NEP 41: First steps towards improved Datatype Support (gh-15506)

This NEP is supposed to:

1. Motivate the whole DType change and lay out a rough plan.
2. Clarify a few mainly high level decision/plans.
3. Get inertia on starting to implement espeically a DTypeMeta class in C, and slowly add new private API working towards Phase II, which is planned t be better specified by NEP 42 and 43.


Full list of squashed commits (including suggestions below):

* NEP: Create NEP41, proposing a rough plan for new DTypes

* Try to clarify how datatypes are "natural" compared to array likes and clean up API breakage section

* Fix references (mostly at least)

* Add a first draft of a few examples.

* Reorganize examples as per suggestion by Marten and add ufunc loop note

* Make a pass on the first chunk and number the later stuff to match

* Some minaor adjustments

* Add, probably silly, picture.

* Add pngs, since it is probably easier to render...

* Small changes, mainly to see if I can make it render...

* Apply suggestions from code review

Thanks @crusaderky especially for type reading and all the reference, etc. issues!

Co-Authored-By: crusaderky <crusaderky@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: Maximilian Roos <5635139+max-sixty@users.noreply.github.com>

* Tiny fixes, mainly fix title levels hopefully

It seems I am not allowd to skip a title level in one point
but not another.

* Small changes/fixups

* Reorganize sections to better fit template.

* Further swapping of Detailed Information part.

* Make motivation clear and mention user impact section

the user impact section is more useful than the actual motivation
section.... since the motivation is more technical in nature

* Small editing of the first few sections

* Some further small type-edits for the later sections

* Add a small paragraph mentioning the intention of a fallback

* Smaller changes, rework phases at beginning of scopes section

* Mention which NEP is to define which bullet point in Phase II

* Consolidate point 1+2 into a single point and clarify the incompatible change

* Mention the change of how methods are defined in the backcompat section

* Add a note at the top of the NEP (will need to be links to other NEPs)

This note will almost identiclaly be added to the other NEPs then..

* Fixups mainly based on comments from Ross (large chunks are directly using his suggestions)

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: Eric Wieser <wieser.eric@gmail.com>

* Incorporate most of Erics comments (which were not already suggestions)

* Update doc/neps/nep-0041-improved-dtype-support.rst

Co-Authored-By: Eric Wieser <wieser.eric@gmail.com>

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-Authored-By: Eric Wieser <wieser.eric@gmail.com>

* Small reformatting, fix authors and add drafty acknowledgments

Ross does not want authorship, so he has to suffer through this ;).

Co-authored-by: crusaderky <crusaderky@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Maximilian Roos <5635139+max-sixty@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Eric Wieser <wieser.eric@gmail.com>

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