul.square{list-style-type:square} +ul.circle{list-style-type:circle} +ul.disc{list-style-type:disc} +ol li ul,ol li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0} +dl dt{margin-bottom:.3125em;font-weight:bold} +dl dd{margin-bottom:1.25em} +abbr,acronym{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:90%;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border-bottom:1px dotted #ddd;cursor:help} +abbr{text-transform:none} +blockquote{margin:0 0 1.25em;padding:.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em;border-left:1px solid #ddd} +blockquote cite{display:block;font-size:.9375em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote cite:before{content:"\2014 \0020"} +blockquote cite a,blockquote cite a:visited{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote,blockquote p{line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2} +h1{font-size:2.75em} +h2{font-size:2.3125em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.6875em} +h4{font-size:1.4375em}} +table{background:#fff;margin-bottom:1.25em;border:solid 1px #dedede} +table thead,table tfoot{background:#f7f8f7;font-weight:bold} +table thead tr th,table thead tr td,table tfoot tr th,table tfoot tr td{padding:.5em .625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);text-align:left} +table tr th,table tr td{padding:.5625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8)} +table tr.even,table tr.alt,table tr:nth-of-type(even){background:#f8f8f7} +table thead tr th,table tfoot tr th,table tbody tr td,table tr td,table tfoot tr td{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2;word-spacing:-.05em} +h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,#toctitle strong,.sidebarblock>.content>.title strong,h4 strong,h5 strong,h6 strong{font-weight:400} +.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after,.float-group:before,.float-group:after{content:" ";display:table} +.clearfix:after,.float-group:after{clear:both} +*:not(pre)>code{font-size:.9375em;font-style:normal!important;letter-spacing:0;padding:.1em .5ex;word-spacing:-.15em;background-color:#f7f7f8;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed;word-wrap:break-word} +*:not(pre)>code.nobreak{word-wrap:normal} +*:not(pre)>code.nowrap{white-space:nowrap} +pre,pre>code{line-height:1.45;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed} +em em{font-style:normal} +strong strong{font-weight:400} +.keyseq{color:rgba(51,51,51,.8)} +kbd{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;display:inline-block;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:.65em;line-height:1.45;background-color:#f7f7f7;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em white inset;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em #fff inset;margin:0 .15em;padding:.2em .5em;vertical-align:middle;position:relative;top:-.1em;white-space:nowrap} +.keyseq kbd:first-child{margin-left:0} +.keyseq kbd:last-child{margin-right:0} +.menuseq,.menuref{color:#000} +.menuseq b:not(.caret),.menuref{font-weight:inherit} +.menuseq{word-spacing:-.02em} +.menuseq b.caret{font-size:1.25em;line-height:.8} +.menuseq i.caret{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;width:.45em} +b.button:before,b.button:after{position:relative;top:-1px;font-weight:400} +b.button:before{content:"[";padding:0 3px 0 2px} +b.button:after{content:"]";padding:0 2px 0 3px} +p a>code:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;max-width:62.5em;*zoom:1;position:relative;padding-left:.9375em;padding-right:.9375em} +#header:before,#header:after,#content:before,#content:after,#footnotes:before,#footnotes:after,#footer:before,#footer:after{content:" ";display:table} +#header:after,#content:after,#footnotes:after,#footer:after{clear:both} +#content{margin-top:1.25em} +#content:before{content:none} +#header>h1:first-child{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);margin-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:0} +#header>h1:first-child+#toc{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid #ddddd8} +#header>h1:only-child,body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2){border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px} +#header .details{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;line-height:1.45;padding-top:.25em;padding-bottom:.25em;padding-left:.25em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap} +#header .details span:first-child{margin-left:-.125em} +#header .details span.email a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br{display:none} +#header .details br+span:before{content:"\00a0\2013\00a0"} +#header .details br+span.author:before{content:"\00a0\22c5\00a0";color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br+span#revremark:before{content:"\00a0|\00a0"} +#header #revnumber{text-transform:capitalize} +#header #revnumber:after{content:"\00a0"} +#content>h1:first-child:not([class]){color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #efefed;padding-bottom:.5em} +#toc>ul{margin-left:.125em} +#toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a{font-style:italic} +#toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{margin:.5em 0} +#toc ul{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;list-style-type:none} +#toc li{line-height:1.3334;margin-top:.3334em} +#toc a{text-decoration:none} +#toc a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#toctitle{color:#7a2518;font-size:1.2em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){#toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +body.toc2{padding-left:15em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{margin-top:0!important;background-color:#f8f8f7;position:fixed;width:15em;left:0;top:0;border-right:1px solid #efefed;border-top-width:0!important;border-bottom-width:0!important;z-index:1000;padding:1.25em 1em;height:100%;overflow:auto} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-size:1.2em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:0} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{margin-left:0;padding-left:1em} +#toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{padding-left:0;margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:15em} +body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2{border-right-width:0;border-left:1px solid #efefed;left:auto;right:0}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){body.toc2{padding-left:20em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{width:20em} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.95em} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{padding-left:1.25em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:20em}} +#content #toc{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +#content #toc>:first-child{margin-top:0} +#content #toc>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +#footer{max-width:100%;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:1.25em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8);line-height:1.44} +.sect1{padding-bottom:.625em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.sect1{padding-bottom:1.25em}} +.sect1+.sect1{border-top:1px solid #efefed} +#content h1>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor,#toctitle>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor{position:absolute;z-index:1001;width:1.5ex;margin-left:-1.5ex;display:block;text-decoration:none!important;visibility:hidden;text-align:center;font-weight:400} +#content h1>a.anchor:before,h2>a.anchor:before,h3>a.anchor:before,#toctitle>a.anchor:before,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:before,h4>a.anchor:before,h5>a.anchor:before,h6>a.anchor:before{content:"\00A7";font-size:.85em;display:block;padding-top:.1em} +#content h1:hover>a.anchor,#content h1>a.anchor:hover,h2:hover>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor:hover,h3:hover>a.anchor,#toctitle:hover>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor:hover,#toctitle>a.anchor:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover,h4:hover>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor:hover,h5:hover>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor:hover,h6:hover>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor:hover{visibility:visible} +#content h1>a.link,h2>a.link,h3>a.link,#toctitle>a.link,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link,h4>a.link,h5>a.link,h6>a.link{color:#ba3925;text-decoration:none} +#content h1>a.link:hover,h2>a.link:hover,h3>a.link:hover,#toctitle>a.link:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover,h4>a.link:hover,h5>a.link:hover,h6>a.link:hover{color:#a53221} +.audioblock,.imageblock,.literalblock,.listingblock,.stemblock,.videoblock{margin-bottom:1.25em} +.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-align:left;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic} +table.tableblock>caption.title{white-space:nowrap;overflow:visible;max-width:0} +.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +table.tableblock #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:inherit} +.admonitionblock>table{border-collapse:separate;border:0;background:none;width:100%} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon{text-align:center;width:80px} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon img{max-width:initial} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon .title{font-weight:bold;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase} +.admonitionblock>table td.content{padding-left:1.125em;padding-right:1.25em;border-left:1px solid #ddddd8;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.admonitionblock>table td.content>:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.exampleblock>.content{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e6e6e6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#fff;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.exampleblock>.content>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.sidebarblock>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.sidebarblock>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock>.content>.title{color:#7a2518;margin-top:0;text-align:center} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.literalblock pre,.listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.listingblock pre.CodeRay,.listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f7f7f8} +.sidebarblock .literalblock pre,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.CodeRay,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f2f1f1} +.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;word-wrap:break-word;padding:1em;font-size:.8125em} +.literalblock pre.nowrap,.literalblock pre[class].nowrap,.listingblock pre.nowrap,.listingblock pre[class].nowrap{overflow-x:auto;white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:.90625em}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:1em}} +.literalblock.output pre{color:#f7f7f8;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs{padding:0} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs>code{padding:1em;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.listingblock pre.prettyprint{border-width:0} +.listingblock>.content{position:relative} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:none;content:attr(data-lang);position:absolute;font-size:.75em;top:.425rem;right:.5rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:#999} +.listingblock:hover code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:before{content:attr(data-prompt);padding-right:.5em;color:#999} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt]):before{content:"$"} +table.pyhltable{border-collapse:separate;border:0;margin-bottom:0;background:none} +table.pyhltable td{vertical-align:top;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.45} +table.pyhltable td.code{padding-left:.75em;padding-right:0} +pre.pygments .lineno,table.pyhltable td:not(.code){color:#999;padding-left:0;padding-right:.5em;border-right:1px solid #ddddd8} +pre.pygments .lineno{display:inline-block;margin-right:.25em} +table.pyhltable .linenodiv{background:none!important;padding-right:0!important} +.quoteblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1.5em;display:table} +.quoteblock>.title{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-bottom:.75em} +.quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock blockquote p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.75;word-spacing:.1em;letter-spacing:0;font-style:italic;text-align:justify} +.quoteblock blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border:0} +.quoteblock blockquote:before{content:"\201c";float:left;font-size:2.75em;font-weight:bold;line-height:.6em;margin-left:-.6em;color:#7a2518;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)} +.quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p{margin-bottom:0} +.quoteblock .attribution{margin-top:.5em;margin-right:.5ex;text-align:right} +.quoteblock .quoteblock{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding:.5em 0;border-left:3px solid rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote{padding:0 0 0 .75em} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote:before{display:none} +.verseblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1em} +.verseblock pre{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans;font-size:1.15rem;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-weight:300;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +.verseblock pre strong{font-weight:400} +.verseblock .attribution{margin-top:1.25rem;margin-left:.5ex} +.quoteblock .attribution,.verseblock .attribution{font-size:.9375em;line-height:1.45;font-style:italic} +.quoteblock .attribution br,.verseblock .attribution br{display:none} +.quoteblock .attribution cite,.verseblock .attribution cite{display:block;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock.abstract{margin:0 0 1.25em 0;display:block} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p{text-align:left;word-spacing:0} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote:before,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p:first-of-type:before{display:none} +table.tableblock{max-width:100%;border-collapse:separate} +table.tableblock td>.paragraph:last-child p>p:last-child,table.tableblock th>p:last-child,table.tableblock td>p:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +table.tableblock,th.tableblock,td.tableblock{border:0 solid #dedede} +table.grid-all>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-all>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 1px 0} +table.grid-all>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 1px 0 0} +table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 0 0} +table.grid-rows>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 0 1px 0} +table.grid-rows>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 0 0 0} +table.grid-all>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child,table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child{border-right-width:0} +table.grid-all>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-all>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock{border-bottom-width:0} +table.frame-all{border-width:1px} +table.frame-sides{border-width:0 1px} +table.frame-topbot{border-width:1px 0} +th.halign-left,td.halign-left{text-align:left} +th.halign-right,td.halign-right{text-align:right} +th.halign-center,td.halign-center{text-align:center} +th.valign-top,td.valign-top{vertical-align:top} +th.valign-bottom,td.valign-bottom{vertical-align:bottom} +th.valign-middle,td.valign-middle{vertical-align:middle} +table thead th,table tfoot th{font-weight:bold} +tbody tr th{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6;background:#f7f8f7} +tbody tr th,tbody tr th p,tfoot tr th,tfoot tr th p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-weight:bold} +p.tableblock>code:only-child{background:none;padding:0} +p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +td>div.verse{white-space:pre} +ol{margin-left:1.75em} +ul li ol{margin-left:1.5em} +dl dd{margin-left:1.125em} +dl dd:last-child,dl dd:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +ol>li p,ul>li p,ul dd,ol dd,.olist .olist,.ulist .ulist,.ulist .olist,.olist .ulist{margin-bottom:.625em} +ul.checklist,ul.none,ol.none,ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered,ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{list-style-type:none} +ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered{margin-left:.625em} +ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{margin-left:0} +ul.checklist{margin-left:.625em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child,ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child{width:1.25em;font-size:.8em;position:relative;bottom:.125em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>input[type="checkbox"]:first-child{margin-right:.25em} +ul.inline{margin:0 auto .625em auto;margin-left:-1.375em;margin-right:0;padding:0;list-style:none;overflow:hidden} +ul.inline>li{list-style:none;float:left;margin-left:1.375em;display:block} +ul.inline>li>*{display:block} +.unstyled dl dt{font-weight:400;font-style:normal} +ol.arabic{list-style-type:decimal} +ol.decimal{list-style-type:decimal-leading-zero} +ol.loweralpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha} +ol.upperalpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha} +ol.lowerroman{list-style-type:lower-roman} +ol.upperroman{list-style-type:upper-roman} +ol.lowergreek{list-style-type:lower-greek} +.hdlist>table,.colist>table{border:0;background:none} +.hdlist>table>tbody>tr,.colist>table>tbody>tr{background:none} +td.hdlist1,td.hdlist2{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .625em} +td.hdlist1{font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:1.25em} +.literalblock+.colist,.listingblock+.colist{margin-top:-.5em} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type{padding:.4em .75em 0 .75em;line-height:1;vertical-align:top} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type img{max-width:initial} +.colist>table tr>td:last-of-type{padding:.25em 0} +.thumb,.th{line-height:0;display:inline-block;border:solid 4px #fff;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd} +.imageblock.left,.imageblock[style*="float: left"]{margin:.25em .625em 1.25em 0} +.imageblock.right,.imageblock[style*="float: right"]{margin:.25em 0 1.25em .625em} +.imageblock>.title{margin-bottom:0} +.imageblock.thumb,.imageblock.th{border-width:6px} +.imageblock.thumb>.title,.imageblock.th>.title{padding:0 .125em} +.image.left,.image.right{margin-top:.25em;margin-bottom:.25em;display:inline-block;line-height:0} +.image.left{margin-right:.625em} +.image.right{margin-left:.625em} +a.image{text-decoration:none;display:inline-block} +a.image object{pointer-events:none} +sup.footnote,sup.footnoteref{font-size:.875em;position:static;vertical-align:super} +sup.footnote a,sup.footnoteref a{text-decoration:none} +sup.footnote a:active,sup.footnoteref a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#footnotes{padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;margin-bottom:.625em} +#footnotes hr{width:20%;min-width:6.25em;margin:-.25em 0 .75em 0;border-width:1px 0 0 0} +#footnotes .footnote{padding:0 .375em 0 .225em;line-height:1.3334;font-size:.875em;margin-left:1.2em;text-indent:-1.05em;margin-bottom:.2em} +#footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type{font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none} +#footnotes .footnote:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0} +#content #footnotes{margin-top:-.625em;margin-bottom:0;padding:.75em 0} +.gist .file-data>table{border:0;background:#fff;width:100%;margin-bottom:0} +.gist .file-data>table td.line-data{width:99%} +div.unbreakable{page-break-inside:avoid} +.big{font-size:larger} +.small{font-size:smaller} +.underline{text-decoration:underline} +.overline{text-decoration:overline} +.line-through{text-decoration:line-through} +.aqua{color:#00bfbf} +.aqua-background{background-color:#00fafa} +.black{color:#000} +.black-background{background-color:#000} +.blue{color:#0000bf} +.blue-background{background-color:#0000fa} +.fuchsia{color:#bf00bf} +.fuchsia-background{background-color:#fa00fa} +.gray{color:#606060} +.gray-background{background-color:#7d7d7d} +.green{color:#006000} +.green-background{background-color:#007d00} +.lime{color:#00bf00} +.lime-background{background-color:#00fa00} +.maroon{color:#600000} +.maroon-background{background-color:#7d0000} +.navy{color:#000060} +.navy-background{background-color:#00007d} +.olive{color:#606000} +.olive-background{background-color:#7d7d00} +.purple{color:#600060} +.purple-background{background-color:#7d007d} +.red{color:#bf0000} +.red-background{background-color:#fa0000} +.silver{color:#909090} +.silver-background{background-color:#bcbcbc} +.teal{color:#006060} +.teal-background{background-color:#007d7d} +.white{color:#bfbfbf} +.white-background{background-color:#fafafa} +.yellow{color:#bfbf00} +.yellow-background{background-color:#fafa00} +span.icon>.fa{cursor:default} +a span.icon>.fa{cursor:inherit} +.admonitionblock td.icon [class^="fa icon-"]{font-size:2.5em;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.5);cursor:default} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-note:before{content:"\f05a";color:#19407c} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-tip:before{content:"\f0eb";text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(155,155,0,.8);color:#111} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-warning:before{content:"\f071";color:#bf6900} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-caution:before{content:"\f06d";color:#bf3400} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-important:before{content:"\f06a";color:#bf0000} +.conum[data-value]{display:inline-block;color:#fff!important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);-webkit-border-radius:100px;border-radius:100px;text-align:center;font-size:.75em;width:1.67em;height:1.67em;line-height:1.67em;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold} +.conum[data-value] *{color:#fff!important} +.conum[data-value]+b{display:none} +.conum[data-value]:after{content:attr(data-value)} +pre .conum[data-value]{position:relative;top:-.125em} +b.conum *{color:inherit!important} +.conum:not([data-value]):empty{display:none} +dt,th.tableblock,td.content,div.footnote{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +h1,h2,p,td.content,span.alt{letter-spacing:-.01em} +p strong,td.content strong,div.footnote strong{letter-spacing:-.005em} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content,span.alt{font-size:1.0625rem} +p{margin-bottom:1.25rem} +.sidebarblock p,.sidebarblock dt,.sidebarblock td.content,p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +.exampleblock>.content{background-color:#fffef7;border-color:#e0e0dc;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc;box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc} +.print-only{display:none!important} +@media print{@page{margin:1.25cm .75cm} +*{-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important} +a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important} +a.bare,a[href^="#"],a[href^="mailto:"]{text-decoration:none!important} +a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare):after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare):after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em} +abbr[title]:after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"} +pre,blockquote,tr,img,object,svg{page-break-inside:avoid} +thead{display:table-header-group} +svg{max-width:100%} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content{font-size:1em;orphans:3;widows:3} +h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid} +#toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8!important;padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1{padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1+.sect1{border:0!important} +#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} +body.book #header{text-align:center} +body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em 0} +body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important} +body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important} +body.book #header .details br{display:block} +body.book #header .details br+span:before{content:none!important} +body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important} +body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +#footer{background:none!important;padding:0 .9375em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)!important;font-size:.9em} +.hide-on-print{display:none!important} +.print-only{display:block!important} +.hide-for-print{display:none!important} +.show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} +</style> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.6.3/css/font-awesome.min.css"> +<style> +/* Stylesheet for CodeRay to match GitHub theme | MIT License | http://foundation.zurb.com */ +/*pre.CodeRay {background-color:#f7f7f8;}*/ +.CodeRay .line-numbers{border-right:1px solid #d8d8d8;padding:0 0.5em 0 .25em} +.CodeRay span.line-numbers{display:inline-block;margin-right:.5em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +.CodeRay .line-numbers strong{color:rgba(0,0,0,.4)} +table.CodeRay{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;margin-bottom:0;border:0;background:none} +table.CodeRay td{vertical-align: top;line-height:1.45} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers{text-align:right} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers>pre{padding:0;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +table.CodeRay td.code{padding:0 0 0 .5em} +table.CodeRay td.code>pre{padding:0} +.CodeRay .debug{color:#fff !important;background:#000080 !important} +.CodeRay .annotation{color:#007} +.CodeRay .attribute-name{color:#000080} +.CodeRay .attribute-value{color:#700} +.CodeRay .binary{color:#509} +.CodeRay .comment{color:#998;font-style:italic} +.CodeRay .char{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .content{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .delimiter{color:#039} +.CodeRay .class{color:#458;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .complex{color:#a08} +.CodeRay .constant,.CodeRay .predefined-constant{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .color{color:#099} +.CodeRay .class-variable{color:#369} +.CodeRay .decorator{color:#b0b} +.CodeRay .definition{color:#099} +.CodeRay .delimiter{color:#000} +.CodeRay .doc{color:#970} +.CodeRay .doctype{color:#34b} +.CodeRay .doc-string{color:#d42} +.CodeRay .escape{color:#666} +.CodeRay .entity{color:#800} +.CodeRay .error{color:#808} +.CodeRay .exception{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .filename{color:#099} +.CodeRay .function{color:#900;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .global-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .hex{color:#058} +.CodeRay .integer,.CodeRay .float{color:#099} +.CodeRay .include{color:#555} +.CodeRay .inline{color:#000} +.CodeRay .inline .inline{background:#ccc} +.CodeRay .inline .inline .inline{background:#bbb} +.CodeRay .inline .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .important{color:#555;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .interpreted{color:#b2b} +.CodeRay .instance-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .label{color:#970} +.CodeRay .local-variable{color:#963} +.CodeRay .octal{color:#40e} +.CodeRay .predefined{color:#369} +.CodeRay .preprocessor{color:#579} +.CodeRay .pseudo-class{color:#555} +.CodeRay .directive{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .type{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .predefined-type{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .reserved,.CodeRay .keyword {color:#000;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .key{color:#808} +.CodeRay .key .delimiter{color:#606} +.CodeRay .key .char{color:#80f} +.CodeRay .value{color:#088} +.CodeRay .regexp .delimiter{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .content{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .modifier{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .regexp .function{color:#404;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .string{color:#d20} +.CodeRay .string .string .string{background:#ffd0d0} +.CodeRay .string .content{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .symbol{color:#990073} +.CodeRay .symbol .content{color:#a60} +.CodeRay .symbol .delimiter{color:#630} +.CodeRay .tag{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .tag-special{color:#d70} +.CodeRay .variable{color:#036} +.CodeRay .insert{background:#afa} +.CodeRay .delete{background:#faa} +.CodeRay .change{color:#aaf;background:#007} +.CodeRay .head{color:#f8f;background:#505} +.CodeRay .insert .insert{color:#080} +.CodeRay .delete .delete{color:#800} +.CodeRay .change .change{color:#66f} +.CodeRay .head .head{color:#f4f} +</style> +</head> +<body class="article"> +<div id="header"> +<h1><a href="index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a></h1> +</div> +<div id="content"> +<div id="preamble"> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="admonitionblock note"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +This document is derived from an original post by Tim Dysinger. +However, the examples here are for <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +instead of <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nanomsg">nanomsg</a>. For the legacy +nanomsg version of this, see <a href="../index.html">Getting Started with 'nanomsg'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="sect1"> +<h2 id="_pair_two_way_radio">Pair (Two Way Radio)</h2> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="imageblock"> +<div class="content"> +<img src="../pair.png" alt="Two Way Radio"> +</div> +</div> +<div class="paragraph"> +<p>The pair pattern is used when there a one-to-one peer relationship. +Only one peer may be connected to another peer at a time, but both +may speak freely.</p> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">pair.c</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><stdio.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><stdlib.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><string.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><unistd.h></span> + +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/nng.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/protocol/pair0/pair.h></span> + +<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> NODE0 <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">node0</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> NODE1 <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">node1</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> + +<span class="directive">void</span> +fatal(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *func, <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv) +{ + fprintf(stderr, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">%s: %s</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, func, nng_strerror(rv)); + exit(<span class="integer">1</span>); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +send_name(nng_socket sock, <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *name) +{ + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">%s: SENDING </span><span class="char">\"</span><span class="content">%s</span><span class="char">\"</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, name, name); + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_send(sock, name, strlen(name) + <span class="integer">1</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_send</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">return</span> (rv); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +recv_name(nng_socket sock, <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *name) +{ + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *buf = <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + size_t sz; + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) == <span class="integer">0</span>) { + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">%s: RECEIVED </span><span class="char">\"</span><span class="content">%s</span><span class="char">\"</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, name, buf); <i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>(1)</b> + nng_free(buf, sz); + } + <span class="keyword">return</span> (rv); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +send_recv(nng_socket sock, <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *name) +{ + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_setopt_ms(sock, NNG_OPT_RECVTIMEO, <span class="integer">100</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_setopt_ms</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">for</span> (;;) { + recv_name(sock, name); + sleep(<span class="integer">1</span>); + send_name(sock, name); + } +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +node0(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_pair0_open(&sock)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_pair0_open</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_listen(sock, url, <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) !=<span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_listen</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">return</span> (send_recv(sock, NODE0)); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +node1(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + sleep(<span class="integer">1</span>); + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_pair0_open(&sock)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_pair0_open</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_dial(sock, url, <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_dial</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">return</span> (send_recv(sock, NODE1)); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +main(<span class="predefined-type">int</span> argc, <span class="predefined-type">char</span> **argv) +{ + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((argc > <span class="integer">1</span>) && (strcmp(NODE0, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>]) == <span class="integer">0</span>)) + <span class="keyword">return</span> (node0(argv[<span class="integer">2</span>])); + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((argc > <span class="integer">1</span>) && (strcmp(NODE1, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>]) == <span class="integer">0</span>)) + <span class="keyword">return</span> (node1(argv[<span class="integer">2</span>])); + + fprintf(stderr, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">Usage: pair %s|%s <URL> <ARG> ...</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, NODE0, NODE1); + <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="integer">1</span>; +}</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="colist arabic"> +<table> +<tr> +<td><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>1</b></td> +<td>Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Compilation</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">gcc pair.c -lnng -o pair</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Execution</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">./pair node0 ipc:///tmp/pair.ipc & node0=$! +./pair node1 ipc:///tmp/pair.ipc & node1=$! +sleep 3 +kill $node0 $node1</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Output</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre>node0: SENDING "node0" +node1: RECEIVED "node0" +node1: SENDING "node1" +node0: SENDING "node0" +node0: RECEIVED "node1" +node1: RECEIVED "node0"</pre> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer-text"> +Last updated 2018-01-09 19:42:00 UTC +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/gettingstarted/nng/pipeline.html b/gettingstarted/nng/pipeline.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e43a294 --- /dev/null +++ b/gettingstarted/nng/pipeline.html @@ -0,0 +1,684 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> +<meta charset="UTF-8"> +<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]--> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.6.1"> +<title>Getting Started with 'nng'</title> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"> +<style> +/* Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | http://asciidoctor.org */ +/* Remove comment around @import statement below when using as a custom stylesheet */ +/*@import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700";*/ +article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section,summary{display:block} +audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block} +audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0} +[hidden],template{display:none} +script{display:none!important} +html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%} +a{background:transparent} +a:focus{outline:thin dotted} +a:active,a:hover{outline:0} +h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0} +abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted} +b,strong{font-weight:bold} +dfn{font-style:italic} +hr{-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0} +mark{background:#ff0;color:#000} +code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em} +pre{white-space:pre-wrap} +q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"} +small{font-size:80%} +sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline} +sup{top:-.5em} +sub{bottom:-.25em} +img{border:0} +svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden} +figure{margin:0} +fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em} +legend{border:0;padding:0} +button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0} +button,input{line-height:normal} +button,select{text-transform:none} +button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer} +button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default} +input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0} +input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box} +input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none} +button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0} +textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top} +table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0} +*,*:before,*:after{-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box} +html,body{font-size:100%} +body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;tab-size:4;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased} +a:hover{cursor:pointer} +img,object,embed{max-width:100%;height:auto} +object,embed{height:100%} +img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic} +.left{float:left!important} +.right{float:right!important} +.text-left{text-align:left!important} +.text-right{text-align:right!important} +.text-center{text-align:center!important} +.text-justify{text-align:justify!important} +.hide{display:none} +img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle} +textarea{height:auto;min-height:50px} +select{width:100%} +.center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto} +.spread{width:100%} +p.lead,.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:1.21875em;line-height:1.6} +.subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em} +div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,p,blockquote,th,td{margin:0;padding:0;direction:ltr} +a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit} +a:hover,a:focus{color:#1d4b8f} +a img{border:none} +p{font-family:inherit;font-weight:400;font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +p aside{font-size:.875em;line-height:1.35;font-style:italic} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;color:#ba3925;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;line-height:1.0125em} +h1 small,h2 small,h3 small,#toctitle small,.sidebarblock>.content>.title small,h4 small,h5 small,h6 small{font-size:60%;color:#e99b8f;line-height:0} +h1{font-size:2.125em} +h2{font-size:1.6875em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.375em} +h4,h5{font-size:1.125em} +h6{font-size:1em} +hr{border:solid #ddddd8;border-width:1px 0 0;clear:both;margin:1.25em 0 1.1875em;height:0} +em,i{font-style:italic;line-height:inherit} +strong,b{font-weight:bold;line-height:inherit} +small{font-size:60%;line-height:inherit} +code{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +ul,ol,dl{font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;list-style-position:outside;font-family:inherit} +ul,ol{margin-left:1.5em} +ul li ul,ul li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em} +ul.square li ul,ul.circle li ul,ul.disc li ul{list-style:inherit} +ul.square{list-style-type:square} +ul.circle{list-style-type:circle} +ul.disc{list-style-type:disc} +ol li ul,ol li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0} +dl dt{margin-bottom:.3125em;font-weight:bold} +dl dd{margin-bottom:1.25em} +abbr,acronym{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:90%;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border-bottom:1px dotted #ddd;cursor:help} +abbr{text-transform:none} +blockquote{margin:0 0 1.25em;padding:.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em;border-left:1px solid #ddd} +blockquote cite{display:block;font-size:.9375em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote cite:before{content:"\2014 \0020"} +blockquote cite a,blockquote cite a:visited{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote,blockquote p{line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2} +h1{font-size:2.75em} +h2{font-size:2.3125em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.6875em} +h4{font-size:1.4375em}} +table{background:#fff;margin-bottom:1.25em;border:solid 1px #dedede} +table thead,table tfoot{background:#f7f8f7;font-weight:bold} +table thead tr th,table thead tr td,table tfoot tr th,table tfoot tr td{padding:.5em .625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);text-align:left} +table tr th,table tr td{padding:.5625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8)} +table tr.even,table tr.alt,table tr:nth-of-type(even){background:#f8f8f7} +table thead tr th,table tfoot tr th,table tbody tr td,table tr td,table tfoot tr td{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2;word-spacing:-.05em} +h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,#toctitle strong,.sidebarblock>.content>.title strong,h4 strong,h5 strong,h6 strong{font-weight:400} +.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after,.float-group:before,.float-group:after{content:" ";display:table} +.clearfix:after,.float-group:after{clear:both} +*:not(pre)>code{font-size:.9375em;font-style:normal!important;letter-spacing:0;padding:.1em .5ex;word-spacing:-.15em;background-color:#f7f7f8;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed;word-wrap:break-word} +*:not(pre)>code.nobreak{word-wrap:normal} +*:not(pre)>code.nowrap{white-space:nowrap} +pre,pre>code{line-height:1.45;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed} +em em{font-style:normal} +strong strong{font-weight:400} +.keyseq{color:rgba(51,51,51,.8)} +kbd{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;display:inline-block;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:.65em;line-height:1.45;background-color:#f7f7f7;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em white inset;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em #fff inset;margin:0 .15em;padding:.2em .5em;vertical-align:middle;position:relative;top:-.1em;white-space:nowrap} +.keyseq kbd:first-child{margin-left:0} +.keyseq kbd:last-child{margin-right:0} +.menuseq,.menuref{color:#000} +.menuseq b:not(.caret),.menuref{font-weight:inherit} +.menuseq{word-spacing:-.02em} +.menuseq b.caret{font-size:1.25em;line-height:.8} +.menuseq i.caret{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;width:.45em} +b.button:before,b.button:after{position:relative;top:-1px;font-weight:400} +b.button:before{content:"[";padding:0 3px 0 2px} +b.button:after{content:"]";padding:0 2px 0 3px} +p a>code:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;max-width:62.5em;*zoom:1;position:relative;padding-left:.9375em;padding-right:.9375em} +#header:before,#header:after,#content:before,#content:after,#footnotes:before,#footnotes:after,#footer:before,#footer:after{content:" ";display:table} +#header:after,#content:after,#footnotes:after,#footer:after{clear:both} +#content{margin-top:1.25em} +#content:before{content:none} +#header>h1:first-child{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);margin-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:0} +#header>h1:first-child+#toc{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid #ddddd8} +#header>h1:only-child,body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2){border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px} +#header .details{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;line-height:1.45;padding-top:.25em;padding-bottom:.25em;padding-left:.25em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap} +#header .details span:first-child{margin-left:-.125em} +#header .details span.email a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br{display:none} +#header .details br+span:before{content:"\00a0\2013\00a0"} +#header .details br+span.author:before{content:"\00a0\22c5\00a0";color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br+span#revremark:before{content:"\00a0|\00a0"} +#header #revnumber{text-transform:capitalize} +#header #revnumber:after{content:"\00a0"} +#content>h1:first-child:not([class]){color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #efefed;padding-bottom:.5em} +#toc>ul{margin-left:.125em} +#toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a{font-style:italic} +#toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{margin:.5em 0} +#toc ul{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;list-style-type:none} +#toc li{line-height:1.3334;margin-top:.3334em} +#toc a{text-decoration:none} +#toc a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#toctitle{color:#7a2518;font-size:1.2em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){#toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +body.toc2{padding-left:15em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{margin-top:0!important;background-color:#f8f8f7;position:fixed;width:15em;left:0;top:0;border-right:1px solid #efefed;border-top-width:0!important;border-bottom-width:0!important;z-index:1000;padding:1.25em 1em;height:100%;overflow:auto} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-size:1.2em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:0} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{margin-left:0;padding-left:1em} +#toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{padding-left:0;margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:15em} +body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2{border-right-width:0;border-left:1px solid #efefed;left:auto;right:0}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){body.toc2{padding-left:20em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{width:20em} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.95em} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{padding-left:1.25em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:20em}} +#content #toc{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +#content #toc>:first-child{margin-top:0} +#content #toc>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +#footer{max-width:100%;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:1.25em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8);line-height:1.44} +.sect1{padding-bottom:.625em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.sect1{padding-bottom:1.25em}} +.sect1+.sect1{border-top:1px solid #efefed} +#content h1>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor,#toctitle>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor{position:absolute;z-index:1001;width:1.5ex;margin-left:-1.5ex;display:block;text-decoration:none!important;visibility:hidden;text-align:center;font-weight:400} +#content h1>a.anchor:before,h2>a.anchor:before,h3>a.anchor:before,#toctitle>a.anchor:before,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:before,h4>a.anchor:before,h5>a.anchor:before,h6>a.anchor:before{content:"\00A7";font-size:.85em;display:block;padding-top:.1em} +#content h1:hover>a.anchor,#content h1>a.anchor:hover,h2:hover>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor:hover,h3:hover>a.anchor,#toctitle:hover>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor:hover,#toctitle>a.anchor:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover,h4:hover>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor:hover,h5:hover>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor:hover,h6:hover>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor:hover{visibility:visible} +#content h1>a.link,h2>a.link,h3>a.link,#toctitle>a.link,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link,h4>a.link,h5>a.link,h6>a.link{color:#ba3925;text-decoration:none} +#content h1>a.link:hover,h2>a.link:hover,h3>a.link:hover,#toctitle>a.link:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover,h4>a.link:hover,h5>a.link:hover,h6>a.link:hover{color:#a53221} +.audioblock,.imageblock,.literalblock,.listingblock,.stemblock,.videoblock{margin-bottom:1.25em} +.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-align:left;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic} +table.tableblock>caption.title{white-space:nowrap;overflow:visible;max-width:0} +.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +table.tableblock #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:inherit} +.admonitionblock>table{border-collapse:separate;border:0;background:none;width:100%} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon{text-align:center;width:80px} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon img{max-width:initial} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon .title{font-weight:bold;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase} +.admonitionblock>table td.content{padding-left:1.125em;padding-right:1.25em;border-left:1px solid #ddddd8;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.admonitionblock>table td.content>:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.exampleblock>.content{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e6e6e6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#fff;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.exampleblock>.content>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.sidebarblock>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.sidebarblock>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock>.content>.title{color:#7a2518;margin-top:0;text-align:center} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.literalblock pre,.listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.listingblock pre.CodeRay,.listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f7f7f8} +.sidebarblock .literalblock pre,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.CodeRay,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f2f1f1} +.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;word-wrap:break-word;padding:1em;font-size:.8125em} +.literalblock pre.nowrap,.literalblock pre[class].nowrap,.listingblock pre.nowrap,.listingblock pre[class].nowrap{overflow-x:auto;white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:.90625em}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:1em}} +.literalblock.output pre{color:#f7f7f8;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs{padding:0} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs>code{padding:1em;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.listingblock pre.prettyprint{border-width:0} +.listingblock>.content{position:relative} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:none;content:attr(data-lang);position:absolute;font-size:.75em;top:.425rem;right:.5rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:#999} +.listingblock:hover code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:before{content:attr(data-prompt);padding-right:.5em;color:#999} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt]):before{content:"$"} +table.pyhltable{border-collapse:separate;border:0;margin-bottom:0;background:none} +table.pyhltable td{vertical-align:top;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.45} +table.pyhltable td.code{padding-left:.75em;padding-right:0} +pre.pygments .lineno,table.pyhltable td:not(.code){color:#999;padding-left:0;padding-right:.5em;border-right:1px solid #ddddd8} +pre.pygments .lineno{display:inline-block;margin-right:.25em} +table.pyhltable .linenodiv{background:none!important;padding-right:0!important} +.quoteblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1.5em;display:table} +.quoteblock>.title{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-bottom:.75em} +.quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock blockquote p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.75;word-spacing:.1em;letter-spacing:0;font-style:italic;text-align:justify} +.quoteblock blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border:0} +.quoteblock blockquote:before{content:"\201c";float:left;font-size:2.75em;font-weight:bold;line-height:.6em;margin-left:-.6em;color:#7a2518;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)} +.quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p{margin-bottom:0} +.quoteblock .attribution{margin-top:.5em;margin-right:.5ex;text-align:right} +.quoteblock .quoteblock{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding:.5em 0;border-left:3px solid rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote{padding:0 0 0 .75em} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote:before{display:none} +.verseblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1em} +.verseblock pre{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans;font-size:1.15rem;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-weight:300;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +.verseblock pre strong{font-weight:400} +.verseblock .attribution{margin-top:1.25rem;margin-left:.5ex} +.quoteblock .attribution,.verseblock .attribution{font-size:.9375em;line-height:1.45;font-style:italic} +.quoteblock .attribution br,.verseblock .attribution br{display:none} +.quoteblock .attribution cite,.verseblock .attribution cite{display:block;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock.abstract{margin:0 0 1.25em 0;display:block} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p{text-align:left;word-spacing:0} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote:before,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p:first-of-type:before{display:none} +table.tableblock{max-width:100%;border-collapse:separate} +table.tableblock td>.paragraph:last-child p>p:last-child,table.tableblock th>p:last-child,table.tableblock td>p:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +table.tableblock,th.tableblock,td.tableblock{border:0 solid #dedede} +table.grid-all>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-all>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 1px 0} +table.grid-all>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 1px 0 0} +table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 0 0} +table.grid-rows>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 0 1px 0} +table.grid-rows>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 0 0 0} +table.grid-all>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child,table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child{border-right-width:0} +table.grid-all>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-all>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock{border-bottom-width:0} +table.frame-all{border-width:1px} +table.frame-sides{border-width:0 1px} +table.frame-topbot{border-width:1px 0} +th.halign-left,td.halign-left{text-align:left} +th.halign-right,td.halign-right{text-align:right} +th.halign-center,td.halign-center{text-align:center} +th.valign-top,td.valign-top{vertical-align:top} +th.valign-bottom,td.valign-bottom{vertical-align:bottom} +th.valign-middle,td.valign-middle{vertical-align:middle} +table thead th,table tfoot th{font-weight:bold} +tbody tr th{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6;background:#f7f8f7} +tbody tr th,tbody tr th p,tfoot tr th,tfoot tr th p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-weight:bold} +p.tableblock>code:only-child{background:none;padding:0} +p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +td>div.verse{white-space:pre} +ol{margin-left:1.75em} +ul li ol{margin-left:1.5em} +dl dd{margin-left:1.125em} +dl dd:last-child,dl dd:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +ol>li p,ul>li p,ul dd,ol dd,.olist .olist,.ulist .ulist,.ulist .olist,.olist .ulist{margin-bottom:.625em} +ul.checklist,ul.none,ol.none,ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered,ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{list-style-type:none} +ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered{margin-left:.625em} +ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{margin-left:0} +ul.checklist{margin-left:.625em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child,ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child{width:1.25em;font-size:.8em;position:relative;bottom:.125em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>input[type="checkbox"]:first-child{margin-right:.25em} +ul.inline{margin:0 auto .625em auto;margin-left:-1.375em;margin-right:0;padding:0;list-style:none;overflow:hidden} +ul.inline>li{list-style:none;float:left;margin-left:1.375em;display:block} +ul.inline>li>*{display:block} +.unstyled dl dt{font-weight:400;font-style:normal} +ol.arabic{list-style-type:decimal} +ol.decimal{list-style-type:decimal-leading-zero} +ol.loweralpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha} +ol.upperalpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha} +ol.lowerroman{list-style-type:lower-roman} +ol.upperroman{list-style-type:upper-roman} +ol.lowergreek{list-style-type:lower-greek} +.hdlist>table,.colist>table{border:0;background:none} +.hdlist>table>tbody>tr,.colist>table>tbody>tr{background:none} +td.hdlist1,td.hdlist2{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .625em} +td.hdlist1{font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:1.25em} +.literalblock+.colist,.listingblock+.colist{margin-top:-.5em} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type{padding:.4em .75em 0 .75em;line-height:1;vertical-align:top} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type img{max-width:initial} +.colist>table tr>td:last-of-type{padding:.25em 0} +.thumb,.th{line-height:0;display:inline-block;border:solid 4px #fff;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd} +.imageblock.left,.imageblock[style*="float: left"]{margin:.25em .625em 1.25em 0} +.imageblock.right,.imageblock[style*="float: right"]{margin:.25em 0 1.25em .625em} +.imageblock>.title{margin-bottom:0} +.imageblock.thumb,.imageblock.th{border-width:6px} +.imageblock.thumb>.title,.imageblock.th>.title{padding:0 .125em} +.image.left,.image.right{margin-top:.25em;margin-bottom:.25em;display:inline-block;line-height:0} +.image.left{margin-right:.625em} +.image.right{margin-left:.625em} +a.image{text-decoration:none;display:inline-block} +a.image object{pointer-events:none} +sup.footnote,sup.footnoteref{font-size:.875em;position:static;vertical-align:super} +sup.footnote a,sup.footnoteref a{text-decoration:none} +sup.footnote a:active,sup.footnoteref a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#footnotes{padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;margin-bottom:.625em} +#footnotes hr{width:20%;min-width:6.25em;margin:-.25em 0 .75em 0;border-width:1px 0 0 0} +#footnotes .footnote{padding:0 .375em 0 .225em;line-height:1.3334;font-size:.875em;margin-left:1.2em;text-indent:-1.05em;margin-bottom:.2em} +#footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type{font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none} +#footnotes .footnote:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0} +#content #footnotes{margin-top:-.625em;margin-bottom:0;padding:.75em 0} +.gist .file-data>table{border:0;background:#fff;width:100%;margin-bottom:0} +.gist .file-data>table td.line-data{width:99%} +div.unbreakable{page-break-inside:avoid} +.big{font-size:larger} +.small{font-size:smaller} +.underline{text-decoration:underline} +.overline{text-decoration:overline} +.line-through{text-decoration:line-through} +.aqua{color:#00bfbf} +.aqua-background{background-color:#00fafa} +.black{color:#000} +.black-background{background-color:#000} +.blue{color:#0000bf} +.blue-background{background-color:#0000fa} +.fuchsia{color:#bf00bf} +.fuchsia-background{background-color:#fa00fa} +.gray{color:#606060} +.gray-background{background-color:#7d7d7d} +.green{color:#006000} +.green-background{background-color:#007d00} +.lime{color:#00bf00} +.lime-background{background-color:#00fa00} +.maroon{color:#600000} +.maroon-background{background-color:#7d0000} +.navy{color:#000060} +.navy-background{background-color:#00007d} +.olive{color:#606000} +.olive-background{background-color:#7d7d00} +.purple{color:#600060} +.purple-background{background-color:#7d007d} +.red{color:#bf0000} +.red-background{background-color:#fa0000} +.silver{color:#909090} +.silver-background{background-color:#bcbcbc} +.teal{color:#006060} +.teal-background{background-color:#007d7d} +.white{color:#bfbfbf} +.white-background{background-color:#fafafa} +.yellow{color:#bfbf00} +.yellow-background{background-color:#fafa00} +span.icon>.fa{cursor:default} +a span.icon>.fa{cursor:inherit} +.admonitionblock td.icon [class^="fa icon-"]{font-size:2.5em;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.5);cursor:default} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-note:before{content:"\f05a";color:#19407c} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-tip:before{content:"\f0eb";text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(155,155,0,.8);color:#111} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-warning:before{content:"\f071";color:#bf6900} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-caution:before{content:"\f06d";color:#bf3400} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-important:before{content:"\f06a";color:#bf0000} +.conum[data-value]{display:inline-block;color:#fff!important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);-webkit-border-radius:100px;border-radius:100px;text-align:center;font-size:.75em;width:1.67em;height:1.67em;line-height:1.67em;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold} +.conum[data-value] *{color:#fff!important} +.conum[data-value]+b{display:none} +.conum[data-value]:after{content:attr(data-value)} +pre .conum[data-value]{position:relative;top:-.125em} +b.conum *{color:inherit!important} +.conum:not([data-value]):empty{display:none} +dt,th.tableblock,td.content,div.footnote{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +h1,h2,p,td.content,span.alt{letter-spacing:-.01em} +p strong,td.content strong,div.footnote strong{letter-spacing:-.005em} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content,span.alt{font-size:1.0625rem} +p{margin-bottom:1.25rem} +.sidebarblock p,.sidebarblock dt,.sidebarblock td.content,p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +.exampleblock>.content{background-color:#fffef7;border-color:#e0e0dc;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc;box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc} +.print-only{display:none!important} +@media print{@page{margin:1.25cm .75cm} +*{-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important} +a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important} +a.bare,a[href^="#"],a[href^="mailto:"]{text-decoration:none!important} +a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare):after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare):after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em} +abbr[title]:after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"} +pre,blockquote,tr,img,object,svg{page-break-inside:avoid} +thead{display:table-header-group} +svg{max-width:100%} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content{font-size:1em;orphans:3;widows:3} +h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid} +#toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8!important;padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1{padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1+.sect1{border:0!important} +#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} +body.book #header{text-align:center} +body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em 0} +body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important} +body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important} +body.book #header .details br{display:block} +body.book #header .details br+span:before{content:none!important} +body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important} +body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +#footer{background:none!important;padding:0 .9375em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)!important;font-size:.9em} +.hide-on-print{display:none!important} +.print-only{display:block!important} +.hide-for-print{display:none!important} +.show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} +</style> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.6.3/css/font-awesome.min.css"> +<style> +/* Stylesheet for CodeRay to match GitHub theme | MIT License | http://foundation.zurb.com */ +/*pre.CodeRay {background-color:#f7f7f8;}*/ +.CodeRay .line-numbers{border-right:1px solid #d8d8d8;padding:0 0.5em 0 .25em} +.CodeRay span.line-numbers{display:inline-block;margin-right:.5em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +.CodeRay .line-numbers strong{color:rgba(0,0,0,.4)} +table.CodeRay{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;margin-bottom:0;border:0;background:none} +table.CodeRay td{vertical-align: top;line-height:1.45} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers{text-align:right} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers>pre{padding:0;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +table.CodeRay td.code{padding:0 0 0 .5em} +table.CodeRay td.code>pre{padding:0} +.CodeRay .debug{color:#fff !important;background:#000080 !important} +.CodeRay .annotation{color:#007} +.CodeRay .attribute-name{color:#000080} +.CodeRay .attribute-value{color:#700} +.CodeRay .binary{color:#509} +.CodeRay .comment{color:#998;font-style:italic} +.CodeRay .char{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .content{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .delimiter{color:#039} +.CodeRay .class{color:#458;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .complex{color:#a08} +.CodeRay .constant,.CodeRay .predefined-constant{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .color{color:#099} +.CodeRay .class-variable{color:#369} +.CodeRay .decorator{color:#b0b} +.CodeRay .definition{color:#099} +.CodeRay .delimiter{color:#000} +.CodeRay .doc{color:#970} +.CodeRay .doctype{color:#34b} +.CodeRay .doc-string{color:#d42} +.CodeRay .escape{color:#666} +.CodeRay .entity{color:#800} +.CodeRay .error{color:#808} +.CodeRay .exception{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .filename{color:#099} +.CodeRay .function{color:#900;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .global-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .hex{color:#058} +.CodeRay .integer,.CodeRay .float{color:#099} +.CodeRay .include{color:#555} +.CodeRay .inline{color:#000} +.CodeRay .inline .inline{background:#ccc} +.CodeRay .inline .inline .inline{background:#bbb} +.CodeRay .inline .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .important{color:#555;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .interpreted{color:#b2b} +.CodeRay .instance-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .label{color:#970} +.CodeRay .local-variable{color:#963} +.CodeRay .octal{color:#40e} +.CodeRay .predefined{color:#369} +.CodeRay .preprocessor{color:#579} +.CodeRay .pseudo-class{color:#555} +.CodeRay .directive{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .type{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .predefined-type{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .reserved,.CodeRay .keyword {color:#000;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .key{color:#808} +.CodeRay .key .delimiter{color:#606} +.CodeRay .key .char{color:#80f} +.CodeRay .value{color:#088} +.CodeRay .regexp .delimiter{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .content{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .modifier{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .regexp .function{color:#404;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .string{color:#d20} +.CodeRay .string .string .string{background:#ffd0d0} +.CodeRay .string .content{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .symbol{color:#990073} +.CodeRay .symbol .content{color:#a60} +.CodeRay .symbol .delimiter{color:#630} +.CodeRay .tag{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .tag-special{color:#d70} +.CodeRay .variable{color:#036} +.CodeRay .insert{background:#afa} +.CodeRay .delete{background:#faa} +.CodeRay .change{color:#aaf;background:#007} +.CodeRay .head{color:#f8f;background:#505} +.CodeRay .insert .insert{color:#080} +.CodeRay .delete .delete{color:#800} +.CodeRay .change .change{color:#66f} +.CodeRay .head .head{color:#f4f} +</style> +</head> +<body class="article"> +<div id="header"> +<h1><a href="index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a></h1> +</div> +<div id="content"> +<div id="preamble"> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="admonitionblock note"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +This document is derived from an original post by Tim Dysinger. +However, the examples here are for <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +instead of <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nanomsg">nanomsg</a>. For the legacy +nanomsg version of this, see <a href="../index.html">Getting Started with 'nanomsg'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="sect1"> +<h2 id="_pipeline_a_one_way_pipe">Pipeline (A One-Way Pipe)</h2> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="imageblock"> +<div class="content"> +<img src="../pipeline.png" alt="A One-Way Pipe"> +</div> +</div> +<div class="paragraph"> +<p>This pattern is useful for solving producer/consumer problems, including +load-balancing. Messages flow from the push side to the pull side. If +multiple peers are connected, the pattern attempts to distribute fairly.</p> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">pipeline.c</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="C"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><stdlib.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><stdio.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><string.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><unistd.h></span> + +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/nng.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/protocol/pipeline0/pull.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/protocol/pipeline0/push.h></span> + +<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> NODE0 <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">node0</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> NODE1 <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">node1</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> + +<span class="directive">void</span> +fatal(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *func, <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv) +{ + fprintf(stderr, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">%s: %s</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, func, nng_strerror(rv)); + exit(<span class="integer">1</span>); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +node0(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_pull0_open(&sock)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_pull0_open</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_listen(sock, url, <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_listen</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">for</span> (;;) { + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *buf = <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>; + size_t sz; + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_recv</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">NODE0: RECEIVED </span><span class="char">\"</span><span class="content">%s</span><span class="char">\"</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, buf); <i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>(1)</b> + nng_free(buf, sz); + } +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +node1(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *url, <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *msg) +{ + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> sz_msg = strlen(msg) + <span class="integer">1</span>; <span class="comment">// '\0' too</span> + nng_socket sock; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> bytes; + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_push0_open(&sock)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_push0_open</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_dial(sock, url, <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_dial</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">NODE1: SENDING </span><span class="char">\"</span><span class="content">%s</span><span class="char">\"</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, msg); + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_send(sock, msg, strlen(msg)+<span class="integer">1</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_send</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + sleep(<span class="integer">1</span>); <span class="comment">// wait for messages to flush before shutting down</span> + nng_close(sock); + <span class="keyword">return</span> (<span class="integer">0</span>); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +main(<span class="predefined-type">int</span> argc, <span class="predefined-type">char</span> **argv) +{ + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((argc > <span class="integer">1</span>) && (strcmp(NODE0, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>]) == <span class="integer">0</span>)) + <span class="keyword">return</span> (node0(argv[<span class="integer">2</span>])); + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((argc > <span class="integer">2</span>) && (strcmp(NODE1, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>]) == <span class="integer">0</span>)) + <span class="keyword">return</span> (node1(argv[<span class="integer">2</span>], argv[<span class="integer">3</span>])); + + fprintf(stderr, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">Usage: pipeline %s|%s <URL> <ARG> ...'</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, + NODE0, NODE1); + <span class="keyword">return</span> (<span class="integer">1</span>); +}</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="colist arabic"> +<table> +<tr> +<td><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>1</b></td> +<td>Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Compilation</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">gcc pipeline.c -lnng -o pipeline</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Execution</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">./pipeline node0 ipc:///tmp/pipeline.ipc & node0=$! && sleep 1 +./pipeline node1 ipc:///tmp/pipeline.ipc "Hello, World!" +./pipeline node1 ipc:///tmp/pipeline.ipc "Goodbye." +kill $node0</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Output</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre>NODE1: SENDING "Hello, World!" +NODE0: RECEIVED "Hello, World!" +NODE1: SENDING "Goodbye." +NODE0: RECEIVED "Goodbye."</pre> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer-text"> +Last updated 2018-01-09 19:42:00 UTC +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/gettingstarted/nng/pubsub.html b/gettingstarted/nng/pubsub.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf4c94d --- /dev/null +++ b/gettingstarted/nng/pubsub.html @@ -0,0 +1,716 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> +<meta charset="UTF-8"> +<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]--> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.6.1"> +<title>Getting Started with 'nng'</title> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"> +<style> +/* Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | http://asciidoctor.org */ +/* Remove comment around @import statement below when using as a custom stylesheet */ +/*@import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700";*/ +article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section,summary{display:block} +audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block} +audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0} +[hidden],template{display:none} +script{display:none!important} +html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%} +a{background:transparent} +a:focus{outline:thin dotted} +a:active,a:hover{outline:0} +h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0} +abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted} +b,strong{font-weight:bold} +dfn{font-style:italic} +hr{-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0} +mark{background:#ff0;color:#000} +code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em} +pre{white-space:pre-wrap} +q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"} +small{font-size:80%} +sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline} +sup{top:-.5em} +sub{bottom:-.25em} +img{border:0} +svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden} +figure{margin:0} +fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em} +legend{border:0;padding:0} +button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0} +button,input{line-height:normal} +button,select{text-transform:none} +button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer} +button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default} +input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0} +input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box} +input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none} +button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0} +textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top} +table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0} +*,*:before,*:after{-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box} +html,body{font-size:100%} +body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;tab-size:4;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased} +a:hover{cursor:pointer} +img,object,embed{max-width:100%;height:auto} +object,embed{height:100%} +img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic} +.left{float:left!important} +.right{float:right!important} +.text-left{text-align:left!important} +.text-right{text-align:right!important} +.text-center{text-align:center!important} +.text-justify{text-align:justify!important} +.hide{display:none} +img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle} +textarea{height:auto;min-height:50px} +select{width:100%} +.center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto} +.spread{width:100%} +p.lead,.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:1.21875em;line-height:1.6} +.subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em} +div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,p,blockquote,th,td{margin:0;padding:0;direction:ltr} +a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit} +a:hover,a:focus{color:#1d4b8f} +a img{border:none} +p{font-family:inherit;font-weight:400;font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +p aside{font-size:.875em;line-height:1.35;font-style:italic} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;color:#ba3925;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;line-height:1.0125em} +h1 small,h2 small,h3 small,#toctitle small,.sidebarblock>.content>.title small,h4 small,h5 small,h6 small{font-size:60%;color:#e99b8f;line-height:0} +h1{font-size:2.125em} +h2{font-size:1.6875em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.375em} +h4,h5{font-size:1.125em} +h6{font-size:1em} +hr{border:solid #ddddd8;border-width:1px 0 0;clear:both;margin:1.25em 0 1.1875em;height:0} +em,i{font-style:italic;line-height:inherit} +strong,b{font-weight:bold;line-height:inherit} +small{font-size:60%;line-height:inherit} +code{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +ul,ol,dl{font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;list-style-position:outside;font-family:inherit} +ul,ol{margin-left:1.5em} +ul li ul,ul li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em} +ul.square li ul,ul.circle li ul,ul.disc li ul{list-style:inherit} +ul.square{list-style-type:square} +ul.circle{list-style-type:circle} +ul.disc{list-style-type:disc} +ol li ul,ol li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0} +dl dt{margin-bottom:.3125em;font-weight:bold} +dl dd{margin-bottom:1.25em} +abbr,acronym{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:90%;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border-bottom:1px dotted #ddd;cursor:help} +abbr{text-transform:none} +blockquote{margin:0 0 1.25em;padding:.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em;border-left:1px solid #ddd} +blockquote cite{display:block;font-size:.9375em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote cite:before{content:"\2014 \0020"} +blockquote cite a,blockquote cite a:visited{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote,blockquote p{line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2} +h1{font-size:2.75em} +h2{font-size:2.3125em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.6875em} +h4{font-size:1.4375em}} +table{background:#fff;margin-bottom:1.25em;border:solid 1px #dedede} +table thead,table tfoot{background:#f7f8f7;font-weight:bold} +table thead tr th,table thead tr td,table tfoot tr th,table tfoot tr td{padding:.5em .625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);text-align:left} +table tr th,table tr td{padding:.5625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8)} +table tr.even,table tr.alt,table tr:nth-of-type(even){background:#f8f8f7} +table thead tr th,table tfoot tr th,table tbody tr td,table tr td,table tfoot tr td{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2;word-spacing:-.05em} +h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,#toctitle strong,.sidebarblock>.content>.title strong,h4 strong,h5 strong,h6 strong{font-weight:400} +.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after,.float-group:before,.float-group:after{content:" ";display:table} +.clearfix:after,.float-group:after{clear:both} +*:not(pre)>code{font-size:.9375em;font-style:normal!important;letter-spacing:0;padding:.1em .5ex;word-spacing:-.15em;background-color:#f7f7f8;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed;word-wrap:break-word} +*:not(pre)>code.nobreak{word-wrap:normal} +*:not(pre)>code.nowrap{white-space:nowrap} +pre,pre>code{line-height:1.45;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed} +em em{font-style:normal} +strong strong{font-weight:400} +.keyseq{color:rgba(51,51,51,.8)} +kbd{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;display:inline-block;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:.65em;line-height:1.45;background-color:#f7f7f7;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em white inset;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em #fff inset;margin:0 .15em;padding:.2em .5em;vertical-align:middle;position:relative;top:-.1em;white-space:nowrap} +.keyseq kbd:first-child{margin-left:0} +.keyseq kbd:last-child{margin-right:0} +.menuseq,.menuref{color:#000} +.menuseq b:not(.caret),.menuref{font-weight:inherit} +.menuseq{word-spacing:-.02em} +.menuseq b.caret{font-size:1.25em;line-height:.8} +.menuseq i.caret{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;width:.45em} +b.button:before,b.button:after{position:relative;top:-1px;font-weight:400} +b.button:before{content:"[";padding:0 3px 0 2px} +b.button:after{content:"]";padding:0 2px 0 3px} +p a>code:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;max-width:62.5em;*zoom:1;position:relative;padding-left:.9375em;padding-right:.9375em} +#header:before,#header:after,#content:before,#content:after,#footnotes:before,#footnotes:after,#footer:before,#footer:after{content:" ";display:table} +#header:after,#content:after,#footnotes:after,#footer:after{clear:both} +#content{margin-top:1.25em} +#content:before{content:none} +#header>h1:first-child{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);margin-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:0} +#header>h1:first-child+#toc{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid #ddddd8} +#header>h1:only-child,body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2){border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px} +#header .details{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;line-height:1.45;padding-top:.25em;padding-bottom:.25em;padding-left:.25em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap} +#header .details span:first-child{margin-left:-.125em} +#header .details span.email a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br{display:none} +#header .details br+span:before{content:"\00a0\2013\00a0"} +#header .details br+span.author:before{content:"\00a0\22c5\00a0";color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br+span#revremark:before{content:"\00a0|\00a0"} +#header #revnumber{text-transform:capitalize} +#header #revnumber:after{content:"\00a0"} +#content>h1:first-child:not([class]){color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #efefed;padding-bottom:.5em} +#toc>ul{margin-left:.125em} +#toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a{font-style:italic} +#toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{margin:.5em 0} +#toc ul{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;list-style-type:none} +#toc li{line-height:1.3334;margin-top:.3334em} +#toc a{text-decoration:none} +#toc a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#toctitle{color:#7a2518;font-size:1.2em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){#toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +body.toc2{padding-left:15em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{margin-top:0!important;background-color:#f8f8f7;position:fixed;width:15em;left:0;top:0;border-right:1px solid #efefed;border-top-width:0!important;border-bottom-width:0!important;z-index:1000;padding:1.25em 1em;height:100%;overflow:auto} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-size:1.2em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:0} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{margin-left:0;padding-left:1em} +#toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{padding-left:0;margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:15em} +body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2{border-right-width:0;border-left:1px solid #efefed;left:auto;right:0}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){body.toc2{padding-left:20em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{width:20em} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.95em} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{padding-left:1.25em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:20em}} +#content #toc{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +#content #toc>:first-child{margin-top:0} +#content #toc>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +#footer{max-width:100%;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:1.25em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8);line-height:1.44} +.sect1{padding-bottom:.625em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.sect1{padding-bottom:1.25em}} +.sect1+.sect1{border-top:1px solid #efefed} +#content h1>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor,#toctitle>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor{position:absolute;z-index:1001;width:1.5ex;margin-left:-1.5ex;display:block;text-decoration:none!important;visibility:hidden;text-align:center;font-weight:400} +#content h1>a.anchor:before,h2>a.anchor:before,h3>a.anchor:before,#toctitle>a.anchor:before,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:before,h4>a.anchor:before,h5>a.anchor:before,h6>a.anchor:before{content:"\00A7";font-size:.85em;display:block;padding-top:.1em} +#content h1:hover>a.anchor,#content h1>a.anchor:hover,h2:hover>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor:hover,h3:hover>a.anchor,#toctitle:hover>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor:hover,#toctitle>a.anchor:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover,h4:hover>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor:hover,h5:hover>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor:hover,h6:hover>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor:hover{visibility:visible} +#content h1>a.link,h2>a.link,h3>a.link,#toctitle>a.link,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link,h4>a.link,h5>a.link,h6>a.link{color:#ba3925;text-decoration:none} +#content h1>a.link:hover,h2>a.link:hover,h3>a.link:hover,#toctitle>a.link:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover,h4>a.link:hover,h5>a.link:hover,h6>a.link:hover{color:#a53221} +.audioblock,.imageblock,.literalblock,.listingblock,.stemblock,.videoblock{margin-bottom:1.25em} +.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-align:left;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic} +table.tableblock>caption.title{white-space:nowrap;overflow:visible;max-width:0} +.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +table.tableblock #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:inherit} +.admonitionblock>table{border-collapse:separate;border:0;background:none;width:100%} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon{text-align:center;width:80px} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon img{max-width:initial} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon .title{font-weight:bold;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase} +.admonitionblock>table td.content{padding-left:1.125em;padding-right:1.25em;border-left:1px solid #ddddd8;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.admonitionblock>table td.content>:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.exampleblock>.content{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e6e6e6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#fff;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.exampleblock>.content>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.sidebarblock>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.sidebarblock>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock>.content>.title{color:#7a2518;margin-top:0;text-align:center} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.literalblock pre,.listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.listingblock pre.CodeRay,.listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f7f7f8} +.sidebarblock .literalblock pre,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.CodeRay,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f2f1f1} +.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;word-wrap:break-word;padding:1em;font-size:.8125em} +.literalblock pre.nowrap,.literalblock pre[class].nowrap,.listingblock pre.nowrap,.listingblock pre[class].nowrap{overflow-x:auto;white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:.90625em}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:1em}} +.literalblock.output pre{color:#f7f7f8;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs{padding:0} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs>code{padding:1em;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.listingblock pre.prettyprint{border-width:0} +.listingblock>.content{position:relative} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:none;content:attr(data-lang);position:absolute;font-size:.75em;top:.425rem;right:.5rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:#999} +.listingblock:hover code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:before{content:attr(data-prompt);padding-right:.5em;color:#999} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt]):before{content:"$"} +table.pyhltable{border-collapse:separate;border:0;margin-bottom:0;background:none} +table.pyhltable td{vertical-align:top;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.45} +table.pyhltable td.code{padding-left:.75em;padding-right:0} +pre.pygments .lineno,table.pyhltable td:not(.code){color:#999;padding-left:0;padding-right:.5em;border-right:1px solid #ddddd8} +pre.pygments .lineno{display:inline-block;margin-right:.25em} +table.pyhltable .linenodiv{background:none!important;padding-right:0!important} +.quoteblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1.5em;display:table} +.quoteblock>.title{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-bottom:.75em} +.quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock blockquote p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.75;word-spacing:.1em;letter-spacing:0;font-style:italic;text-align:justify} +.quoteblock blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border:0} +.quoteblock blockquote:before{content:"\201c";float:left;font-size:2.75em;font-weight:bold;line-height:.6em;margin-left:-.6em;color:#7a2518;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)} +.quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p{margin-bottom:0} +.quoteblock .attribution{margin-top:.5em;margin-right:.5ex;text-align:right} +.quoteblock .quoteblock{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding:.5em 0;border-left:3px solid rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote{padding:0 0 0 .75em} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote:before{display:none} +.verseblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1em} +.verseblock pre{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans;font-size:1.15rem;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-weight:300;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +.verseblock pre strong{font-weight:400} +.verseblock .attribution{margin-top:1.25rem;margin-left:.5ex} +.quoteblock .attribution,.verseblock .attribution{font-size:.9375em;line-height:1.45;font-style:italic} +.quoteblock .attribution br,.verseblock .attribution br{display:none} +.quoteblock .attribution cite,.verseblock .attribution cite{display:block;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock.abstract{margin:0 0 1.25em 0;display:block} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p{text-align:left;word-spacing:0} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote:before,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p:first-of-type:before{display:none} +table.tableblock{max-width:100%;border-collapse:separate} +table.tableblock td>.paragraph:last-child p>p:last-child,table.tableblock th>p:last-child,table.tableblock td>p:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +table.tableblock,th.tableblock,td.tableblock{border:0 solid #dedede} +table.grid-all>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-all>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 1px 0} +table.grid-all>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 1px 0 0} +table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 0 0} +table.grid-rows>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 0 1px 0} +table.grid-rows>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 0 0 0} +table.grid-all>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child,table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child{border-right-width:0} +table.grid-all>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-all>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock{border-bottom-width:0} +table.frame-all{border-width:1px} +table.frame-sides{border-width:0 1px} +table.frame-topbot{border-width:1px 0} +th.halign-left,td.halign-left{text-align:left} +th.halign-right,td.halign-right{text-align:right} +th.halign-center,td.halign-center{text-align:center} +th.valign-top,td.valign-top{vertical-align:top} +th.valign-bottom,td.valign-bottom{vertical-align:bottom} +th.valign-middle,td.valign-middle{vertical-align:middle} +table thead th,table tfoot th{font-weight:bold} +tbody tr th{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6;background:#f7f8f7} +tbody tr th,tbody tr th p,tfoot tr th,tfoot tr th p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-weight:bold} +p.tableblock>code:only-child{background:none;padding:0} +p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +td>div.verse{white-space:pre} +ol{margin-left:1.75em} +ul li ol{margin-left:1.5em} +dl dd{margin-left:1.125em} +dl dd:last-child,dl dd:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +ol>li p,ul>li p,ul dd,ol dd,.olist .olist,.ulist .ulist,.ulist .olist,.olist .ulist{margin-bottom:.625em} +ul.checklist,ul.none,ol.none,ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered,ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{list-style-type:none} +ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered{margin-left:.625em} +ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{margin-left:0} +ul.checklist{margin-left:.625em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child,ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child{width:1.25em;font-size:.8em;position:relative;bottom:.125em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>input[type="checkbox"]:first-child{margin-right:.25em} +ul.inline{margin:0 auto .625em auto;margin-left:-1.375em;margin-right:0;padding:0;list-style:none;overflow:hidden} +ul.inline>li{list-style:none;float:left;margin-left:1.375em;display:block} +ul.inline>li>*{display:block} +.unstyled dl dt{font-weight:400;font-style:normal} +ol.arabic{list-style-type:decimal} +ol.decimal{list-style-type:decimal-leading-zero} +ol.loweralpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha} +ol.upperalpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha} +ol.lowerroman{list-style-type:lower-roman} +ol.upperroman{list-style-type:upper-roman} +ol.lowergreek{list-style-type:lower-greek} +.hdlist>table,.colist>table{border:0;background:none} +.hdlist>table>tbody>tr,.colist>table>tbody>tr{background:none} +td.hdlist1,td.hdlist2{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .625em} +td.hdlist1{font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:1.25em} +.literalblock+.colist,.listingblock+.colist{margin-top:-.5em} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type{padding:.4em .75em 0 .75em;line-height:1;vertical-align:top} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type img{max-width:initial} +.colist>table tr>td:last-of-type{padding:.25em 0} +.thumb,.th{line-height:0;display:inline-block;border:solid 4px #fff;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd} +.imageblock.left,.imageblock[style*="float: left"]{margin:.25em .625em 1.25em 0} +.imageblock.right,.imageblock[style*="float: right"]{margin:.25em 0 1.25em .625em} +.imageblock>.title{margin-bottom:0} +.imageblock.thumb,.imageblock.th{border-width:6px} +.imageblock.thumb>.title,.imageblock.th>.title{padding:0 .125em} +.image.left,.image.right{margin-top:.25em;margin-bottom:.25em;display:inline-block;line-height:0} +.image.left{margin-right:.625em} +.image.right{margin-left:.625em} +a.image{text-decoration:none;display:inline-block} +a.image object{pointer-events:none} +sup.footnote,sup.footnoteref{font-size:.875em;position:static;vertical-align:super} +sup.footnote a,sup.footnoteref a{text-decoration:none} +sup.footnote a:active,sup.footnoteref a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#footnotes{padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;margin-bottom:.625em} +#footnotes hr{width:20%;min-width:6.25em;margin:-.25em 0 .75em 0;border-width:1px 0 0 0} +#footnotes .footnote{padding:0 .375em 0 .225em;line-height:1.3334;font-size:.875em;margin-left:1.2em;text-indent:-1.05em;margin-bottom:.2em} +#footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type{font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none} +#footnotes .footnote:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0} +#content #footnotes{margin-top:-.625em;margin-bottom:0;padding:.75em 0} +.gist .file-data>table{border:0;background:#fff;width:100%;margin-bottom:0} +.gist .file-data>table td.line-data{width:99%} +div.unbreakable{page-break-inside:avoid} +.big{font-size:larger} +.small{font-size:smaller} +.underline{text-decoration:underline} +.overline{text-decoration:overline} +.line-through{text-decoration:line-through} +.aqua{color:#00bfbf} +.aqua-background{background-color:#00fafa} +.black{color:#000} +.black-background{background-color:#000} +.blue{color:#0000bf} +.blue-background{background-color:#0000fa} +.fuchsia{color:#bf00bf} +.fuchsia-background{background-color:#fa00fa} +.gray{color:#606060} +.gray-background{background-color:#7d7d7d} +.green{color:#006000} +.green-background{background-color:#007d00} +.lime{color:#00bf00} +.lime-background{background-color:#00fa00} +.maroon{color:#600000} +.maroon-background{background-color:#7d0000} +.navy{color:#000060} +.navy-background{background-color:#00007d} +.olive{color:#606000} +.olive-background{background-color:#7d7d00} +.purple{color:#600060} +.purple-background{background-color:#7d007d} +.red{color:#bf0000} +.red-background{background-color:#fa0000} +.silver{color:#909090} +.silver-background{background-color:#bcbcbc} +.teal{color:#006060} +.teal-background{background-color:#007d7d} +.white{color:#bfbfbf} +.white-background{background-color:#fafafa} +.yellow{color:#bfbf00} +.yellow-background{background-color:#fafa00} +span.icon>.fa{cursor:default} +a span.icon>.fa{cursor:inherit} +.admonitionblock td.icon [class^="fa icon-"]{font-size:2.5em;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.5);cursor:default} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-note:before{content:"\f05a";color:#19407c} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-tip:before{content:"\f0eb";text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(155,155,0,.8);color:#111} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-warning:before{content:"\f071";color:#bf6900} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-caution:before{content:"\f06d";color:#bf3400} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-important:before{content:"\f06a";color:#bf0000} +.conum[data-value]{display:inline-block;color:#fff!important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);-webkit-border-radius:100px;border-radius:100px;text-align:center;font-size:.75em;width:1.67em;height:1.67em;line-height:1.67em;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold} +.conum[data-value] *{color:#fff!important} +.conum[data-value]+b{display:none} +.conum[data-value]:after{content:attr(data-value)} +pre .conum[data-value]{position:relative;top:-.125em} +b.conum *{color:inherit!important} +.conum:not([data-value]):empty{display:none} +dt,th.tableblock,td.content,div.footnote{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +h1,h2,p,td.content,span.alt{letter-spacing:-.01em} +p strong,td.content strong,div.footnote strong{letter-spacing:-.005em} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content,span.alt{font-size:1.0625rem} +p{margin-bottom:1.25rem} +.sidebarblock p,.sidebarblock dt,.sidebarblock td.content,p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +.exampleblock>.content{background-color:#fffef7;border-color:#e0e0dc;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc;box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc} +.print-only{display:none!important} +@media print{@page{margin:1.25cm .75cm} +*{-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important} +a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important} +a.bare,a[href^="#"],a[href^="mailto:"]{text-decoration:none!important} +a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare):after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare):after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em} +abbr[title]:after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"} +pre,blockquote,tr,img,object,svg{page-break-inside:avoid} +thead{display:table-header-group} +svg{max-width:100%} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content{font-size:1em;orphans:3;widows:3} +h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid} +#toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8!important;padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1{padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1+.sect1{border:0!important} +#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} +body.book #header{text-align:center} +body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em 0} +body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important} +body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important} +body.book #header .details br{display:block} +body.book #header .details br+span:before{content:none!important} +body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important} +body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +#footer{background:none!important;padding:0 .9375em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)!important;font-size:.9em} +.hide-on-print{display:none!important} +.print-only{display:block!important} +.hide-for-print{display:none!important} +.show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} +</style> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.6.3/css/font-awesome.min.css"> +<style> +/* Stylesheet for CodeRay to match GitHub theme | MIT License | http://foundation.zurb.com */ +/*pre.CodeRay {background-color:#f7f7f8;}*/ +.CodeRay .line-numbers{border-right:1px solid #d8d8d8;padding:0 0.5em 0 .25em} +.CodeRay span.line-numbers{display:inline-block;margin-right:.5em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +.CodeRay .line-numbers strong{color:rgba(0,0,0,.4)} +table.CodeRay{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;margin-bottom:0;border:0;background:none} +table.CodeRay td{vertical-align: top;line-height:1.45} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers{text-align:right} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers>pre{padding:0;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +table.CodeRay td.code{padding:0 0 0 .5em} +table.CodeRay td.code>pre{padding:0} +.CodeRay .debug{color:#fff !important;background:#000080 !important} +.CodeRay .annotation{color:#007} +.CodeRay .attribute-name{color:#000080} +.CodeRay .attribute-value{color:#700} +.CodeRay .binary{color:#509} +.CodeRay .comment{color:#998;font-style:italic} +.CodeRay .char{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .content{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .delimiter{color:#039} +.CodeRay .class{color:#458;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .complex{color:#a08} +.CodeRay .constant,.CodeRay .predefined-constant{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .color{color:#099} +.CodeRay .class-variable{color:#369} +.CodeRay .decorator{color:#b0b} +.CodeRay .definition{color:#099} +.CodeRay .delimiter{color:#000} +.CodeRay .doc{color:#970} +.CodeRay .doctype{color:#34b} +.CodeRay .doc-string{color:#d42} +.CodeRay .escape{color:#666} +.CodeRay .entity{color:#800} +.CodeRay .error{color:#808} +.CodeRay .exception{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .filename{color:#099} +.CodeRay .function{color:#900;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .global-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .hex{color:#058} +.CodeRay .integer,.CodeRay .float{color:#099} +.CodeRay .include{color:#555} +.CodeRay .inline{color:#000} +.CodeRay .inline .inline{background:#ccc} +.CodeRay .inline .inline .inline{background:#bbb} +.CodeRay .inline .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .important{color:#555;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .interpreted{color:#b2b} +.CodeRay .instance-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .label{color:#970} +.CodeRay .local-variable{color:#963} +.CodeRay .octal{color:#40e} +.CodeRay .predefined{color:#369} +.CodeRay .preprocessor{color:#579} +.CodeRay .pseudo-class{color:#555} +.CodeRay .directive{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .type{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .predefined-type{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .reserved,.CodeRay .keyword {color:#000;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .key{color:#808} +.CodeRay .key .delimiter{color:#606} +.CodeRay .key .char{color:#80f} +.CodeRay .value{color:#088} +.CodeRay .regexp .delimiter{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .content{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .modifier{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .regexp .function{color:#404;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .string{color:#d20} +.CodeRay .string .string .string{background:#ffd0d0} +.CodeRay .string .content{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .symbol{color:#990073} +.CodeRay .symbol .content{color:#a60} +.CodeRay .symbol .delimiter{color:#630} +.CodeRay .tag{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .tag-special{color:#d70} +.CodeRay .variable{color:#036} +.CodeRay .insert{background:#afa} +.CodeRay .delete{background:#faa} +.CodeRay .change{color:#aaf;background:#007} +.CodeRay .head{color:#f8f;background:#505} +.CodeRay .insert .insert{color:#080} +.CodeRay .delete .delete{color:#800} +.CodeRay .change .change{color:#66f} +.CodeRay .head .head{color:#f4f} +</style> +</head> +<body class="article"> +<div id="header"> +<h1><a href="index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a></h1> +</div> +<div id="content"> +<div id="preamble"> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="admonitionblock note"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +This document is derived from an original post by Tim Dysinger. +However, the examples here are for <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +instead of <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nanomsg">nanomsg</a>. For the legacy +nanomsg version of this, see <a href="../index.html">Getting Started with 'nanomsg'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="sect1"> +<h2 id="_pub_sub_topics_broadcast">Pub/Sub (Topics & Broadcast)</h2> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="imageblock"> +<div class="content"> +<img src="../pubsub.png" alt="Topics & Broadcast"> +</div> +</div> +<div class="paragraph"> +<p>This pattern is used to allow a single broadcaster to publish messages +to many subscribers, which may choose to limit which messages they receive.</p> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">pubsub.c</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><stdlib.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><stdio.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><string.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><time.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><unistd.h></span> + +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/nng.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/protocol/pubsub0/pub.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/protocol/pubsub0/sub.h></span> + +<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> SERVER <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">server</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> CLIENT <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">client</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> + +<span class="directive">void</span> +fatal(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *func, <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv) +{ + fprintf(stderr, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">%s: %s</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, func, nng_strerror(rv)); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">char</span> * +date(<span class="directive">void</span>) +{ + time_t now = time(&now); + <span class="keyword">struct</span> tm *info = localtime(&now); + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *text = asctime(info); + text[strlen(text)-<span class="integer">1</span>] = <span class="char">'\0'</span>; <span class="comment">// remove '\n'</span> + <span class="keyword">return</span> (text); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +server(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_pub0_open(&sock)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_pub0_open</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_listen(sock, url, <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) < <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_listen</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">for</span> (;;) { + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *d = date(); + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE %s</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, d); + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_send(sock, d, strlen(d) + <span class="integer">1</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_send</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + sleep(<span class="integer">1</span>); + } +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +client(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *url, <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *name) +{ + nng_socket sock; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_sub0_open(&sock)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_sub0_open</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + + <span class="comment">// subscribe to everything (empty means all topics)</span> + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_setopt(sock, NNG_OPT_SUB_SUBSCRIBE, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_setopt</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_dial(sock, url, <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_dial</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">for</span> (;;) { + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *buf = <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>; + size_t sz; + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_recv</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">CLIENT (%s): RECEIVED %s</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, name, buf); <i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>(1)</b> + nng_free(buf, sz); + } +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +main(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">int</span> argc, <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> **argv) +{ + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((argc >= <span class="integer">2</span>) && (strcmp(SERVER, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>]) == <span class="integer">0</span>)) + <span class="keyword">return</span> (server(argv[<span class="integer">2</span>])); + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((argc >= <span class="integer">3</span>) && (strcmp(CLIENT, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>]) == <span class="integer">0</span>)) + <span class="keyword">return</span> (client (argv[<span class="integer">2</span>], argv[<span class="integer">3</span>])); + + fprintf(stderr, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">Usage: pubsub %s|%s <URL> <ARG> ...</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, + SERVER, CLIENT); + <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="integer">1</span>; +}</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="colist arabic"> +<table> +<tr> +<td><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>1</b></td> +<td>Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Compilation</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">gcc pubsub.c -lnng -o pubsub</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Execution</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">./pubsub server ipc:///tmp/pubsub.ipc & server=$! && sleep 1 +./pubsub client ipc:///tmp/pubsub.ipc client0 & client0=$! +./pubsub client ipc:///tmp/pubsub.ipc client1 & client1=$! +./pubsub client ipc:///tmp/pubsub.ipc client2 & client2=$! +sleep 5 +kill $server $client0 $client1 $client2</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Output</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre>SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE Tue Jan 9 08:21:31 2018 +SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE Tue Jan 9 08:21:32 2018 +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:32 2018 +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:32 2018 +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:32 2018 +SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE Tue Jan 9 08:21:33 2018 +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:33 2018 +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:33 2018 +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:33 2018 +SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE Tue Jan 9 08:21:34 2018 +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:34 2018 +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:34 2018 +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:34 2018 +SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE Tue Jan 9 08:21:35 2018 +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:35 2018 +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:35 2018 +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:35 2018 +SERVER: PUBLISHING DATE Tue Jan 9 08:21:36 2018 +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:36 2018 +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:36 2018 +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED Tue Jan 9 08:21:36 2018</pre> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer-text"> +Last updated 2018-01-09 19:42:00 UTC +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/gettingstarted/nng/pubsub2.html b/gettingstarted/nng/pubsub2.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d2321c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/gettingstarted/nng/pubsub2.html @@ -0,0 +1,602 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> +<meta charset="UTF-8"> +<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]--> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.6.1"> +<title>Getting Started with 'nng'</title> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"> +<style> +/* Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | http://asciidoctor.org */ +/* Remove comment around @import statement below when using as a custom stylesheet */ +/*@import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700";*/ +article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section,summary{display:block} +audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block} +audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0} +[hidden],template{display:none} +script{display:none!important} +html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%} +a{background:transparent} +a:focus{outline:thin dotted} +a:active,a:hover{outline:0} +h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0} +abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted} +b,strong{font-weight:bold} +dfn{font-style:italic} +hr{-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0} +mark{background:#ff0;color:#000} +code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em} +pre{white-space:pre-wrap} +q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"} +small{font-size:80%} +sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline} +sup{top:-.5em} +sub{bottom:-.25em} +img{border:0} +svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden} +figure{margin:0} +fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em} +legend{border:0;padding:0} +button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0} +button,input{line-height:normal} +button,select{text-transform:none} +button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer} +button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default} +input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0} +input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box} +input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none} +button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0} +textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top} +table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0} +*,*:before,*:after{-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box} +html,body{font-size:100%} +body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;tab-size:4;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased} +a:hover{cursor:pointer} +img,object,embed{max-width:100%;height:auto} +object,embed{height:100%} +img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic} +.left{float:left!important} +.right{float:right!important} +.text-left{text-align:left!important} +.text-right{text-align:right!important} +.text-center{text-align:center!important} +.text-justify{text-align:justify!important} +.hide{display:none} +img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle} +textarea{height:auto;min-height:50px} +select{width:100%} +.center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto} +.spread{width:100%} +p.lead,.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:1.21875em;line-height:1.6} +.subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em} +div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,p,blockquote,th,td{margin:0;padding:0;direction:ltr} +a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit} +a:hover,a:focus{color:#1d4b8f} +a img{border:none} +p{font-family:inherit;font-weight:400;font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +p aside{font-size:.875em;line-height:1.35;font-style:italic} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;color:#ba3925;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;line-height:1.0125em} +h1 small,h2 small,h3 small,#toctitle small,.sidebarblock>.content>.title small,h4 small,h5 small,h6 small{font-size:60%;color:#e99b8f;line-height:0} +h1{font-size:2.125em} +h2{font-size:1.6875em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.375em} +h4,h5{font-size:1.125em} +h6{font-size:1em} +hr{border:solid #ddddd8;border-width:1px 0 0;clear:both;margin:1.25em 0 1.1875em;height:0} +em,i{font-style:italic;line-height:inherit} +strong,b{font-weight:bold;line-height:inherit} +small{font-size:60%;line-height:inherit} +code{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +ul,ol,dl{font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;list-style-position:outside;font-family:inherit} +ul,ol{margin-left:1.5em} +ul li ul,ul li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em} +ul.square li ul,ul.circle li ul,ul.disc li ul{list-style:inherit} +ul.square{list-style-type:square} +ul.circle{list-style-type:circle} +ul.disc{list-style-type:disc} +ol li ul,ol li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0} +dl dt{margin-bottom:.3125em;font-weight:bold} +dl dd{margin-bottom:1.25em} +abbr,acronym{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:90%;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border-bottom:1px dotted #ddd;cursor:help} +abbr{text-transform:none} +blockquote{margin:0 0 1.25em;padding:.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em;border-left:1px solid #ddd} +blockquote cite{display:block;font-size:.9375em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote cite:before{content:"\2014 \0020"} +blockquote cite a,blockquote cite a:visited{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote,blockquote p{line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2} +h1{font-size:2.75em} +h2{font-size:2.3125em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.6875em} +h4{font-size:1.4375em}} +table{background:#fff;margin-bottom:1.25em;border:solid 1px #dedede} +table thead,table tfoot{background:#f7f8f7;font-weight:bold} +table thead tr th,table thead tr td,table tfoot tr th,table tfoot tr td{padding:.5em .625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);text-align:left} +table tr th,table tr td{padding:.5625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8)} +table tr.even,table tr.alt,table tr:nth-of-type(even){background:#f8f8f7} +table thead tr th,table tfoot tr th,table tbody tr td,table tr td,table tfoot tr td{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2;word-spacing:-.05em} +h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,#toctitle strong,.sidebarblock>.content>.title strong,h4 strong,h5 strong,h6 strong{font-weight:400} +.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after,.float-group:before,.float-group:after{content:" ";display:table} +.clearfix:after,.float-group:after{clear:both} +*:not(pre)>code{font-size:.9375em;font-style:normal!important;letter-spacing:0;padding:.1em .5ex;word-spacing:-.15em;background-color:#f7f7f8;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed;word-wrap:break-word} +*:not(pre)>code.nobreak{word-wrap:normal} +*:not(pre)>code.nowrap{white-space:nowrap} +pre,pre>code{line-height:1.45;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed} +em em{font-style:normal} +strong strong{font-weight:400} +.keyseq{color:rgba(51,51,51,.8)} +kbd{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;display:inline-block;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:.65em;line-height:1.45;background-color:#f7f7f7;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em white inset;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em #fff inset;margin:0 .15em;padding:.2em .5em;vertical-align:middle;position:relative;top:-.1em;white-space:nowrap} +.keyseq kbd:first-child{margin-left:0} +.keyseq kbd:last-child{margin-right:0} +.menuseq,.menuref{color:#000} +.menuseq b:not(.caret),.menuref{font-weight:inherit} +.menuseq{word-spacing:-.02em} +.menuseq b.caret{font-size:1.25em;line-height:.8} +.menuseq i.caret{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;width:.45em} +b.button:before,b.button:after{position:relative;top:-1px;font-weight:400} +b.button:before{content:"[";padding:0 3px 0 2px} +b.button:after{content:"]";padding:0 2px 0 3px} +p a>code:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;max-width:62.5em;*zoom:1;position:relative;padding-left:.9375em;padding-right:.9375em} +#header:before,#header:after,#content:before,#content:after,#footnotes:before,#footnotes:after,#footer:before,#footer:after{content:" ";display:table} +#header:after,#content:after,#footnotes:after,#footer:after{clear:both} +#content{margin-top:1.25em} +#content:before{content:none} +#header>h1:first-child{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);margin-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:0} +#header>h1:first-child+#toc{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid #ddddd8} +#header>h1:only-child,body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2){border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px} +#header .details{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;line-height:1.45;padding-top:.25em;padding-bottom:.25em;padding-left:.25em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap} +#header .details span:first-child{margin-left:-.125em} +#header .details span.email a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br{display:none} +#header .details br+span:before{content:"\00a0\2013\00a0"} +#header .details br+span.author:before{content:"\00a0\22c5\00a0";color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br+span#revremark:before{content:"\00a0|\00a0"} +#header #revnumber{text-transform:capitalize} +#header #revnumber:after{content:"\00a0"} +#content>h1:first-child:not([class]){color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #efefed;padding-bottom:.5em} +#toc>ul{margin-left:.125em} +#toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a{font-style:italic} +#toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{margin:.5em 0} +#toc ul{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;list-style-type:none} +#toc li{line-height:1.3334;margin-top:.3334em} +#toc a{text-decoration:none} +#toc a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#toctitle{color:#7a2518;font-size:1.2em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){#toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +body.toc2{padding-left:15em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{margin-top:0!important;background-color:#f8f8f7;position:fixed;width:15em;left:0;top:0;border-right:1px solid #efefed;border-top-width:0!important;border-bottom-width:0!important;z-index:1000;padding:1.25em 1em;height:100%;overflow:auto} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-size:1.2em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:0} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{margin-left:0;padding-left:1em} +#toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{padding-left:0;margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:15em} +body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2{border-right-width:0;border-left:1px solid #efefed;left:auto;right:0}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){body.toc2{padding-left:20em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{width:20em} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.95em} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{padding-left:1.25em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:20em}} +#content #toc{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +#content #toc>:first-child{margin-top:0} +#content #toc>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +#footer{max-width:100%;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:1.25em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8);line-height:1.44} +.sect1{padding-bottom:.625em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.sect1{padding-bottom:1.25em}} +.sect1+.sect1{border-top:1px solid #efefed} +#content h1>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor,#toctitle>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor{position:absolute;z-index:1001;width:1.5ex;margin-left:-1.5ex;display:block;text-decoration:none!important;visibility:hidden;text-align:center;font-weight:400} +#content h1>a.anchor:before,h2>a.anchor:before,h3>a.anchor:before,#toctitle>a.anchor:before,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:before,h4>a.anchor:before,h5>a.anchor:before,h6>a.anchor:before{content:"\00A7";font-size:.85em;display:block;padding-top:.1em} +#content h1:hover>a.anchor,#content h1>a.anchor:hover,h2:hover>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor:hover,h3:hover>a.anchor,#toctitle:hover>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor:hover,#toctitle>a.anchor:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover,h4:hover>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor:hover,h5:hover>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor:hover,h6:hover>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor:hover{visibility:visible} +#content h1>a.link,h2>a.link,h3>a.link,#toctitle>a.link,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link,h4>a.link,h5>a.link,h6>a.link{color:#ba3925;text-decoration:none} +#content h1>a.link:hover,h2>a.link:hover,h3>a.link:hover,#toctitle>a.link:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover,h4>a.link:hover,h5>a.link:hover,h6>a.link:hover{color:#a53221} +.audioblock,.imageblock,.literalblock,.listingblock,.stemblock,.videoblock{margin-bottom:1.25em} +.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-align:left;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic} +table.tableblock>caption.title{white-space:nowrap;overflow:visible;max-width:0} +.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +table.tableblock #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:inherit} +.admonitionblock>table{border-collapse:separate;border:0;background:none;width:100%} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon{text-align:center;width:80px} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon img{max-width:initial} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon .title{font-weight:bold;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase} +.admonitionblock>table td.content{padding-left:1.125em;padding-right:1.25em;border-left:1px solid #ddddd8;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.admonitionblock>table td.content>:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.exampleblock>.content{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e6e6e6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#fff;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.exampleblock>.content>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.sidebarblock>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.sidebarblock>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock>.content>.title{color:#7a2518;margin-top:0;text-align:center} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.literalblock pre,.listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.listingblock pre.CodeRay,.listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f7f7f8} +.sidebarblock .literalblock pre,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.CodeRay,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f2f1f1} +.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;word-wrap:break-word;padding:1em;font-size:.8125em} +.literalblock pre.nowrap,.literalblock pre[class].nowrap,.listingblock pre.nowrap,.listingblock pre[class].nowrap{overflow-x:auto;white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:.90625em}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:1em}} +.literalblock.output pre{color:#f7f7f8;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs{padding:0} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs>code{padding:1em;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.listingblock pre.prettyprint{border-width:0} +.listingblock>.content{position:relative} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:none;content:attr(data-lang);position:absolute;font-size:.75em;top:.425rem;right:.5rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:#999} +.listingblock:hover code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:before{content:attr(data-prompt);padding-right:.5em;color:#999} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt]):before{content:"$"} +table.pyhltable{border-collapse:separate;border:0;margin-bottom:0;background:none} +table.pyhltable td{vertical-align:top;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.45} +table.pyhltable td.code{padding-left:.75em;padding-right:0} +pre.pygments .lineno,table.pyhltable td:not(.code){color:#999;padding-left:0;padding-right:.5em;border-right:1px solid #ddddd8} +pre.pygments .lineno{display:inline-block;margin-right:.25em} +table.pyhltable .linenodiv{background:none!important;padding-right:0!important} +.quoteblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1.5em;display:table} +.quoteblock>.title{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-bottom:.75em} +.quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock blockquote p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.75;word-spacing:.1em;letter-spacing:0;font-style:italic;text-align:justify} +.quoteblock blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border:0} +.quoteblock blockquote:before{content:"\201c";float:left;font-size:2.75em;font-weight:bold;line-height:.6em;margin-left:-.6em;color:#7a2518;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)} +.quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p{margin-bottom:0} +.quoteblock .attribution{margin-top:.5em;margin-right:.5ex;text-align:right} +.quoteblock .quoteblock{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding:.5em 0;border-left:3px solid rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote{padding:0 0 0 .75em} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote:before{display:none} +.verseblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1em} +.verseblock pre{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans;font-size:1.15rem;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-weight:300;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +.verseblock pre strong{font-weight:400} +.verseblock .attribution{margin-top:1.25rem;margin-left:.5ex} +.quoteblock .attribution,.verseblock .attribution{font-size:.9375em;line-height:1.45;font-style:italic} +.quoteblock .attribution br,.verseblock .attribution br{display:none} +.quoteblock .attribution cite,.verseblock .attribution cite{display:block;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock.abstract{margin:0 0 1.25em 0;display:block} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p{text-align:left;word-spacing:0} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote:before,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p:first-of-type:before{display:none} +table.tableblock{max-width:100%;border-collapse:separate} +table.tableblock td>.paragraph:last-child p>p:last-child,table.tableblock th>p:last-child,table.tableblock td>p:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +table.tableblock,th.tableblock,td.tableblock{border:0 solid #dedede} +table.grid-all>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-all>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 1px 0} +table.grid-all>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 1px 0 0} +table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 0 0} +table.grid-rows>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 0 1px 0} +table.grid-rows>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 0 0 0} +table.grid-all>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child,table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child{border-right-width:0} +table.grid-all>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-all>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock{border-bottom-width:0} +table.frame-all{border-width:1px} +table.frame-sides{border-width:0 1px} +table.frame-topbot{border-width:1px 0} +th.halign-left,td.halign-left{text-align:left} +th.halign-right,td.halign-right{text-align:right} +th.halign-center,td.halign-center{text-align:center} +th.valign-top,td.valign-top{vertical-align:top} +th.valign-bottom,td.valign-bottom{vertical-align:bottom} +th.valign-middle,td.valign-middle{vertical-align:middle} +table thead th,table tfoot th{font-weight:bold} +tbody tr th{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6;background:#f7f8f7} +tbody tr th,tbody tr th p,tfoot tr th,tfoot tr th p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-weight:bold} +p.tableblock>code:only-child{background:none;padding:0} +p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +td>div.verse{white-space:pre} +ol{margin-left:1.75em} +ul li ol{margin-left:1.5em} +dl dd{margin-left:1.125em} +dl dd:last-child,dl dd:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +ol>li p,ul>li p,ul dd,ol dd,.olist .olist,.ulist .ulist,.ulist .olist,.olist .ulist{margin-bottom:.625em} +ul.checklist,ul.none,ol.none,ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered,ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{list-style-type:none} +ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered{margin-left:.625em} +ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{margin-left:0} +ul.checklist{margin-left:.625em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child,ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child{width:1.25em;font-size:.8em;position:relative;bottom:.125em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>input[type="checkbox"]:first-child{margin-right:.25em} +ul.inline{margin:0 auto .625em auto;margin-left:-1.375em;margin-right:0;padding:0;list-style:none;overflow:hidden} +ul.inline>li{list-style:none;float:left;margin-left:1.375em;display:block} +ul.inline>li>*{display:block} +.unstyled dl dt{font-weight:400;font-style:normal} +ol.arabic{list-style-type:decimal} +ol.decimal{list-style-type:decimal-leading-zero} +ol.loweralpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha} +ol.upperalpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha} +ol.lowerroman{list-style-type:lower-roman} +ol.upperroman{list-style-type:upper-roman} +ol.lowergreek{list-style-type:lower-greek} +.hdlist>table,.colist>table{border:0;background:none} +.hdlist>table>tbody>tr,.colist>table>tbody>tr{background:none} +td.hdlist1,td.hdlist2{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .625em} +td.hdlist1{font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:1.25em} +.literalblock+.colist,.listingblock+.colist{margin-top:-.5em} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type{padding:.4em .75em 0 .75em;line-height:1;vertical-align:top} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type img{max-width:initial} +.colist>table tr>td:last-of-type{padding:.25em 0} +.thumb,.th{line-height:0;display:inline-block;border:solid 4px #fff;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd} +.imageblock.left,.imageblock[style*="float: left"]{margin:.25em .625em 1.25em 0} +.imageblock.right,.imageblock[style*="float: right"]{margin:.25em 0 1.25em .625em} +.imageblock>.title{margin-bottom:0} +.imageblock.thumb,.imageblock.th{border-width:6px} +.imageblock.thumb>.title,.imageblock.th>.title{padding:0 .125em} +.image.left,.image.right{margin-top:.25em;margin-bottom:.25em;display:inline-block;line-height:0} +.image.left{margin-right:.625em} +.image.right{margin-left:.625em} +a.image{text-decoration:none;display:inline-block} +a.image object{pointer-events:none} +sup.footnote,sup.footnoteref{font-size:.875em;position:static;vertical-align:super} +sup.footnote a,sup.footnoteref a{text-decoration:none} +sup.footnote a:active,sup.footnoteref a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#footnotes{padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;margin-bottom:.625em} +#footnotes hr{width:20%;min-width:6.25em;margin:-.25em 0 .75em 0;border-width:1px 0 0 0} +#footnotes .footnote{padding:0 .375em 0 .225em;line-height:1.3334;font-size:.875em;margin-left:1.2em;text-indent:-1.05em;margin-bottom:.2em} +#footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type{font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none} +#footnotes .footnote:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0} +#content #footnotes{margin-top:-.625em;margin-bottom:0;padding:.75em 0} +.gist .file-data>table{border:0;background:#fff;width:100%;margin-bottom:0} +.gist .file-data>table td.line-data{width:99%} +div.unbreakable{page-break-inside:avoid} +.big{font-size:larger} +.small{font-size:smaller} +.underline{text-decoration:underline} +.overline{text-decoration:overline} +.line-through{text-decoration:line-through} +.aqua{color:#00bfbf} +.aqua-background{background-color:#00fafa} +.black{color:#000} +.black-background{background-color:#000} +.blue{color:#0000bf} +.blue-background{background-color:#0000fa} +.fuchsia{color:#bf00bf} +.fuchsia-background{background-color:#fa00fa} +.gray{color:#606060} +.gray-background{background-color:#7d7d7d} +.green{color:#006000} +.green-background{background-color:#007d00} +.lime{color:#00bf00} +.lime-background{background-color:#00fa00} +.maroon{color:#600000} +.maroon-background{background-color:#7d0000} +.navy{color:#000060} +.navy-background{background-color:#00007d} +.olive{color:#606000} +.olive-background{background-color:#7d7d00} +.purple{color:#600060} +.purple-background{background-color:#7d007d} +.red{color:#bf0000} +.red-background{background-color:#fa0000} +.silver{color:#909090} +.silver-background{background-color:#bcbcbc} +.teal{color:#006060} +.teal-background{background-color:#007d7d} +.white{color:#bfbfbf} +.white-background{background-color:#fafafa} +.yellow{color:#bfbf00} +.yellow-background{background-color:#fafa00} +span.icon>.fa{cursor:default} +a span.icon>.fa{cursor:inherit} +.admonitionblock td.icon [class^="fa icon-"]{font-size:2.5em;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.5);cursor:default} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-note:before{content:"\f05a";color:#19407c} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-tip:before{content:"\f0eb";text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(155,155,0,.8);color:#111} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-warning:before{content:"\f071";color:#bf6900} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-caution:before{content:"\f06d";color:#bf3400} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-important:before{content:"\f06a";color:#bf0000} +.conum[data-value]{display:inline-block;color:#fff!important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);-webkit-border-radius:100px;border-radius:100px;text-align:center;font-size:.75em;width:1.67em;height:1.67em;line-height:1.67em;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold} +.conum[data-value] *{color:#fff!important} +.conum[data-value]+b{display:none} +.conum[data-value]:after{content:attr(data-value)} +pre .conum[data-value]{position:relative;top:-.125em} +b.conum *{color:inherit!important} +.conum:not([data-value]):empty{display:none} +dt,th.tableblock,td.content,div.footnote{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +h1,h2,p,td.content,span.alt{letter-spacing:-.01em} +p strong,td.content strong,div.footnote strong{letter-spacing:-.005em} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content,span.alt{font-size:1.0625rem} +p{margin-bottom:1.25rem} +.sidebarblock p,.sidebarblock dt,.sidebarblock td.content,p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +.exampleblock>.content{background-color:#fffef7;border-color:#e0e0dc;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc;box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc} +.print-only{display:none!important} +@media print{@page{margin:1.25cm .75cm} +*{-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important} +a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important} +a.bare,a[href^="#"],a[href^="mailto:"]{text-decoration:none!important} +a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare):after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare):after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em} +abbr[title]:after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"} +pre,blockquote,tr,img,object,svg{page-break-inside:avoid} +thead{display:table-header-group} +svg{max-width:100%} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content{font-size:1em;orphans:3;widows:3} +h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid} +#toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8!important;padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1{padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1+.sect1{border:0!important} +#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} +body.book #header{text-align:center} +body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em 0} +body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important} +body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important} +body.book #header .details br{display:block} +body.book #header .details br+span:before{content:none!important} +body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important} +body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +#footer{background:none!important;padding:0 .9375em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)!important;font-size:.9em} +.hide-on-print{display:none!important} +.print-only{display:block!important} +.hide-for-print{display:none!important} +.show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} +</style> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.6.3/css/font-awesome.min.css"> +<style> +/* Stylesheet for CodeRay to match GitHub theme | MIT License | http://foundation.zurb.com */ +/*pre.CodeRay {background-color:#f7f7f8;}*/ +.CodeRay .line-numbers{border-right:1px solid #d8d8d8;padding:0 0.5em 0 .25em} +.CodeRay span.line-numbers{display:inline-block;margin-right:.5em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +.CodeRay .line-numbers strong{color:rgba(0,0,0,.4)} +table.CodeRay{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;margin-bottom:0;border:0;background:none} +table.CodeRay td{vertical-align: top;line-height:1.45} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers{text-align:right} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers>pre{padding:0;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +table.CodeRay td.code{padding:0 0 0 .5em} +table.CodeRay td.code>pre{padding:0} +.CodeRay .debug{color:#fff !important;background:#000080 !important} +.CodeRay .annotation{color:#007} +.CodeRay .attribute-name{color:#000080} +.CodeRay .attribute-value{color:#700} +.CodeRay .binary{color:#509} +.CodeRay .comment{color:#998;font-style:italic} +.CodeRay .char{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .content{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .delimiter{color:#039} +.CodeRay .class{color:#458;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .complex{color:#a08} +.CodeRay .constant,.CodeRay .predefined-constant{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .color{color:#099} +.CodeRay .class-variable{color:#369} +.CodeRay .decorator{color:#b0b} +.CodeRay .definition{color:#099} +.CodeRay .delimiter{color:#000} +.CodeRay .doc{color:#970} +.CodeRay .doctype{color:#34b} +.CodeRay .doc-string{color:#d42} +.CodeRay .escape{color:#666} +.CodeRay .entity{color:#800} +.CodeRay .error{color:#808} +.CodeRay .exception{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .filename{color:#099} +.CodeRay .function{color:#900;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .global-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .hex{color:#058} +.CodeRay .integer,.CodeRay .float{color:#099} +.CodeRay .include{color:#555} +.CodeRay .inline{color:#000} +.CodeRay .inline .inline{background:#ccc} +.CodeRay .inline .inline .inline{background:#bbb} +.CodeRay .inline .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .important{color:#555;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .interpreted{color:#b2b} +.CodeRay .instance-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .label{color:#970} +.CodeRay .local-variable{color:#963} +.CodeRay .octal{color:#40e} +.CodeRay .predefined{color:#369} +.CodeRay .preprocessor{color:#579} +.CodeRay .pseudo-class{color:#555} +.CodeRay .directive{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .type{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .predefined-type{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .reserved,.CodeRay .keyword {color:#000;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .key{color:#808} +.CodeRay .key .delimiter{color:#606} +.CodeRay .key .char{color:#80f} +.CodeRay .value{color:#088} +.CodeRay .regexp .delimiter{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .content{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .modifier{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .regexp .function{color:#404;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .string{color:#d20} +.CodeRay .string .string .string{background:#ffd0d0} +.CodeRay .string .content{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .symbol{color:#990073} +.CodeRay .symbol .content{color:#a60} +.CodeRay .symbol .delimiter{color:#630} +.CodeRay .tag{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .tag-special{color:#d70} +.CodeRay .variable{color:#036} +.CodeRay .insert{background:#afa} +.CodeRay .delete{background:#faa} +.CodeRay .change{color:#aaf;background:#007} +.CodeRay .head{color:#f8f;background:#505} +.CodeRay .insert .insert{color:#080} +.CodeRay .delete .delete{color:#800} +.CodeRay .change .change{color:#66f} +.CodeRay .head .head{color:#f4f} +</style> +</head> +<body class="article"> +<div id="header"> +<h1><a href="index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a></h1> +</div> +<div id="content"> +<div id="preamble"> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="admonitionblock note"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +This document is derived from an original post by Tim Dysinger. +However, the examples here are for <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +instead of <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nanomsg">nanomsg</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="paragraph"> +<p></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="sect1"> +<h2 id="_pub_sub_topics_broadcast">Pub/Sub (Topics & Broadcast)</h2> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="imageblock"> +<div class="content"> +<img src="../pubsub.png" alt="Topics & Broadcast"> +</div> +</div> +<div class="paragraph"> +<p>This pattern is used to allow a single broadcaster to publish messages +to many subscribers, which may choose to limit which messages they receive.</p> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">pubsub.c</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c">Unresolved directive in /Users/garrett/Projects/nanomsg-pages/_adoc/gettingstarted/tmpl/pubsub.adoc - include::src/pubsub.c[]</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="colist arabic"> +<table> +<tr> +<td><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>1</b></td> +<td>Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Compilation</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">Unresolved directive in /Users/garrett/Projects/nanomsg-pages/_adoc/gettingstarted/tmpl/pubsub.adoc - include::compile.adoc[]</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Execution</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">Unresolved directive in /Users/garrett/Projects/nanomsg-pages/_adoc/gettingstarted/tmpl/pubsub.adoc - include::src/pubsub.sh[]</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Output</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre>Unresolved directive in /Users/garrett/Projects/nanomsg-pages/_adoc/gettingstarted/tmpl/pubsub.adoc - include::src/pubsub.out[]</pre> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer-text"> +Last updated 2018-01-09 16:56:19 UTC +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/gettingstarted/nng/reqrep.html b/gettingstarted/nng/reqrep.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0d63ff5 --- /dev/null +++ b/gettingstarted/nng/reqrep.html @@ -0,0 +1,706 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> +<meta charset="UTF-8"> +<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]--> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.6.1"> +<title>Getting Started with 'nng'</title> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"> +<style> +/* Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | http://asciidoctor.org */ +/* Remove comment around @import statement below when using as a custom stylesheet */ +/*@import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700";*/ +article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section,summary{display:block} +audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block} +audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0} +[hidden],template{display:none} +script{display:none!important} +html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%} +a{background:transparent} +a:focus{outline:thin dotted} +a:active,a:hover{outline:0} +h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0} +abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted} +b,strong{font-weight:bold} +dfn{font-style:italic} +hr{-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0} +mark{background:#ff0;color:#000} +code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em} +pre{white-space:pre-wrap} +q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"} +small{font-size:80%} +sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline} +sup{top:-.5em} +sub{bottom:-.25em} +img{border:0} +svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden} +figure{margin:0} +fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em} +legend{border:0;padding:0} +button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0} +button,input{line-height:normal} +button,select{text-transform:none} +button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer} +button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default} +input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0} +input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box} +input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none} +button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0} +textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top} +table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0} +*,*:before,*:after{-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box} +html,body{font-size:100%} +body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;tab-size:4;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased} +a:hover{cursor:pointer} +img,object,embed{max-width:100%;height:auto} +object,embed{height:100%} +img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic} +.left{float:left!important} +.right{float:right!important} +.text-left{text-align:left!important} +.text-right{text-align:right!important} +.text-center{text-align:center!important} +.text-justify{text-align:justify!important} +.hide{display:none} +img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle} +textarea{height:auto;min-height:50px} +select{width:100%} +.center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto} +.spread{width:100%} +p.lead,.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:1.21875em;line-height:1.6} +.subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em} +div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,p,blockquote,th,td{margin:0;padding:0;direction:ltr} +a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit} +a:hover,a:focus{color:#1d4b8f} +a img{border:none} +p{font-family:inherit;font-weight:400;font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +p aside{font-size:.875em;line-height:1.35;font-style:italic} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;color:#ba3925;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;line-height:1.0125em} +h1 small,h2 small,h3 small,#toctitle small,.sidebarblock>.content>.title small,h4 small,h5 small,h6 small{font-size:60%;color:#e99b8f;line-height:0} +h1{font-size:2.125em} +h2{font-size:1.6875em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.375em} +h4,h5{font-size:1.125em} +h6{font-size:1em} +hr{border:solid #ddddd8;border-width:1px 0 0;clear:both;margin:1.25em 0 1.1875em;height:0} +em,i{font-style:italic;line-height:inherit} +strong,b{font-weight:bold;line-height:inherit} +small{font-size:60%;line-height:inherit} +code{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +ul,ol,dl{font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;list-style-position:outside;font-family:inherit} +ul,ol{margin-left:1.5em} +ul li ul,ul li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em} +ul.square li ul,ul.circle li ul,ul.disc li ul{list-style:inherit} +ul.square{list-style-type:square} +ul.circle{list-style-type:circle} +ul.disc{list-style-type:disc} +ol li ul,ol li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0} +dl dt{margin-bottom:.3125em;font-weight:bold} +dl dd{margin-bottom:1.25em} +abbr,acronym{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:90%;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border-bottom:1px dotted #ddd;cursor:help} +abbr{text-transform:none} +blockquote{margin:0 0 1.25em;padding:.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em;border-left:1px solid #ddd} +blockquote cite{display:block;font-size:.9375em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote cite:before{content:"\2014 \0020"} +blockquote cite a,blockquote cite a:visited{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote,blockquote p{line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2} +h1{font-size:2.75em} +h2{font-size:2.3125em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.6875em} +h4{font-size:1.4375em}} +table{background:#fff;margin-bottom:1.25em;border:solid 1px #dedede} +table thead,table tfoot{background:#f7f8f7;font-weight:bold} +table thead tr th,table thead tr td,table tfoot tr th,table tfoot tr td{padding:.5em .625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);text-align:left} +table tr th,table tr td{padding:.5625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8)} +table tr.even,table tr.alt,table tr:nth-of-type(even){background:#f8f8f7} +table thead tr th,table tfoot tr th,table tbody tr td,table tr td,table tfoot tr td{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2;word-spacing:-.05em} +h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,#toctitle strong,.sidebarblock>.content>.title strong,h4 strong,h5 strong,h6 strong{font-weight:400} +.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after,.float-group:before,.float-group:after{content:" ";display:table} +.clearfix:after,.float-group:after{clear:both} +*:not(pre)>code{font-size:.9375em;font-style:normal!important;letter-spacing:0;padding:.1em .5ex;word-spacing:-.15em;background-color:#f7f7f8;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed;word-wrap:break-word} +*:not(pre)>code.nobreak{word-wrap:normal} +*:not(pre)>code.nowrap{white-space:nowrap} +pre,pre>code{line-height:1.45;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed} +em em{font-style:normal} +strong strong{font-weight:400} +.keyseq{color:rgba(51,51,51,.8)} +kbd{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;display:inline-block;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:.65em;line-height:1.45;background-color:#f7f7f7;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em white inset;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em #fff inset;margin:0 .15em;padding:.2em .5em;vertical-align:middle;position:relative;top:-.1em;white-space:nowrap} +.keyseq kbd:first-child{margin-left:0} +.keyseq kbd:last-child{margin-right:0} +.menuseq,.menuref{color:#000} +.menuseq b:not(.caret),.menuref{font-weight:inherit} +.menuseq{word-spacing:-.02em} +.menuseq b.caret{font-size:1.25em;line-height:.8} +.menuseq i.caret{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;width:.45em} +b.button:before,b.button:after{position:relative;top:-1px;font-weight:400} +b.button:before{content:"[";padding:0 3px 0 2px} +b.button:after{content:"]";padding:0 2px 0 3px} +p a>code:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;max-width:62.5em;*zoom:1;position:relative;padding-left:.9375em;padding-right:.9375em} +#header:before,#header:after,#content:before,#content:after,#footnotes:before,#footnotes:after,#footer:before,#footer:after{content:" ";display:table} +#header:after,#content:after,#footnotes:after,#footer:after{clear:both} +#content{margin-top:1.25em} +#content:before{content:none} +#header>h1:first-child{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);margin-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:0} +#header>h1:first-child+#toc{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid #ddddd8} +#header>h1:only-child,body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2){border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px} +#header .details{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;line-height:1.45;padding-top:.25em;padding-bottom:.25em;padding-left:.25em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap} +#header .details span:first-child{margin-left:-.125em} +#header .details span.email a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br{display:none} +#header .details br+span:before{content:"\00a0\2013\00a0"} +#header .details br+span.author:before{content:"\00a0\22c5\00a0";color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br+span#revremark:before{content:"\00a0|\00a0"} +#header #revnumber{text-transform:capitalize} +#header #revnumber:after{content:"\00a0"} +#content>h1:first-child:not([class]){color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #efefed;padding-bottom:.5em} +#toc>ul{margin-left:.125em} +#toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a{font-style:italic} +#toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{margin:.5em 0} +#toc ul{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;list-style-type:none} +#toc li{line-height:1.3334;margin-top:.3334em} +#toc a{text-decoration:none} +#toc a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#toctitle{color:#7a2518;font-size:1.2em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){#toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +body.toc2{padding-left:15em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{margin-top:0!important;background-color:#f8f8f7;position:fixed;width:15em;left:0;top:0;border-right:1px solid #efefed;border-top-width:0!important;border-bottom-width:0!important;z-index:1000;padding:1.25em 1em;height:100%;overflow:auto} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-size:1.2em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:0} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{margin-left:0;padding-left:1em} +#toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{padding-left:0;margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:15em} +body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2{border-right-width:0;border-left:1px solid #efefed;left:auto;right:0}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){body.toc2{padding-left:20em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{width:20em} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.95em} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{padding-left:1.25em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:20em}} +#content #toc{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +#content #toc>:first-child{margin-top:0} +#content #toc>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +#footer{max-width:100%;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:1.25em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8);line-height:1.44} +.sect1{padding-bottom:.625em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.sect1{padding-bottom:1.25em}} +.sect1+.sect1{border-top:1px solid #efefed} +#content h1>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor,#toctitle>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor{position:absolute;z-index:1001;width:1.5ex;margin-left:-1.5ex;display:block;text-decoration:none!important;visibility:hidden;text-align:center;font-weight:400} +#content h1>a.anchor:before,h2>a.anchor:before,h3>a.anchor:before,#toctitle>a.anchor:before,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:before,h4>a.anchor:before,h5>a.anchor:before,h6>a.anchor:before{content:"\00A7";font-size:.85em;display:block;padding-top:.1em} +#content h1:hover>a.anchor,#content h1>a.anchor:hover,h2:hover>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor:hover,h3:hover>a.anchor,#toctitle:hover>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor:hover,#toctitle>a.anchor:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover,h4:hover>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor:hover,h5:hover>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor:hover,h6:hover>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor:hover{visibility:visible} +#content h1>a.link,h2>a.link,h3>a.link,#toctitle>a.link,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link,h4>a.link,h5>a.link,h6>a.link{color:#ba3925;text-decoration:none} +#content h1>a.link:hover,h2>a.link:hover,h3>a.link:hover,#toctitle>a.link:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover,h4>a.link:hover,h5>a.link:hover,h6>a.link:hover{color:#a53221} +.audioblock,.imageblock,.literalblock,.listingblock,.stemblock,.videoblock{margin-bottom:1.25em} +.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-align:left;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic} +table.tableblock>caption.title{white-space:nowrap;overflow:visible;max-width:0} +.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +table.tableblock #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:inherit} +.admonitionblock>table{border-collapse:separate;border:0;background:none;width:100%} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon{text-align:center;width:80px} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon img{max-width:initial} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon .title{font-weight:bold;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase} +.admonitionblock>table td.content{padding-left:1.125em;padding-right:1.25em;border-left:1px solid #ddddd8;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.admonitionblock>table td.content>:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.exampleblock>.content{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e6e6e6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#fff;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.exampleblock>.content>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.sidebarblock>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.sidebarblock>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock>.content>.title{color:#7a2518;margin-top:0;text-align:center} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.literalblock pre,.listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.listingblock pre.CodeRay,.listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f7f7f8} +.sidebarblock .literalblock pre,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.CodeRay,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f2f1f1} +.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;word-wrap:break-word;padding:1em;font-size:.8125em} +.literalblock pre.nowrap,.literalblock pre[class].nowrap,.listingblock pre.nowrap,.listingblock pre[class].nowrap{overflow-x:auto;white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:.90625em}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:1em}} +.literalblock.output pre{color:#f7f7f8;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs{padding:0} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs>code{padding:1em;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.listingblock pre.prettyprint{border-width:0} +.listingblock>.content{position:relative} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:none;content:attr(data-lang);position:absolute;font-size:.75em;top:.425rem;right:.5rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:#999} +.listingblock:hover code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:before{content:attr(data-prompt);padding-right:.5em;color:#999} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt]):before{content:"$"} +table.pyhltable{border-collapse:separate;border:0;margin-bottom:0;background:none} +table.pyhltable td{vertical-align:top;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.45} +table.pyhltable td.code{padding-left:.75em;padding-right:0} +pre.pygments .lineno,table.pyhltable td:not(.code){color:#999;padding-left:0;padding-right:.5em;border-right:1px solid #ddddd8} +pre.pygments .lineno{display:inline-block;margin-right:.25em} +table.pyhltable .linenodiv{background:none!important;padding-right:0!important} +.quoteblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1.5em;display:table} +.quoteblock>.title{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-bottom:.75em} +.quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock blockquote p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.75;word-spacing:.1em;letter-spacing:0;font-style:italic;text-align:justify} +.quoteblock blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border:0} +.quoteblock blockquote:before{content:"\201c";float:left;font-size:2.75em;font-weight:bold;line-height:.6em;margin-left:-.6em;color:#7a2518;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)} +.quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p{margin-bottom:0} +.quoteblock .attribution{margin-top:.5em;margin-right:.5ex;text-align:right} +.quoteblock .quoteblock{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding:.5em 0;border-left:3px solid rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote{padding:0 0 0 .75em} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote:before{display:none} +.verseblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1em} +.verseblock pre{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans;font-size:1.15rem;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-weight:300;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +.verseblock pre strong{font-weight:400} +.verseblock .attribution{margin-top:1.25rem;margin-left:.5ex} +.quoteblock .attribution,.verseblock .attribution{font-size:.9375em;line-height:1.45;font-style:italic} +.quoteblock .attribution br,.verseblock .attribution br{display:none} +.quoteblock .attribution cite,.verseblock .attribution cite{display:block;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock.abstract{margin:0 0 1.25em 0;display:block} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p{text-align:left;word-spacing:0} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote:before,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p:first-of-type:before{display:none} +table.tableblock{max-width:100%;border-collapse:separate} +table.tableblock td>.paragraph:last-child p>p:last-child,table.tableblock th>p:last-child,table.tableblock td>p:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +table.tableblock,th.tableblock,td.tableblock{border:0 solid #dedede} +table.grid-all>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-all>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 1px 0} +table.grid-all>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 1px 0 0} +table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 0 0} +table.grid-rows>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 0 1px 0} +table.grid-rows>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 0 0 0} +table.grid-all>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child,table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child{border-right-width:0} +table.grid-all>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-all>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock{border-bottom-width:0} +table.frame-all{border-width:1px} +table.frame-sides{border-width:0 1px} +table.frame-topbot{border-width:1px 0} +th.halign-left,td.halign-left{text-align:left} +th.halign-right,td.halign-right{text-align:right} +th.halign-center,td.halign-center{text-align:center} +th.valign-top,td.valign-top{vertical-align:top} +th.valign-bottom,td.valign-bottom{vertical-align:bottom} +th.valign-middle,td.valign-middle{vertical-align:middle} +table thead th,table tfoot th{font-weight:bold} +tbody tr th{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6;background:#f7f8f7} +tbody tr th,tbody tr th p,tfoot tr th,tfoot tr th p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-weight:bold} +p.tableblock>code:only-child{background:none;padding:0} +p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +td>div.verse{white-space:pre} +ol{margin-left:1.75em} +ul li ol{margin-left:1.5em} +dl dd{margin-left:1.125em} +dl dd:last-child,dl dd:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +ol>li p,ul>li p,ul dd,ol dd,.olist .olist,.ulist .ulist,.ulist .olist,.olist .ulist{margin-bottom:.625em} +ul.checklist,ul.none,ol.none,ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered,ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{list-style-type:none} +ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered{margin-left:.625em} +ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{margin-left:0} +ul.checklist{margin-left:.625em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child,ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child{width:1.25em;font-size:.8em;position:relative;bottom:.125em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>input[type="checkbox"]:first-child{margin-right:.25em} +ul.inline{margin:0 auto .625em auto;margin-left:-1.375em;margin-right:0;padding:0;list-style:none;overflow:hidden} +ul.inline>li{list-style:none;float:left;margin-left:1.375em;display:block} +ul.inline>li>*{display:block} +.unstyled dl dt{font-weight:400;font-style:normal} +ol.arabic{list-style-type:decimal} +ol.decimal{list-style-type:decimal-leading-zero} +ol.loweralpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha} +ol.upperalpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha} +ol.lowerroman{list-style-type:lower-roman} +ol.upperroman{list-style-type:upper-roman} +ol.lowergreek{list-style-type:lower-greek} +.hdlist>table,.colist>table{border:0;background:none} +.hdlist>table>tbody>tr,.colist>table>tbody>tr{background:none} +td.hdlist1,td.hdlist2{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .625em} +td.hdlist1{font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:1.25em} +.literalblock+.colist,.listingblock+.colist{margin-top:-.5em} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type{padding:.4em .75em 0 .75em;line-height:1;vertical-align:top} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type img{max-width:initial} +.colist>table tr>td:last-of-type{padding:.25em 0} +.thumb,.th{line-height:0;display:inline-block;border:solid 4px #fff;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd} +.imageblock.left,.imageblock[style*="float: left"]{margin:.25em .625em 1.25em 0} +.imageblock.right,.imageblock[style*="float: right"]{margin:.25em 0 1.25em .625em} +.imageblock>.title{margin-bottom:0} +.imageblock.thumb,.imageblock.th{border-width:6px} +.imageblock.thumb>.title,.imageblock.th>.title{padding:0 .125em} +.image.left,.image.right{margin-top:.25em;margin-bottom:.25em;display:inline-block;line-height:0} +.image.left{margin-right:.625em} +.image.right{margin-left:.625em} +a.image{text-decoration:none;display:inline-block} +a.image object{pointer-events:none} +sup.footnote,sup.footnoteref{font-size:.875em;position:static;vertical-align:super} +sup.footnote a,sup.footnoteref a{text-decoration:none} +sup.footnote a:active,sup.footnoteref a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#footnotes{padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;margin-bottom:.625em} +#footnotes hr{width:20%;min-width:6.25em;margin:-.25em 0 .75em 0;border-width:1px 0 0 0} +#footnotes .footnote{padding:0 .375em 0 .225em;line-height:1.3334;font-size:.875em;margin-left:1.2em;text-indent:-1.05em;margin-bottom:.2em} +#footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type{font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none} +#footnotes .footnote:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0} +#content #footnotes{margin-top:-.625em;margin-bottom:0;padding:.75em 0} +.gist .file-data>table{border:0;background:#fff;width:100%;margin-bottom:0} +.gist .file-data>table td.line-data{width:99%} +div.unbreakable{page-break-inside:avoid} +.big{font-size:larger} +.small{font-size:smaller} +.underline{text-decoration:underline} +.overline{text-decoration:overline} +.line-through{text-decoration:line-through} +.aqua{color:#00bfbf} +.aqua-background{background-color:#00fafa} +.black{color:#000} +.black-background{background-color:#000} +.blue{color:#0000bf} +.blue-background{background-color:#0000fa} +.fuchsia{color:#bf00bf} +.fuchsia-background{background-color:#fa00fa} +.gray{color:#606060} +.gray-background{background-color:#7d7d7d} +.green{color:#006000} +.green-background{background-color:#007d00} +.lime{color:#00bf00} +.lime-background{background-color:#00fa00} +.maroon{color:#600000} +.maroon-background{background-color:#7d0000} +.navy{color:#000060} +.navy-background{background-color:#00007d} +.olive{color:#606000} +.olive-background{background-color:#7d7d00} +.purple{color:#600060} +.purple-background{background-color:#7d007d} +.red{color:#bf0000} +.red-background{background-color:#fa0000} +.silver{color:#909090} +.silver-background{background-color:#bcbcbc} +.teal{color:#006060} +.teal-background{background-color:#007d7d} +.white{color:#bfbfbf} +.white-background{background-color:#fafafa} +.yellow{color:#bfbf00} +.yellow-background{background-color:#fafa00} +span.icon>.fa{cursor:default} +a span.icon>.fa{cursor:inherit} +.admonitionblock td.icon [class^="fa icon-"]{font-size:2.5em;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.5);cursor:default} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-note:before{content:"\f05a";color:#19407c} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-tip:before{content:"\f0eb";text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(155,155,0,.8);color:#111} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-warning:before{content:"\f071";color:#bf6900} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-caution:before{content:"\f06d";color:#bf3400} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-important:before{content:"\f06a";color:#bf0000} +.conum[data-value]{display:inline-block;color:#fff!important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);-webkit-border-radius:100px;border-radius:100px;text-align:center;font-size:.75em;width:1.67em;height:1.67em;line-height:1.67em;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold} +.conum[data-value] *{color:#fff!important} +.conum[data-value]+b{display:none} +.conum[data-value]:after{content:attr(data-value)} +pre .conum[data-value]{position:relative;top:-.125em} +b.conum *{color:inherit!important} +.conum:not([data-value]):empty{display:none} +dt,th.tableblock,td.content,div.footnote{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +h1,h2,p,td.content,span.alt{letter-spacing:-.01em} +p strong,td.content strong,div.footnote strong{letter-spacing:-.005em} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content,span.alt{font-size:1.0625rem} +p{margin-bottom:1.25rem} +.sidebarblock p,.sidebarblock dt,.sidebarblock td.content,p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +.exampleblock>.content{background-color:#fffef7;border-color:#e0e0dc;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc;box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc} +.print-only{display:none!important} +@media print{@page{margin:1.25cm .75cm} +*{-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important} +a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important} +a.bare,a[href^="#"],a[href^="mailto:"]{text-decoration:none!important} +a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare):after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare):after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em} +abbr[title]:after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"} +pre,blockquote,tr,img,object,svg{page-break-inside:avoid} +thead{display:table-header-group} +svg{max-width:100%} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content{font-size:1em;orphans:3;widows:3} +h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid} +#toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8!important;padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1{padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1+.sect1{border:0!important} +#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} +body.book #header{text-align:center} +body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em 0} +body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important} +body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important} +body.book #header .details br{display:block} +body.book #header .details br+span:before{content:none!important} +body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important} +body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +#footer{background:none!important;padding:0 .9375em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)!important;font-size:.9em} +.hide-on-print{display:none!important} +.print-only{display:block!important} +.hide-for-print{display:none!important} +.show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} +</style> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.6.3/css/font-awesome.min.css"> +<style> +/* Stylesheet for CodeRay to match GitHub theme | MIT License | http://foundation.zurb.com */ +/*pre.CodeRay {background-color:#f7f7f8;}*/ +.CodeRay .line-numbers{border-right:1px solid #d8d8d8;padding:0 0.5em 0 .25em} +.CodeRay span.line-numbers{display:inline-block;margin-right:.5em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +.CodeRay .line-numbers strong{color:rgba(0,0,0,.4)} +table.CodeRay{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;margin-bottom:0;border:0;background:none} +table.CodeRay td{vertical-align: top;line-height:1.45} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers{text-align:right} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers>pre{padding:0;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +table.CodeRay td.code{padding:0 0 0 .5em} +table.CodeRay td.code>pre{padding:0} +.CodeRay .debug{color:#fff !important;background:#000080 !important} +.CodeRay .annotation{color:#007} +.CodeRay .attribute-name{color:#000080} +.CodeRay .attribute-value{color:#700} +.CodeRay .binary{color:#509} +.CodeRay .comment{color:#998;font-style:italic} +.CodeRay .char{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .content{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .delimiter{color:#039} +.CodeRay .class{color:#458;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .complex{color:#a08} +.CodeRay .constant,.CodeRay .predefined-constant{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .color{color:#099} +.CodeRay .class-variable{color:#369} +.CodeRay .decorator{color:#b0b} +.CodeRay .definition{color:#099} +.CodeRay .delimiter{color:#000} +.CodeRay .doc{color:#970} +.CodeRay .doctype{color:#34b} +.CodeRay .doc-string{color:#d42} +.CodeRay .escape{color:#666} +.CodeRay .entity{color:#800} +.CodeRay .error{color:#808} +.CodeRay .exception{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .filename{color:#099} +.CodeRay .function{color:#900;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .global-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .hex{color:#058} +.CodeRay .integer,.CodeRay .float{color:#099} +.CodeRay .include{color:#555} +.CodeRay .inline{color:#000} +.CodeRay .inline .inline{background:#ccc} +.CodeRay .inline .inline .inline{background:#bbb} +.CodeRay .inline .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .important{color:#555;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .interpreted{color:#b2b} +.CodeRay .instance-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .label{color:#970} +.CodeRay .local-variable{color:#963} +.CodeRay .octal{color:#40e} +.CodeRay .predefined{color:#369} +.CodeRay .preprocessor{color:#579} +.CodeRay .pseudo-class{color:#555} +.CodeRay .directive{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .type{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .predefined-type{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .reserved,.CodeRay .keyword {color:#000;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .key{color:#808} +.CodeRay .key .delimiter{color:#606} +.CodeRay .key .char{color:#80f} +.CodeRay .value{color:#088} +.CodeRay .regexp .delimiter{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .content{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .modifier{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .regexp .function{color:#404;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .string{color:#d20} +.CodeRay .string .string .string{background:#ffd0d0} +.CodeRay .string .content{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .symbol{color:#990073} +.CodeRay .symbol .content{color:#a60} +.CodeRay .symbol .delimiter{color:#630} +.CodeRay .tag{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .tag-special{color:#d70} +.CodeRay .variable{color:#036} +.CodeRay .insert{background:#afa} +.CodeRay .delete{background:#faa} +.CodeRay .change{color:#aaf;background:#007} +.CodeRay .head{color:#f8f;background:#505} +.CodeRay .insert .insert{color:#080} +.CodeRay .delete .delete{color:#800} +.CodeRay .change .change{color:#66f} +.CodeRay .head .head{color:#f4f} +</style> +</head> +<body class="article"> +<div id="header"> +<h1><a href="index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a></h1> +</div> +<div id="content"> +<div id="preamble"> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="admonitionblock note"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +This document is derived from an original post by Tim Dysinger. +However, the examples here are for <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +instead of <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nanomsg">nanomsg</a>. For the legacy +nanomsg version of this, see <a href="../index.html">Getting Started with 'nanomsg'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="sect1"> +<h2 id="_request_reply_i_ask_you_answer">Request/Reply (I ask, you answer)</h2> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="imageblock"> +<div class="content"> +<img src="../reqrep.png" alt="I ask" width="you answer"> +</div> +</div> +<div class="paragraph"> +<p>Request/Reply is used for synchronous communications where each question +is responded with a single answer, for example remote procedure calls (RPCs). +Like <a href="pipeline.html">Pipeline</a>, it also can perform load-balancing. This +is the only reliable messaging pattern in the suite, as it automatically +will retry if a request is not matched with a response.</p> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">reqprep.c</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><stdlib.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><stdio.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><string.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><time.h></span> + +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/nng.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/protocol/reqrep0/rep.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/protocol/reqrep0/req.h></span> + +<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> NODE0 <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">node0</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> NODE1 <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">node1</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> DATE <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">DATE</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> + +<span class="directive">void</span> +fatal(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *func, <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv) +{ + fprintf(stderr, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">%s: %s</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, func, nng_strerror(rv)); + exit(<span class="integer">1</span>); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">char</span> * +date(<span class="directive">void</span>) +{ + time_t now = time(&now); + <span class="keyword">struct</span> tm *info = localtime(&now); + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *text = asctime(info); + text[strlen(text)-<span class="integer">1</span>] = <span class="char">'\0'</span>; <span class="comment">// remove '\n'</span> + <span class="keyword">return</span> (text); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +node0(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_rep0_open(&sock)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_rep0_open</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_listen(sock, url, <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_listen</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">for</span> (;;) { + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *buf = <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>; + size_t sz; + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_recv</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((sz == (strlen(DATE) + <span class="integer">1</span>)) && (strcmp(DATE, buf) == <span class="integer">0</span>)) { + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">NODE0: RECEIVED DATE REQUEST</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>); + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *d = date(); + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">NODE0: SENDING DATE %s</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, d); + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_send(sock, d, strlen(d) + <span class="integer">1</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_send</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + } + nng_free(buf, sz); + } +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +node1(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + size_t sz; + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *buf = <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>; + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_req0_open(&sock)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_socket</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_dial(sock, url, <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_dial</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">NODE1: SENDING DATE REQUEST %s</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, DATE); + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_send(sock, DATE, strlen(DATE)+<span class="integer">1</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_send</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_recv</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">NODE1: RECEIVED DATE %s</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, buf); <i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>(1)</b> + nng_free(buf, sz); + nng_close(sock); + <span class="keyword">return</span> (<span class="integer">0</span>); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +main(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">int</span> argc, <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> **argv) +{ + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((argc > <span class="integer">1</span>) && (strcmp(NODE0, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>]) == <span class="integer">0</span>)) + <span class="keyword">return</span> (node0(argv[<span class="integer">2</span>])); + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((argc > <span class="integer">1</span>) && (strcmp(NODE1, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>]) == <span class="integer">0</span>)) + <span class="keyword">return</span> (node1(argv[<span class="integer">2</span>])); + + fprintf(stderr, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">Usage: reqrep %s|%s <URL> ...</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, NODE0, NODE1); + <span class="keyword">return</span> (<span class="integer">1</span>); +}</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="colist arabic"> +<table> +<tr> +<td><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>1</b></td> +<td>Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Compilation</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">gcc reqrep.c -lnng -o reqrep</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Execution</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">./reqrep node0 ipc:///tmp/reqrep.ipc & node0=$! && sleep 1 +./reqrep node1 ipc:///tmp/reqrep.ipc +kill $node0</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Output</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre>NODE1: SENDING DATE REQUEST DATE +NODE0: RECEIVED DATE REQUEST +NODE0: SENDING DATE Tue Jan 9 09:17:02 2018 +NODE1: RECEIVED DATE Tue Jan 9 09:17:02 2018</pre> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer-text"> +Last updated 2018-01-09 19:42:00 UTC +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/gettingstarted/nng/survey.html b/gettingstarted/nng/survey.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4908d7f --- /dev/null +++ b/gettingstarted/nng/survey.html @@ -0,0 +1,745 @@ +--- +layout: default +--- +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> +<meta charset="UTF-8"> +<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]--> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.6.1"> +<title>Getting Started with 'nng'</title> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700"> +<style> +/* Asciidoctor default stylesheet | MIT License | http://asciidoctor.org */ +/* Remove comment around @import statement below when using as a custom stylesheet */ +/*@import "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300italic,400,400italic,600,600italic%7CNoto+Serif:400,400italic,700,700italic%7CDroid+Sans+Mono:400,700";*/ +article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section,summary{display:block} +audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block} +audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0} +[hidden],template{display:none} +script{display:none!important} +html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%} +a{background:transparent} +a:focus{outline:thin dotted} +a:active,a:hover{outline:0} +h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0} +abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted} +b,strong{font-weight:bold} +dfn{font-style:italic} +hr{-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0} +mark{background:#ff0;color:#000} +code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace;font-size:1em} +pre{white-space:pre-wrap} +q{quotes:"\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"} +small{font-size:80%} +sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline} +sup{top:-.5em} +sub{bottom:-.25em} +img{border:0} +svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden} +figure{margin:0} +fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em} +legend{border:0;padding:0} +button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;margin:0} +button,input{line-height:normal} +button,select{text-transform:none} +button,html input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer} +button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default} +input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0} +input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box} +input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none} +button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0} +textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top} +table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0} +*,*:before,*:after{-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box} +html,body{font-size:100%} +body{background:#fff;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;line-height:1;position:relative;cursor:auto;tab-size:4;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased} +a:hover{cursor:pointer} +img,object,embed{max-width:100%;height:auto} +object,embed{height:100%} +img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic} +.left{float:left!important} +.right{float:right!important} +.text-left{text-align:left!important} +.text-right{text-align:right!important} +.text-center{text-align:center!important} +.text-justify{text-align:justify!important} +.hide{display:none} +img,object,svg{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle} +textarea{height:auto;min-height:50px} +select{width:100%} +.center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto} +.spread{width:100%} +p.lead,.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:1.21875em;line-height:1.6} +.subheader,.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{line-height:1.45;color:#7a2518;font-weight:400;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.25em} +div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,p,blockquote,th,td{margin:0;padding:0;direction:ltr} +a{color:#2156a5;text-decoration:underline;line-height:inherit} +a:hover,a:focus{color:#1d4b8f} +a img{border:none} +p{font-family:inherit;font-weight:400;font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +p aside{font-size:.875em;line-height:1.35;font-style:italic} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-style:normal;color:#ba3925;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;line-height:1.0125em} +h1 small,h2 small,h3 small,#toctitle small,.sidebarblock>.content>.title small,h4 small,h5 small,h6 small{font-size:60%;color:#e99b8f;line-height:0} +h1{font-size:2.125em} +h2{font-size:1.6875em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.375em} +h4,h5{font-size:1.125em} +h6{font-size:1em} +hr{border:solid #ddddd8;border-width:1px 0 0;clear:both;margin:1.25em 0 1.1875em;height:0} +em,i{font-style:italic;line-height:inherit} +strong,b{font-weight:bold;line-height:inherit} +small{font-size:60%;line-height:inherit} +code{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +ul,ol,dl{font-size:1em;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:1.25em;list-style-position:outside;font-family:inherit} +ul,ol{margin-left:1.5em} +ul li ul,ul li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0;font-size:1em} +ul.square li ul,ul.circle li ul,ul.disc li ul{list-style:inherit} +ul.square{list-style-type:square} +ul.circle{list-style-type:circle} +ul.disc{list-style-type:disc} +ol li ul,ol li ol{margin-left:1.25em;margin-bottom:0} +dl dt{margin-bottom:.3125em;font-weight:bold} +dl dd{margin-bottom:1.25em} +abbr,acronym{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:90%;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);border-bottom:1px dotted #ddd;cursor:help} +abbr{text-transform:none} +blockquote{margin:0 0 1.25em;padding:.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em;border-left:1px solid #ddd} +blockquote cite{display:block;font-size:.9375em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote cite:before{content:"\2014 \0020"} +blockquote cite a,blockquote cite a:visited{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +blockquote,blockquote p{line-height:1.6;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2} +h1{font-size:2.75em} +h2{font-size:2.3125em} +h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{font-size:1.6875em} +h4{font-size:1.4375em}} +table{background:#fff;margin-bottom:1.25em;border:solid 1px #dedede} +table thead,table tfoot{background:#f7f8f7;font-weight:bold} +table thead tr th,table thead tr td,table tfoot tr th,table tfoot tr td{padding:.5em .625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);text-align:left} +table tr th,table tr td{padding:.5625em .625em;font-size:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8)} +table tr.even,table tr.alt,table tr:nth-of-type(even){background:#f8f8f7} +table thead tr th,table tfoot tr th,table tbody tr td,table tr td,table tfoot tr td{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6} +h1,h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title,h4,h5,h6{line-height:1.2;word-spacing:-.05em} +h1 strong,h2 strong,h3 strong,#toctitle strong,.sidebarblock>.content>.title strong,h4 strong,h5 strong,h6 strong{font-weight:400} +.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after,.float-group:before,.float-group:after{content:" ";display:table} +.clearfix:after,.float-group:after{clear:both} +*:not(pre)>code{font-size:.9375em;font-style:normal!important;letter-spacing:0;padding:.1em .5ex;word-spacing:-.15em;background-color:#f7f7f8;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;line-height:1.45;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed;word-wrap:break-word} +*:not(pre)>code.nobreak{word-wrap:normal} +*:not(pre)>code.nowrap{white-space:nowrap} +pre,pre>code{line-height:1.45;color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;font-weight:400;text-rendering:optimizeSpeed} +em em{font-style:normal} +strong strong{font-weight:400} +.keyseq{color:rgba(51,51,51,.8)} +kbd{font-family:"Droid Sans Mono","DejaVu Sans Mono",monospace;display:inline-block;color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-size:.65em;line-height:1.45;background-color:#f7f7f7;border:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-border-radius:3px;border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em white inset;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 0 0 .1em #fff inset;margin:0 .15em;padding:.2em .5em;vertical-align:middle;position:relative;top:-.1em;white-space:nowrap} +.keyseq kbd:first-child{margin-left:0} +.keyseq kbd:last-child{margin-right:0} +.menuseq,.menuref{color:#000} +.menuseq b:not(.caret),.menuref{font-weight:inherit} +.menuseq{word-spacing:-.02em} +.menuseq b.caret{font-size:1.25em;line-height:.8} +.menuseq i.caret{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;width:.45em} +b.button:before,b.button:after{position:relative;top:-1px;font-weight:400} +b.button:before{content:"[";padding:0 3px 0 2px} +b.button:after{content:"]";padding:0 2px 0 3px} +p a>code:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +#header,#content,#footnotes,#footer{width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;max-width:62.5em;*zoom:1;position:relative;padding-left:.9375em;padding-right:.9375em} +#header:before,#header:after,#content:before,#content:after,#footnotes:before,#footnotes:after,#footer:before,#footer:after{content:" ";display:table} +#header:after,#content:after,#footnotes:after,#footer:after{clear:both} +#content{margin-top:1.25em} +#content:before{content:none} +#header>h1:first-child{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);margin-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:0} +#header>h1:first-child+#toc{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid #ddddd8} +#header>h1:only-child,body.toc2 #header>h1:nth-last-child(2){border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px} +#header .details{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;line-height:1.45;padding-top:.25em;padding-bottom:.25em;padding-left:.25em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6);display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;-ms-flex-flow:row wrap;-webkit-flex-flow:row wrap;flex-flow:row wrap} +#header .details span:first-child{margin-left:-.125em} +#header .details span.email a{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br{display:none} +#header .details br+span:before{content:"\00a0\2013\00a0"} +#header .details br+span.author:before{content:"\00a0\22c5\00a0";color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +#header .details br+span#revremark:before{content:"\00a0|\00a0"} +#header #revnumber{text-transform:capitalize} +#header #revnumber:after{content:"\00a0"} +#content>h1:first-child:not([class]){color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8;padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #efefed;padding-bottom:.5em} +#toc>ul{margin-left:.125em} +#toc ul.sectlevel0>li>a{font-style:italic} +#toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{margin:.5em 0} +#toc ul{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;list-style-type:none} +#toc li{line-height:1.3334;margin-top:.3334em} +#toc a{text-decoration:none} +#toc a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#toctitle{color:#7a2518;font-size:1.2em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){#toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +body.toc2{padding-left:15em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{margin-top:0!important;background-color:#f8f8f7;position:fixed;width:15em;left:0;top:0;border-right:1px solid #efefed;border-top-width:0!important;border-bottom-width:0!important;z-index:1000;padding:1.25em 1em;height:100%;overflow:auto} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.8rem;font-size:1.2em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:0} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{margin-left:0;padding-left:1em} +#toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1{padding-left:0;margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:15em} +body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2{border-right-width:0;border-left:1px solid #efefed;left:auto;right:0}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){body.toc2{padding-left:20em;padding-right:0} +#toc.toc2{width:20em} +#toc.toc2 #toctitle{font-size:1.375em} +#toc.toc2>ul{font-size:.95em} +#toc.toc2 ul ul{padding-left:1.25em} +body.toc2.toc-right{padding-left:0;padding-right:20em}} +#content #toc{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +#content #toc>:first-child{margin-top:0} +#content #toc>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +#footer{max-width:100%;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);padding:1.25em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(255,255,255,.8);line-height:1.44} +.sect1{padding-bottom:.625em} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.sect1{padding-bottom:1.25em}} +.sect1+.sect1{border-top:1px solid #efefed} +#content h1>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor,#toctitle>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor{position:absolute;z-index:1001;width:1.5ex;margin-left:-1.5ex;display:block;text-decoration:none!important;visibility:hidden;text-align:center;font-weight:400} +#content h1>a.anchor:before,h2>a.anchor:before,h3>a.anchor:before,#toctitle>a.anchor:before,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:before,h4>a.anchor:before,h5>a.anchor:before,h6>a.anchor:before{content:"\00A7";font-size:.85em;display:block;padding-top:.1em} +#content h1:hover>a.anchor,#content h1>a.anchor:hover,h2:hover>a.anchor,h2>a.anchor:hover,h3:hover>a.anchor,#toctitle:hover>a.anchor,.sidebarblock>.content>.title:hover>a.anchor,h3>a.anchor:hover,#toctitle>a.anchor:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.anchor:hover,h4:hover>a.anchor,h4>a.anchor:hover,h5:hover>a.anchor,h5>a.anchor:hover,h6:hover>a.anchor,h6>a.anchor:hover{visibility:visible} +#content h1>a.link,h2>a.link,h3>a.link,#toctitle>a.link,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link,h4>a.link,h5>a.link,h6>a.link{color:#ba3925;text-decoration:none} +#content h1>a.link:hover,h2>a.link:hover,h3>a.link:hover,#toctitle>a.link:hover,.sidebarblock>.content>.title>a.link:hover,h4>a.link:hover,h5>a.link:hover,h6>a.link:hover{color:#a53221} +.audioblock,.imageblock,.literalblock,.listingblock,.stemblock,.videoblock{margin-bottom:1.25em} +.admonitionblock td.content>.title,.audioblock>.title,.exampleblock>.title,.imageblock>.title,.listingblock>.title,.literalblock>.title,.stemblock>.title,.openblock>.title,.paragraph>.title,.quoteblock>.title,table.tableblock>.title,.verseblock>.title,.videoblock>.title,.dlist>.title,.olist>.title,.ulist>.title,.qlist>.title,.hdlist>.title{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;text-align:left;font-family:"Noto Serif","DejaVu Serif",serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic} +table.tableblock>caption.title{white-space:nowrap;overflow:visible;max-width:0} +.paragraph.lead>p,#preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85)} +table.tableblock #preamble>.sectionbody>.paragraph:first-of-type p{font-size:inherit} +.admonitionblock>table{border-collapse:separate;border:0;background:none;width:100%} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon{text-align:center;width:80px} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon img{max-width:initial} +.admonitionblock>table td.icon .title{font-weight:bold;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase} +.admonitionblock>table td.content{padding-left:1.125em;padding-right:1.25em;border-left:1px solid #ddddd8;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.admonitionblock>table td.content>:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.exampleblock>.content{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e6e6e6;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#fff;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.exampleblock>.content>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#e0e0dc;margin-bottom:1.25em;padding:1.25em;background:#f8f8f7;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.sidebarblock>:first-child{margin-top:0} +.sidebarblock>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.sidebarblock>.content>.title{color:#7a2518;margin-top:0;text-align:center} +.exampleblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.exampleblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content>:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .olist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .ulist>ul>li:last-child>:last-child,.sidebarblock>.content .qlist>ol>li:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +.literalblock pre,.listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.listingblock pre.CodeRay,.listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f7f7f8} +.sidebarblock .literalblock pre,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre:not(.highlight),.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class="highlight"],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre[class^="highlight "],.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.CodeRay,.sidebarblock .listingblock pre.prettyprint{background:#f2f1f1} +.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px;word-wrap:break-word;padding:1em;font-size:.8125em} +.literalblock pre.nowrap,.literalblock pre[class].nowrap,.listingblock pre.nowrap,.listingblock pre[class].nowrap{overflow-x:auto;white-space:pre;word-wrap:normal} +@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:.90625em}} +@media only screen and (min-width:1280px){.literalblock pre,.literalblock pre[class],.listingblock pre,.listingblock pre[class]{font-size:1em}} +.literalblock.output pre{color:#f7f7f8;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9)} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs{padding:0} +.listingblock pre.highlightjs>code{padding:1em;-webkit-border-radius:4px;border-radius:4px} +.listingblock pre.prettyprint{border-width:0} +.listingblock>.content{position:relative} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:none;content:attr(data-lang);position:absolute;font-size:.75em;top:.425rem;right:.5rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:#999} +.listingblock:hover code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:before{content:attr(data-prompt);padding-right:.5em;color:#999} +.listingblock.terminal pre .command:not([data-prompt]):before{content:"$"} +table.pyhltable{border-collapse:separate;border:0;margin-bottom:0;background:none} +table.pyhltable td{vertical-align:top;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.45} +table.pyhltable td.code{padding-left:.75em;padding-right:0} +pre.pygments .lineno,table.pyhltable td:not(.code){color:#999;padding-left:0;padding-right:.5em;border-right:1px solid #ddddd8} +pre.pygments .lineno{display:inline-block;margin-right:.25em} +table.pyhltable .linenodiv{background:none!important;padding-right:0!important} +.quoteblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1.5em;display:table} +.quoteblock>.title{margin-left:-1.5em;margin-bottom:.75em} +.quoteblock blockquote,.quoteblock blockquote p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.75;word-spacing:.1em;letter-spacing:0;font-style:italic;text-align:justify} +.quoteblock blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border:0} +.quoteblock blockquote:before{content:"\201c";float:left;font-size:2.75em;font-weight:bold;line-height:.6em;margin-left:-.6em;color:#7a2518;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)} +.quoteblock blockquote>.paragraph:last-child p{margin-bottom:0} +.quoteblock .attribution{margin-top:.5em;margin-right:.5ex;text-align:right} +.quoteblock .quoteblock{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding:.5em 0;border-left:3px solid rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote{padding:0 0 0 .75em} +.quoteblock .quoteblock blockquote:before{display:none} +.verseblock{margin:0 1em 1.25em 1em} +.verseblock pre{font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans;font-size:1.15rem;color:rgba(0,0,0,.85);font-weight:300;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +.verseblock pre strong{font-weight:400} +.verseblock .attribution{margin-top:1.25rem;margin-left:.5ex} +.quoteblock .attribution,.verseblock .attribution{font-size:.9375em;line-height:1.45;font-style:italic} +.quoteblock .attribution br,.verseblock .attribution br{display:none} +.quoteblock .attribution cite,.verseblock .attribution cite{display:block;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)} +.quoteblock.abstract{margin:0 0 1.25em 0;display:block} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p{text-align:left;word-spacing:0} +.quoteblock.abstract blockquote:before,.quoteblock.abstract blockquote p:first-of-type:before{display:none} +table.tableblock{max-width:100%;border-collapse:separate} +table.tableblock td>.paragraph:last-child p>p:last-child,table.tableblock th>p:last-child,table.tableblock td>p:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +table.tableblock,th.tableblock,td.tableblock{border:0 solid #dedede} +table.grid-all>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-all>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 1px 0} +table.grid-all>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 1px 0 0} +table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 1px 0 0} +table.grid-rows>thead>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr>.tableblock{border-width:0 0 1px 0} +table.grid-rows>tfoot>tr>.tableblock{border-width:1px 0 0 0} +table.grid-all>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child,table.grid-cols>*>tr>.tableblock:last-child{border-right-width:0} +table.grid-all>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-all>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>tbody>tr:last-child>.tableblock,table.grid-rows>thead:last-child>tr>.tableblock{border-bottom-width:0} +table.frame-all{border-width:1px} +table.frame-sides{border-width:0 1px} +table.frame-topbot{border-width:1px 0} +th.halign-left,td.halign-left{text-align:left} +th.halign-right,td.halign-right{text-align:right} +th.halign-center,td.halign-center{text-align:center} +th.valign-top,td.valign-top{vertical-align:top} +th.valign-bottom,td.valign-bottom{vertical-align:bottom} +th.valign-middle,td.valign-middle{vertical-align:middle} +table thead th,table tfoot th{font-weight:bold} +tbody tr th{display:table-cell;line-height:1.6;background:#f7f8f7} +tbody tr th,tbody tr th p,tfoot tr th,tfoot tr th p{color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);font-weight:bold} +p.tableblock>code:only-child{background:none;padding:0} +p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +td>div.verse{white-space:pre} +ol{margin-left:1.75em} +ul li ol{margin-left:1.5em} +dl dd{margin-left:1.125em} +dl dd:last-child,dl dd:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0} +ol>li p,ul>li p,ul dd,ol dd,.olist .olist,.ulist .ulist,.ulist .olist,.olist .ulist{margin-bottom:.625em} +ul.checklist,ul.none,ol.none,ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered,ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{list-style-type:none} +ul.no-bullet,ol.no-bullet,ol.unnumbered{margin-left:.625em} +ul.unstyled,ol.unstyled{margin-left:0} +ul.checklist{margin-left:.625em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-square-o:first-child,ul.checklist li>p:first-child>.fa-check-square-o:first-child{width:1.25em;font-size:.8em;position:relative;bottom:.125em} +ul.checklist li>p:first-child>input[type="checkbox"]:first-child{margin-right:.25em} +ul.inline{margin:0 auto .625em auto;margin-left:-1.375em;margin-right:0;padding:0;list-style:none;overflow:hidden} +ul.inline>li{list-style:none;float:left;margin-left:1.375em;display:block} +ul.inline>li>*{display:block} +.unstyled dl dt{font-weight:400;font-style:normal} +ol.arabic{list-style-type:decimal} +ol.decimal{list-style-type:decimal-leading-zero} +ol.loweralpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha} +ol.upperalpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha} +ol.lowerroman{list-style-type:lower-roman} +ol.upperroman{list-style-type:upper-roman} +ol.lowergreek{list-style-type:lower-greek} +.hdlist>table,.colist>table{border:0;background:none} +.hdlist>table>tbody>tr,.colist>table>tbody>tr{background:none} +td.hdlist1,td.hdlist2{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .625em} +td.hdlist1{font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:1.25em} +.literalblock+.colist,.listingblock+.colist{margin-top:-.5em} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type{padding:.4em .75em 0 .75em;line-height:1;vertical-align:top} +.colist>table tr>td:first-of-type img{max-width:initial} +.colist>table tr>td:last-of-type{padding:.25em 0} +.thumb,.th{line-height:0;display:inline-block;border:solid 4px #fff;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #ddd} +.imageblock.left,.imageblock[style*="float: left"]{margin:.25em .625em 1.25em 0} +.imageblock.right,.imageblock[style*="float: right"]{margin:.25em 0 1.25em .625em} +.imageblock>.title{margin-bottom:0} +.imageblock.thumb,.imageblock.th{border-width:6px} +.imageblock.thumb>.title,.imageblock.th>.title{padding:0 .125em} +.image.left,.image.right{margin-top:.25em;margin-bottom:.25em;display:inline-block;line-height:0} +.image.left{margin-right:.625em} +.image.right{margin-left:.625em} +a.image{text-decoration:none;display:inline-block} +a.image object{pointer-events:none} +sup.footnote,sup.footnoteref{font-size:.875em;position:static;vertical-align:super} +sup.footnote a,sup.footnoteref a{text-decoration:none} +sup.footnote a:active,sup.footnoteref a:active{text-decoration:underline} +#footnotes{padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;margin-bottom:.625em} +#footnotes hr{width:20%;min-width:6.25em;margin:-.25em 0 .75em 0;border-width:1px 0 0 0} +#footnotes .footnote{padding:0 .375em 0 .225em;line-height:1.3334;font-size:.875em;margin-left:1.2em;text-indent:-1.05em;margin-bottom:.2em} +#footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type{font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none} +#footnotes .footnote:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0} +#content #footnotes{margin-top:-.625em;margin-bottom:0;padding:.75em 0} +.gist .file-data>table{border:0;background:#fff;width:100%;margin-bottom:0} +.gist .file-data>table td.line-data{width:99%} +div.unbreakable{page-break-inside:avoid} +.big{font-size:larger} +.small{font-size:smaller} +.underline{text-decoration:underline} +.overline{text-decoration:overline} +.line-through{text-decoration:line-through} +.aqua{color:#00bfbf} +.aqua-background{background-color:#00fafa} +.black{color:#000} +.black-background{background-color:#000} +.blue{color:#0000bf} +.blue-background{background-color:#0000fa} +.fuchsia{color:#bf00bf} +.fuchsia-background{background-color:#fa00fa} +.gray{color:#606060} +.gray-background{background-color:#7d7d7d} +.green{color:#006000} +.green-background{background-color:#007d00} +.lime{color:#00bf00} +.lime-background{background-color:#00fa00} +.maroon{color:#600000} +.maroon-background{background-color:#7d0000} +.navy{color:#000060} +.navy-background{background-color:#00007d} +.olive{color:#606000} +.olive-background{background-color:#7d7d00} +.purple{color:#600060} +.purple-background{background-color:#7d007d} +.red{color:#bf0000} +.red-background{background-color:#fa0000} +.silver{color:#909090} +.silver-background{background-color:#bcbcbc} +.teal{color:#006060} +.teal-background{background-color:#007d7d} +.white{color:#bfbfbf} +.white-background{background-color:#fafafa} +.yellow{color:#bfbf00} +.yellow-background{background-color:#fafa00} +span.icon>.fa{cursor:default} +a span.icon>.fa{cursor:inherit} +.admonitionblock td.icon [class^="fa icon-"]{font-size:2.5em;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.5);cursor:default} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-note:before{content:"\f05a";color:#19407c} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-tip:before{content:"\f0eb";text-shadow:1px 1px 2px rgba(155,155,0,.8);color:#111} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-warning:before{content:"\f071";color:#bf6900} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-caution:before{content:"\f06d";color:#bf3400} +.admonitionblock td.icon .icon-important:before{content:"\f06a";color:#bf0000} +.conum[data-value]{display:inline-block;color:#fff!important;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.8);-webkit-border-radius:100px;border-radius:100px;text-align:center;font-size:.75em;width:1.67em;height:1.67em;line-height:1.67em;font-family:"Open Sans","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold} +.conum[data-value] *{color:#fff!important} +.conum[data-value]+b{display:none} +.conum[data-value]:after{content:attr(data-value)} +pre .conum[data-value]{position:relative;top:-.125em} +b.conum *{color:inherit!important} +.conum:not([data-value]):empty{display:none} +dt,th.tableblock,td.content,div.footnote{text-rendering:optimizeLegibility} +h1,h2,p,td.content,span.alt{letter-spacing:-.01em} +p strong,td.content strong,div.footnote strong{letter-spacing:-.005em} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content,span.alt{font-size:1.0625rem} +p{margin-bottom:1.25rem} +.sidebarblock p,.sidebarblock dt,.sidebarblock td.content,p.tableblock{font-size:1em} +.exampleblock>.content{background-color:#fffef7;border-color:#e0e0dc;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc;box-shadow:0 1px 4px #e0e0dc} +.print-only{display:none!important} +@media print{@page{margin:1.25cm .75cm} +*{-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important} +a{color:inherit!important;text-decoration:underline!important} +a.bare,a[href^="#"],a[href^="mailto:"]{text-decoration:none!important} +a[href^="http:"]:not(.bare):after,a[href^="https:"]:not(.bare):after{content:"(" attr(href) ")";display:inline-block;font-size:.875em;padding-left:.25em} +abbr[title]:after{content:" (" attr(title) ")"} +pre,blockquote,tr,img,object,svg{page-break-inside:avoid} +thead{display:table-header-group} +svg{max-width:100%} +p,blockquote,dt,td.content{font-size:1em;orphans:3;widows:3} +h2,h3,#toctitle,.sidebarblock>.content>.title{page-break-after:avoid} +#toc,.sidebarblock,.exampleblock>.content{background:none!important} +#toc{border-bottom:1px solid #ddddd8!important;padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1{padding-bottom:0!important} +.sect1+.sect1{border:0!important} +#header>h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25rem} +body.book #header{text-align:center} +body.book #header>h1:first-child{border:0!important;margin:2.5em 0 1em 0} +body.book #header .details{border:0!important;display:block;padding:0!important} +body.book #header .details span:first-child{margin-left:0!important} +body.book #header .details br{display:block} +body.book #header .details br+span:before{content:none!important} +body.book #toc{border:0!important;text-align:left!important;padding:0!important;margin:0!important} +body.book #toc,body.book #preamble,body.book h1.sect0,body.book .sect1>h2{page-break-before:always} +.listingblock code[data-lang]:before{display:block} +#footer{background:none!important;padding:0 .9375em} +#footer-text{color:rgba(0,0,0,.6)!important;font-size:.9em} +.hide-on-print{display:none!important} +.print-only{display:block!important} +.hide-for-print{display:none!important} +.show-for-print{display:inherit!important}} +</style> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.6.3/css/font-awesome.min.css"> +<style> +/* Stylesheet for CodeRay to match GitHub theme | MIT License | http://foundation.zurb.com */ +/*pre.CodeRay {background-color:#f7f7f8;}*/ +.CodeRay .line-numbers{border-right:1px solid #d8d8d8;padding:0 0.5em 0 .25em} +.CodeRay span.line-numbers{display:inline-block;margin-right:.5em;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +.CodeRay .line-numbers strong{color:rgba(0,0,0,.4)} +table.CodeRay{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;margin-bottom:0;border:0;background:none} +table.CodeRay td{vertical-align: top;line-height:1.45} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers{text-align:right} +table.CodeRay td.line-numbers>pre{padding:0;color:rgba(0,0,0,.3)} +table.CodeRay td.code{padding:0 0 0 .5em} +table.CodeRay td.code>pre{padding:0} +.CodeRay .debug{color:#fff !important;background:#000080 !important} +.CodeRay .annotation{color:#007} +.CodeRay .attribute-name{color:#000080} +.CodeRay .attribute-value{color:#700} +.CodeRay .binary{color:#509} +.CodeRay .comment{color:#998;font-style:italic} +.CodeRay .char{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .content{color:#04d} +.CodeRay .char .delimiter{color:#039} +.CodeRay .class{color:#458;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .complex{color:#a08} +.CodeRay .constant,.CodeRay .predefined-constant{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .color{color:#099} +.CodeRay .class-variable{color:#369} +.CodeRay .decorator{color:#b0b} +.CodeRay .definition{color:#099} +.CodeRay .delimiter{color:#000} +.CodeRay .doc{color:#970} +.CodeRay .doctype{color:#34b} +.CodeRay .doc-string{color:#d42} +.CodeRay .escape{color:#666} +.CodeRay .entity{color:#800} +.CodeRay .error{color:#808} +.CodeRay .exception{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .filename{color:#099} +.CodeRay .function{color:#900;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .global-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .hex{color:#058} +.CodeRay .integer,.CodeRay .float{color:#099} +.CodeRay .include{color:#555} +.CodeRay .inline{color:#000} +.CodeRay .inline .inline{background:#ccc} +.CodeRay .inline .inline .inline{background:#bbb} +.CodeRay .inline .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .inline-delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .important{color:#555;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .interpreted{color:#b2b} +.CodeRay .instance-variable{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .label{color:#970} +.CodeRay .local-variable{color:#963} +.CodeRay .octal{color:#40e} +.CodeRay .predefined{color:#369} +.CodeRay .preprocessor{color:#579} +.CodeRay .pseudo-class{color:#555} +.CodeRay .directive{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .type{font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .predefined-type{color:inherit} +.CodeRay .reserved,.CodeRay .keyword {color:#000;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .key{color:#808} +.CodeRay .key .delimiter{color:#606} +.CodeRay .key .char{color:#80f} +.CodeRay .value{color:#088} +.CodeRay .regexp .delimiter{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .content{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .modifier{color:#808} +.CodeRay .regexp .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .regexp .function{color:#404;font-weight:bold} +.CodeRay .string{color:#d20} +.CodeRay .string .string .string{background:#ffd0d0} +.CodeRay .string .content{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .char{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .string .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .shell .delimiter{color:#d14} +.CodeRay .symbol{color:#990073} +.CodeRay .symbol .content{color:#a60} +.CodeRay .symbol .delimiter{color:#630} +.CodeRay .tag{color:#008080} +.CodeRay .tag-special{color:#d70} +.CodeRay .variable{color:#036} +.CodeRay .insert{background:#afa} +.CodeRay .delete{background:#faa} +.CodeRay .change{color:#aaf;background:#007} +.CodeRay .head{color:#f8f;background:#505} +.CodeRay .insert .insert{color:#080} +.CodeRay .delete .delete{color:#800} +.CodeRay .change .change{color:#66f} +.CodeRay .head .head{color:#f4f} +</style> +</head> +<body class="article"> +<div id="header"> +<h1><a href="index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a></h1> +</div> +<div id="content"> +<div id="preamble"> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="admonitionblock note"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +This document is derived from an original post by Tim Dysinger. +However, the examples here are for <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +instead of <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nanomsg">nanomsg</a>. For the legacy +nanomsg version of this, see <a href="../index.html">Getting Started with 'nanomsg'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="sect1"> +<h2 id="_survey_everybody_votes">Survey (Everybody Votes)</h2> +<div class="sectionbody"> +<div class="imageblock"> +<div class="content"> +<img src="../survey.png" alt="Everybody Votes"> +</div> +</div> +<div class="paragraph"> +<p>The surveyor pattern is used to send a timed survey out, responses +are individually returned until the survey has expired. This pattern +is useful for service discovery and voting algorithms.</p> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">survey.c</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="c"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><stdio.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><stdlib.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><string.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><time.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><unistd.h></span> + +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/nng.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/protocol/survey0/survey.h></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="include"><nng/protocol/survey0/respond.h></span> + +<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> SERVER <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">server</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> CLIENT <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">client</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> +<span class="preprocessor">#define</span> DATE <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">DATE</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span> + +<span class="directive">void</span> +fatal(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *func, <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv) +{ + fprintf(stderr, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">%s: %s</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, func, nng_strerror(rv)); + exit(<span class="integer">1</span>); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">char</span> * +date(<span class="directive">void</span>) +{ + time_t now = time(&now); + <span class="keyword">struct</span> tm *info = localtime(&now); + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *text = asctime(info); + text[strlen(text)-<span class="integer">1</span>] = <span class="char">'\0'</span>; <span class="comment">// remove '\n'</span> + <span class="keyword">return</span> (text); +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +server(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *url) +{ + nng_socket sock; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_surveyor0_open(&sock)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_surveyor0_open</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_listen(sock, url, <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_listen</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">for</span> (;;) { + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">SERVER: SENDING DATE SURVEY REQUEST</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>); + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_send(sock, DATE, strlen(DATE) + <span class="integer">1</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_send</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + + <span class="keyword">for</span> (;;) { + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *buf = <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>; + size_t sz; + rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC); + <span class="keyword">if</span> (rv == NNG_ETIMEDOUT) { + <span class="keyword">break</span>; + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> (rv != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_recv</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">SERVER: RECEIVED </span><span class="char">\"</span><span class="content">%s</span><span class="char">\"</span><span class="content"> SURVEY RESPONSE</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, + buf); <i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>(1)</b> + nng_free(buf, sz); + } + + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">SERVER: SURVEY COMPLETE</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>); + } +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +client(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *url, <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *name) +{ + nng_socket sock; + <span class="predefined-type">int</span> rv; + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_respondent0_open(&sock)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_respondent0_open</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_dial(sock, url, <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>, NNG_FLAG_NONBLOCK)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_dial</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + <span class="keyword">for</span> (;;) { + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *buf = <span class="predefined-constant">NULL</span>; + size_t sz; + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_recv(sock, &buf, &sz, NNG_FLAG_ALLOC)) == <span class="integer">0</span>) { + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">CLIENT (%s): RECEIVED </span><span class="char">\"</span><span class="content">%s</span><span class="char">\"</span><span class="content"> SURVEY REQUEST</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, + name, buf); <i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>(1)</b> + nng_free(buf, sz); + <span class="predefined-type">char</span> *d = date(); + printf(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">CLIENT (%s): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, + name); + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((rv = nng_send(sock, d, strlen(d) + <span class="integer">1</span>, <span class="integer">0</span>)) != <span class="integer">0</span>) { + fatal(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">nng_send</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, rv); + } + } + } +} + +<span class="predefined-type">int</span> +main(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">int</span> argc, <span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">char</span> **argv) +{ + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((argc >= <span class="integer">2</span>) && (strcmp(SERVER, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>]) == <span class="integer">0</span>)) + <span class="keyword">return</span> (server(argv[<span class="integer">2</span>])); + + <span class="keyword">if</span> ((argc >= <span class="integer">3</span>) && (strcmp(CLIENT, argv[<span class="integer">1</span>]) == <span class="integer">0</span>)) + <span class="keyword">return</span> (client(argv[<span class="integer">2</span>], argv[<span class="integer">3</span>])); + + fprintf(stderr, <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">"</span><span class="content">Usage: survey %s|%s <URL> <ARG> ...</span><span class="char">\n</span><span class="delimiter">"</span></span>, + SERVER, CLIENT); + <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="integer">1</span>; +}</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="colist arabic"> +<table> +<tr> +<td><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>1</b></td> +<td>Blithely assumes message is ASCIIZ string. Real code should check it.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Compilation</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">gcc survey.c -lnng -o survey</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Execution</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">./survey server ipc:///tmp/survey.ipc & server=$! +./survey client ipc:///tmp/survey.ipc client0 & client0=$! +./survey client ipc:///tmp/survey.ipc client1 & client1=$! +./survey client ipc:///tmp/survey.ipc client2 & client2=$! +sleep 3 <i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>(1)</b> +kill $server $client0 $client1 $client2</code></pre> +</div> +</div> +<div class="colist arabic"> +<table> +<tr> +<td><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>1</b></td> +<td>The first survey times out with no responses because the clients aren’t connected yet.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="title">Output</div> +<div class="content"> +<pre>SERVER: SENDING DATE SURVEY REQUEST +SERVER: SURVEY COMPLETE +SERVER: SENDING DATE SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED "DATE" SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED "DATE" SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED "DATE" SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client2): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE +CLIENT (client1): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE +CLIENT (client0): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: RECEIVED "Tue Jan 9 11:33:40 2018" SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: RECEIVED "Tue Jan 9 11:33:40 2018" SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: RECEIVED "Tue Jan 9 11:33:40 2018" SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: SURVEY COMPLETE +SERVER: SENDING DATE SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client2): RECEIVED "DATE" SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client2): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE +CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED "DATE" SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client0): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE +CLIENT (client1): RECEIVED "DATE" SURVEY REQUEST +CLIENT (client1): SENDING DATE SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: RECEIVED "Tue Jan 9 11:33:41 2018" SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: RECEIVED "Tue Jan 9 11:33:41 2018" SURVEY RESPONSE +SERVER: RECEIVED "Tue Jan 9 11:33:41 2018" SURVEY RESPONSE</pre> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="footer"> +<div id="footer-text"> +Last updated 2018-01-09 19:43:25 UTC +</div> +</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/gettingstarted/pair.html b/gettingstarted/pair.html index ef1809b..36cf4b1 100644 --- a/gettingstarted/pair.html +++ b/gettingstarted/pair.html @@ -542,6 +542,19 @@ Tim’s original code is on <a href="https://github.com/dysinger/nanomsg-exa </tr> </table> </div> +<div class="admonitionblock tip"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +If you want to use the experimental <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +library instead, see the document <a href="nng/index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> @@ -680,10 +693,11 @@ kill $node0 $node1</code></pre> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">Output</div> <div class="content"> -<pre>NODE1: SENDING DATE REQUEST DATE -NODE0: RECEIVED DATE REQUEST -NODE0: SENDING DATE Sat Sep 7 17:39:01 2013 -NODE1: RECEIVED DATE Sat Sep 7 17:39:01 2013</pre> +<pre>node0: SENDING "node0" +node1: SENDING "node1" +node1: RECEIVED"node0" +node0: SENDING "node0" +node0: RECEIVED"node1"</pre> </div> </div> </div> @@ -691,7 +705,7 @@ NODE1: RECEIVED DATE Sat Sep 7 17:39:01 2013</pre> </div> <div id="footer"> <div id="footer-text"> -Last updated 2018-01-09 01:08:26 UTC +Last updated 2018-01-09 14:16:57 UTC </div> </div> </body> diff --git a/gettingstarted/pipeline.html b/gettingstarted/pipeline.html index 22133a8..f4b7175 100644 --- a/gettingstarted/pipeline.html +++ b/gettingstarted/pipeline.html @@ -542,6 +542,19 @@ Tim’s original code is on <a href="https://github.com/dysinger/nanomsg-exa </tr> </table> </div> +<div class="admonitionblock tip"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +If you want to use the experimental <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +library instead, see the document <a href="nng/index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> diff --git a/gettingstarted/pubsub.html b/gettingstarted/pubsub.html index 365c76a..3503d2b 100644 --- a/gettingstarted/pubsub.html +++ b/gettingstarted/pubsub.html @@ -542,6 +542,19 @@ Tim’s original code is on <a href="https://github.com/dysinger/nanomsg-exa </tr> </table> </div> +<div class="admonitionblock tip"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +If you want to use the experimental <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +library instead, see the document <a href="nng/index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> @@ -663,7 +676,7 @@ main(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">int</spa <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">Compilation</div> <div class="content"> -<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">gcc pubsub.c /usr/local/lib/libnanomsg.a -o pubsub</code></pre> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">gcc pubsub.c -lnanomsg -o pubsub</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="listingblock"> @@ -705,7 +718,7 @@ CLIENT (client0): RECEIVED Sat Sep 7 17:40:16 2013</pre> </div> <div id="footer"> <div id="footer-text"> -Last updated 2018-01-09 01:08:26 UTC +Last updated 2018-01-09 14:17:22 UTC </div> </div> </body> diff --git a/gettingstarted/reqrep.html b/gettingstarted/reqrep.html index 0d4d489..0edbe21 100644 --- a/gettingstarted/reqrep.html +++ b/gettingstarted/reqrep.html @@ -542,6 +542,19 @@ Tim’s original code is on <a href="https://github.com/dysinger/nanomsg-exa </tr> </table> </div> +<div class="admonitionblock tip"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +If you want to use the experimental <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +library instead, see the document <a href="nng/index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> diff --git a/gettingstarted/survey.html b/gettingstarted/survey.html index 7b62e04..f6fe192 100644 --- a/gettingstarted/survey.html +++ b/gettingstarted/survey.html @@ -542,6 +542,19 @@ Tim’s original code is on <a href="https://github.com/dysinger/nanomsg-exa </tr> </table> </div> +<div class="admonitionblock tip"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="icon"> +<i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i> +</td> +<td class="content"> +If you want to use the experimental <a href="https://github.com/nanomsg/nng">nng</a> +library instead, see the document <a href="nng/index.html">Getting Started with 'nng'</a>. +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> @@ -682,7 +695,7 @@ main(<span class="directive">const</span> <span class="predefined-type">int</spa <div class="listingblock"> <div class="title">Compilation</div> <div class="content"> -<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">gcc survey.c -lnanmosg -o survey</code></pre> +<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="bash">gcc survey.c -lnanomosg -o survey</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="listingblock"> @@ -727,7 +740,7 @@ SERVER: SURVEY COMPLETE</pre> </div> <div id="footer"> <div id="footer-text"> -Last updated 2018-01-09 01:08:26 UTC +Last updated 2018-01-09 19:41:41 UTC </div> </div> </body> |