NEP: Initial draft for NEP 43 for extensible ufuncs (gh-16723)

* NEP: Initial draft for NEP 43

* NEP: Small updates to NEP 43

* Partial iteration on some content, mostly updates the calling convention

Its not quite settled, I don't quite like the `npy_intp *` as a default
"user-data" yet, but I think I may warm up to it, and I think some kind
of default like that is really very convenient.

Split out `user_data *`, since I think Marten has a point that
separating "constant" and volatile data is conceptionally easier.

* Add a bit more overview-intro at the start and refactor "bound" method section

* Small fixups based on Marten and also Hameers comments

* Revise the "promotion and dispatching" section a bit.

* Fix back-compat section and add a tiny bit of implementation

* WIP: Further updates nep 43

* Revise NEP 43 and expand on arraymethod (previously the dispatching/promotion was more fleshed out)

* Update image and make sure it is included at the right place.

* small fixups

* Update doc/neps/nep-0043-extensible-ufuncs.rst

Co-authored-by: Dave Hirschfeld <dave.hirschfeld@gmail.com>

* Fix comment which was missing the final part of sentence

* Pass through, up to "steps involved in a ufunc call"

* Review up to ArrayMethod

* Review up to ArrayMethod Specs

* Review up to loop reuse

* Review most of the remaining document

* Fix title typo

* Wording updates and minor fixups.

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Ross Barnowski <rossbar@berkeley.edu>

* Address Ross's additional comments

Co-authored-by: Dave Hirschfeld <dave.hirschfeld@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Ross Barnowski <rossbar@berkeley.edu>

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