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cmd2
====
.. image:: https://secure.travis-ci.org/python-cmd2/cmd2.png?branch=master
:target: https://travis-ci.org/python-cmd2/cmd2
:alt: Build status
.. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/github/python-cmd2/cmd2?branch=master
:target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/FedericoCeratto/cmd2
:alt: Appveyor build status
.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/cmd2/badge/?version=latest
:target: http://cmd2.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
:alt: Documentation Status
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cmd2.svg
:target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cmd2/
:alt: Latest Version
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/cmd2.svg
:target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cmd2/
:alt: License
cmd2 is a tool for writing command-line interactive applications for Python 2.7 and Python 3.3+. It is based on the
Python Standard Library's cmd_ module, and can be used any place cmd is used simply by importing cmd2 instead. It is
pure Python code with the only 3rd-party dependencies being on six_ and pyparsing_
.. _cmd: https://docs.python.org/3/library/cmd.html
.. _six: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/six
.. _pyparsing: http://pyparsing.wikispaces.com
The latest documentation for cmd2 can be read online here: https://cmd2.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
See the `Installation Instructions`_ in the cmd2 documentation for instructions on installing, upgrading, and
uninstalling cmd2.
.. _`Installation Instructions`: https://cmd2.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html
Bug reports may be submitted directly to the `issue tracker`_. Pull Requests are welcome, see the
`Contributor's Guide`_ for more information.
.. _`maintained at GitHub`: https://github.com/python-cmd2/cmd2
.. _`issue tracker`: https://github.com/python-cmd2/cmd2/issues
.. _pytest: http://docs.pytest.org
.. _Contributor's Guide: https://github.com/python-cmd2/cmd2/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md
Feature Support
---------------
cmd2 provides the following features, in addition to those already existing in cmd_:
- Searchable command history
- Load commands from file, save to file, edit commands in file
- Multi-line commands
- Case-insensitive commands
- Special-character shortcut commands (beyond cmd's ``@`` and ``!``)
- Settable environment parameters
- Parsing commands with flags
- Redirection to file with ``>``, ``>>``; input from file with ``<``
- Bare ``>``, ``>>`` with no filename send output to paste buffer
- Pipe output to shell commands with ``|``
- Simple transcript-based application testing
- Unicode character support (*Python 3 only*)
Instructions for implementing each feature follow.
- Searchable command history
All commands will automatically be tracked in the session's history, unless the command is listed in Cmd's excludeFromHistory attribute.
The history is accessed through the ``history``, ``list``, and ``run`` commands.
If you wish to exclude some of your custom commands from the history, append their names
to the list at Cmd.ExcludeFromHistory.
- Load commands from file, save to file, edit commands in file
Type ``help load``, ``help save``, ``help edit`` for details.
- Multi-line commands
Any command accepts multi-line input when its name is listed in ``Cmd.multilineCommands``.
The program will keep expecting input until a line ends with any of the characters
in ``Cmd.terminators`` . The default terminators are ``;`` and ``/n`` (empty newline).
- Case-insensitive commands
All commands are case-insensitive, unless ``Cmd.caseInsensitive`` is set to ``False``.
- Special-character shortcut commands (beyond cmd's "@" and "!")
To create a single-character shortcut for a command, update ``Cmd.shortcuts``.
- Settable environment parameters
To allow a user to change an environment parameter during program execution,
append the parameter's name to ``Cmd.settable``.
- Parsing commands with ``optparse`` options (flags)
::
@options([make_option('-m', '--myoption', action="store_true", help="all about my option")])
def do_myfunc(self, arg, opts):
if opts.myoption:
...
See Python standard library's ``optparse`` documentation: http://docs.python.org/lib/optparse-defining-options.html
Tutorials
---------
A couple tutorials on using cmd2 exist:
* A detailed PyCon 2010 talk by `Catherine Devlin`_, the original author
* http://pyvideo.org/pycon-us-2010/pycon-2010--easy-command-line-applications-with-c.html
* A nice brief step-by-step tutorial
* https://kushaldas.in/posts/developing-command-line-interpreters-using-python-cmd2.html
.. _Catherine Devlin: https://github.com/catherinedevlin
Example Application
-------------------
Example cmd2 application (**examples/example.py**) ::
'''A sample application for cmd2.'''
from cmd2 import Cmd, make_option, options
class CmdLineApp(Cmd):
multilineCommands = ['orate']
Cmd.shortcuts.update({'&': 'speak'})
maxrepeats = 3
Cmd.settable.append('maxrepeats')
# Setting this true makes it run a shell command if a cmd2/cmd command doesn't exist
# default_to_shell = True
@options([make_option('-p', '--piglatin', action="store_true", help="atinLay"),
make_option('-s', '--shout', action="store_true", help="N00B EMULATION MODE"),
make_option('-r', '--repeat', type="int", help="output [n] times")
])
def do_speak(self, arg, opts=None):
"""Repeats what you tell me to."""
arg = ''.join(arg)
if opts.piglatin:
arg = '%s%say' % (arg[1:], arg[0])
if opts.shout:
arg = arg.upper()
repetitions = opts.repeat or 1
for i in range(min(repetitions, self.maxrepeats)):
self.stdout.write(arg)
self.stdout.write('\n')
# self.stdout.write is better than "print", because Cmd can be
# initialized with a non-standard output destination
do_say = do_speak # now "say" is a synonym for "speak"
do_orate = do_speak # another synonym, but this one takes multi-line input
if __name__ == '__main__':
c = CmdLineApp()
c.cmdloop()
The following is a sample session running example.py.
Thanks to Cmd2's built-in transcript testing capability, it also serves as a test
suite for example.py when saved as *exampleSession.txt*.
Running::
python example.py -t exampleSession.txt
will run all the commands in the transcript against `example.py`, verifying that the output produced
matches the transcript.
example/exampleSession.txt::
(Cmd) help
Documented commands (type help <topic>):
========================================
_relative_load edit help list orate py run say shell show
cmdenvironment eof history load pause quit save set shortcuts speak
(Cmd) help say
Repeats what you tell me to.
Usage: speak [options] arg
Options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-p, --piglatin atinLay
-s, --shout N00B EMULATION MODE
-r REPEAT, --repeat=REPEAT
output [n] times
(Cmd) say goodnight, Gracie
goodnight, Gracie
(Cmd) say -ps --repeat=5 goodnight, Gracie
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
(Cmd) set maxrepeats 5
maxrepeats - was: 3
now: 5
(Cmd) say -ps --repeat=5 goodnight, Gracie
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
(Cmd) hi
-------------------------[1]
help
-------------------------[2]
help say
-------------------------[3]
say goodnight, Gracie
-------------------------[4]
say -ps --repeat=5 goodnight, Gracie
-------------------------[5]
set maxrepeats 5
-------------------------[6]
say -ps --repeat=5 goodnight, Gracie
(Cmd) run 4
say -ps --repeat=5 goodnight, Gracie
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
OODNIGHT, GRACIEGAY
(Cmd) orate Four score and
> seven releases ago
> our BDFL
> blah blah blah
Four score and
seven releases ago
our BDFL
blah blah blah
(Cmd) & look, a shortcut!
look, a shortcut!
(Cmd) set prompt "---> "
prompt - was: (Cmd)
now: --->
---> say goodbye
goodbye
|
