NEP 42: Technical decisions for new DTypes (#15507)

This NEP may require some thought and technical changes. There are also a few other things as to how we exactly implement e.g. lookup of which cast to use.

I currently envision that we accept NEP 41, with the decision to start on this NEP. However, we keep most of the proposal here private API, and thus somewhat flexible to changes before we finalize the API.
Some changes (i.e. the exact "methods", we need to define) should probably not be included here, but rather incrementally added later. Maybe by modifying the document, or adding a new NEP depending on the size of the change.


* NEP: Technical decisions for new DTypes

* Add datetime to the dtype hierarchy plot

* Some clarifications and smaller updates (not a proofread and not examples yet)

* clarify how casting will be signalled

* Updates to the NEP, hopefully answer a lot of Martens questions

Also uses datetime64 as an example in a few places, which
is hopefully useful.

* Apply suggestions from code review

Commit mainly grammer/style fixes from ross (direct suggestions)

Co-authored-by: Ross Barnowski <rossbar@berkeley.edu>

* Incorporate second chunk of Ross' feedback

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Ross Barnowski <rossbar@berkeley.edu>

* Minor adjustment, add example for how promote_types works...

* Apply suggestions from code review

Apply suggestions from Joris.

Co-authored-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>

* Incorporate feedback from Marten and Joris

Mainly adds a figure for the casting section, and tries to rephrase
the first part of it almost entirely around that figure, which should
also simplify it a lot, although at this time possible loses a tiny
bit precision/details.

* NEP: Apply suggestions from Ross

<Many fixups from Ross>

* NEP: Fix the last section and missing link.

Also clarify the ``kind`` and ``char`` a bit, suggesting to
use ``__qualname__``. While this is weird for ``char``, it
is at least guaranteed to be be unique and to fail when used
inapproprioatly.

* NEP: Type edits for NEP 42 and Eric Wiesers suggestions

Some type edits for the first part mainly and fixups based on
Eric's review.

* Fixup links

Co-Authored-By: Marten van Kerkwijk <mhvk@astro.utoronto.ca>
Co-authored-by: Ross Barnowski <rossbar@berkeley.edu>
Co-authored-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Eric Wieser <wieser.eric@gmail.com>

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