DEP: polynomial: Be stricter about integral arguments

This changes the behavior for:
* The `deg`  and `axis` arguments of `<type>der`
* The `deg`  and `axis` arguments of `<type>int`
* The `deg`  argument of `<type>gauss`
* The `deg`  argument of `<type>vander2d`
* The `deg`  argument of `<type>vander3d`

The old behavior was:
* Raise `ValueError` if the argument is a float, but not an integral one
* Allow a float like `1.0` to mean `1`.

This is inconsistent with most other integer-accepting APIs in numpy, which require these to be actual integers, and raise TypeError when they are not.

The new behavior is:
* Raise `TypeError` if the argument is a float, but not an integral one
* Emit a `DeprecationWarning` if a float like `1.0` is passed, continuing to allow it its old meaning.

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