1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
|
Putting the Inner Loop in Cython
================================
Those who want really good performance out of their low level operations
should strongly consider directly using the iteration API provided
in C, but for those who are not comfortable with C or C++, Cython
is a good middle ground with reasonable performance tradeoffs. For
the :class:`~numpy.nditer` object, this means letting the iterator take care
of broadcasting, dtype conversion, and buffering, while giving the inner
loop to Cython.
For our example, we'll create a sum of squares function. To start,
let's implement this function in straightforward Python. We want to
support an 'axis' parameter similar to the numpy :func:`sum` function,
so we will need to construct a list for the `op_axes` parameter.
Here's how this looks.
.. admonition:: Example
>>> def axis_to_axeslist(axis, ndim):
... if axis is None:
... return [-1] * ndim
... else:
... if type(axis) is not tuple:
... axis = (axis,)
... axeslist = [1] * ndim
... for i in axis:
... axeslist[i] = -1
... ax = 0
... for i in range(ndim):
... if axeslist[i] != -1:
... axeslist[i] = ax
... ax += 1
... return axeslist
...
>>> def sum_squares_py(arr, axis=None, out=None):
... axeslist = axis_to_axeslist(axis, arr.ndim)
... it = np.nditer([arr, out], flags=['reduce_ok',
... 'buffered', 'delay_bufalloc'],
... op_flags=[['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
... op_axes=[None, axeslist],
... op_dtypes=['float64', 'float64'])
... with it:
... it.operands[1][...] = 0
... it.reset()
... for x, y in it:
... y[...] += x*x
... return it.operands[1]
...
>>> a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)
>>> sum_squares_py(a)
array(55.)
>>> sum_squares_py(a, axis=-1)
array([ 5., 50.])
To Cython-ize this function, we replace the inner loop (y[...] += x*x) with
Cython code that's specialized for the float64 dtype. With the
'external_loop' flag enabled, the arrays provided to the inner loop will
always be one-dimensional, so very little checking needs to be done.
Here's the listing of sum_squares.pyx::
import numpy as np
cimport numpy as np
cimport cython
def axis_to_axeslist(axis, ndim):
if axis is None:
return [-1] * ndim
else:
if type(axis) is not tuple:
axis = (axis,)
axeslist = [1] * ndim
for i in axis:
axeslist[i] = -1
ax = 0
for i in range(ndim):
if axeslist[i] != -1:
axeslist[i] = ax
ax += 1
return axeslist
@cython.boundscheck(False)
def sum_squares_cy(arr, axis=None, out=None):
cdef np.ndarray[double] x
cdef np.ndarray[double] y
cdef int size
cdef double value
axeslist = axis_to_axeslist(axis, arr.ndim)
it = np.nditer([arr, out], flags=['reduce_ok', 'external_loop',
'buffered', 'delay_bufalloc'],
op_flags=[['readonly'], ['readwrite', 'allocate']],
op_axes=[None, axeslist],
op_dtypes=['float64', 'float64'])
with it:
it.operands[1][...] = 0
it.reset()
for xarr, yarr in it:
x = xarr
y = yarr
size = x.shape[0]
for i in range(size):
value = x[i]
y[i] = y[i] + value * value
return it.operands[1]
On this machine, building the .pyx file into a module looked like the
following, but you may have to find some Cython tutorials to tell you
the specifics for your system configuration.::
$ cython sum_squares.pyx
$ gcc -shared -pthread -fPIC -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -I/usr/include/python2.7 -fno-strict-aliasing -o sum_squares.so sum_squares.c
Running this from the Python interpreter produces the same answers
as our native Python/NumPy code did.
.. admonition:: Example
>>> from sum_squares import sum_squares_cy #doctest: +SKIP
>>> a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)
>>> sum_squares_cy(a) #doctest: +SKIP
array(55.0)
>>> sum_squares_cy(a, axis=-1) #doctest: +SKIP
array([ 5., 50.])
Doing a little timing in IPython shows that the reduced overhead and
memory allocation of the Cython inner loop is providing a very nice
speedup over both the straightforward Python code and an expression
using NumPy's built-in sum function.::
>>> a = np.random.rand(1000,1000)
>>> timeit sum_squares_py(a, axis=-1)
10 loops, best of 3: 37.1 ms per loop
>>> timeit np.sum(a*a, axis=-1)
10 loops, best of 3: 20.9 ms per loop
>>> timeit sum_squares_cy(a, axis=-1)
100 loops, best of 3: 11.8 ms per loop
>>> np.all(sum_squares_cy(a, axis=-1) == np.sum(a*a, axis=-1))
True
>>> np.all(sum_squares_py(a, axis=-1) == np.sum(a*a, axis=-1))
True
|
