diff options
| author | Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> | 2016-02-06 06:59:47 +0100 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> | 2016-02-06 06:59:47 +0100 |
| commit | 913b8bdffaefb97b6e658aae525c2fac53395247 (patch) | |
| tree | d105cbbfe417ad4cde16ecb69da83ee5be30c2bc | |
| parent | 3ef8159f9dbd60f8d4877c1fbb3617d21017e948 (diff) | |
| download | python-decorator-git-4.0.7.tar.gz | |
Fixed the documentation4.0.7
| -rw-r--r-- | documentation.pdf | 902 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | src/tests/documentation.py | 1 |
2 files changed, 465 insertions, 438 deletions
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 5.045529 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to generate the decorated function. Therefore) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.522126 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will not work for decorated functions. That means that the usual ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (?? ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trick in) Tj T* 0 Tw 26.45775 Tw (IPython will give you the \(right on the spot\) message) Tj T* 0 Tw .261647 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Dynamically) Tj ( ) Tj (generated) Tj ( ) Tj (function.) Tj ( ) Tj (No) Tj ( ) Tj (source) Tj ( ) Tj (code available) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. In the past I have considered) Tj T* 0 Tw .945366 Tw (this acceptable, since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (does not really work even with regular decorators. In that) Tj T* 0 Tw (case ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (gives you the wrapper source code which is probably not what you want:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .011098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(see bug report ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (1764286 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an explanation of what is happening\). Unfortunately the bug is still there, in all) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.33436 Tw (versions of Python except Python 3.5, which is not yet released. There is however a workaround. The) Tj T* 0 Tw .725984 Tw (decorated function has an attribute ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__wrapped__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, pointing to the original function. The easy way to get) Tj T* 0 Tw (the source code is to call ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (on the undecorated function:) Tj T* ET
Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (inspect) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (getsource) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (factorial) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__wrapped__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .666667 .133333 1 rg (@tail_recursive) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("The good old factorial") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ET
+n 0 0 90 12 re f*
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (inspect) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (getsource) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (factorial) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__wrapped__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .666667 .133333 1 rg (@tail_recursive) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ET
Q
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1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (BLANKLINE) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("The good old factorial") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (BLANKLINE) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Dealing with third party decorators) Tj T* ET
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .321654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes you find on the net some cool decorator that you would like to include in your code. However,) Tj T* 0 Tw .50061 Tw (more often than not the cool decorator is not signature-preserving. Therefore you may want an easy way) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.814597 Tw (to upgrade third party decorators to signature-preserving decorators without having to rewrite them in) Tj T* 0 Tw (terms of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. You can use a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to implement that functionality as follows:) Tj T* ET
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Q
q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .079982 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator_apply ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (sets the attribute ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__wrapped__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (of the generated function to the original function, so) Tj T* 0 Tw .00856 Tw (that you can get the right source code. If you are using a Python more recent than 3.2, you should also set) Tj T* 0 Tw (the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__qualname__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (attribute to preserve the qualified name of the original function.) Tj T* ET
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .13104 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that I am not providing this functionality in the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module directly since I think it is best to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.070751 Tw (rewrite the decorator rather than adding an additional level of indirection. However, practicality beats) Tj T* 0 Tw (purity, so you can add ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator_apply ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to your toolbox and use it if you need to.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.74881 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In order to give an example of usage of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator_apply) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, I will show a pretty slick decorator that) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.276651 Tw (converts a tail-recursive function in an iterative function. I have shamelessly stolen the basic idea from) Tj T* 0 Tw 43.62829 Tw (Kay Schluehr's recipe in the Python Cookbook,) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/496691) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 3.34936 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here you want to dispatch on the second argument since the first, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (self ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is already taken. The) Tj T* 0 Tw .544269 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator factory allows you to specify the dispatch argument by simply passing its name) Tj T* 0 Tw .261988 Tw (as a string \(notice that if you mispell the name you will get an error\). The function decorated is turned into) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.747045 Tw (a generic function and it is the one which is called if there are no more specialized implementations.) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.959147 Tw (Usually such default function should raise a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (NotImplementedError) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, thus forcing people to register) Tj T* 0 Tw (some implementation. The registration can be done with a decorator:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .352209 Tw (I could give a down-to-earth example of situations in which it is desiderable to dispatch on more than one) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.67998 Tw (argument \(for instance once I implemented a database-access library where the first dispatching) Tj T* 0 Tw .442765 Tw (argument was the the database driver and the second one was the database record\), but here I prefer to) Tj T* 0 Tw (follow the tradition and show the time-honored Rock-Paper-Scissors example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm .293735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I have added an ordinal to the Rock-Paper-Scissors classes to simplify the implementation. The idea is to) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.821235 Tw (define a generic function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (win\(a, b\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (of two arguments corresponding to the moves of the first and) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.487126 Tw (second player respectively. The moves are instances of the classes Rock, Paper and Scissors; Paper) Tj T* 0 Tw .587765 Tw (wins over Rock, Scissors wins over Paper and Rock wins over Scissors. The function will return +1 for a) Tj T* 0 Tw .353876 Tw (win, -1 for a loss and 0 for parity. There are 9 combinations, however combinations with the same ordinal) Tj T* 0 Tw .815542 Tw (\(i.e. the same class\) return 0; moreover by exchanging the order of the arguments the sign of the result) Tj T* 0 Tw (changes, so it is enough to specify directly only 3 implementations:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('a') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('b') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (win) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (elif) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (ordinal) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj 0 0 0 rg (win) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (raise) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (NotImplementedError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (type) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (a) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\),) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (type) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (b) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)\)) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the result:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .76528 Tw (The point of generic functions is that they play well with subclassing. For instance, suppose we define a) Tj T* 0 Tw (StrongRock which does not lose against Paper:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Then we do not need to define other implementations, since they are inherited from the parent:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12.49998 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can introspect the precedence used by the dispath algorithm by calling) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.dispatch_info\(*types\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 3.354269 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since there is no direct implementation for \(StrongRock, Scissors\) the dispatcher will look at the) Tj T* 0 Tw .352651 Tw (implementation for \(Rock, Scissors\) which is available. Internally the algorithm is doing a cross product of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.64784 Tw (the class precedence lists \(or Method Resolution Orders, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (MRO ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for short\) of StrongRock and Scissors) Tj T* 0 Tw (respectively.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Generic functions and virtual ancestors) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.225366 Tw (Generic function implementations in Python are complicated by the existence of "virtual ancestors", i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw (superclasses which are not in the class hierarchy. Consider for instance this class:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .772765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This class defines a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__len__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method and as such is considered to be a subclass of the abstract base) Tj T* 0 Tw (class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.414651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is not in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (MRO ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, it is not a true ancestor. Any) Tj T* 0 Tw .651412 Tw (implementation of generic functions, even with single dispatch, must go through some contorsion to take) Tj T* 0 Tw (into account the virtual ancestors.) Tj T* ET
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (In particular if we define a generic function) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (implemented on all classes with a length) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 226.0236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (then ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (get_length ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (must be defined on ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instances) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 212.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 180.8236 cm
q
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -7304,19 +7330,19 @@ Q Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 180.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 148.8236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.228651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (even if ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is not a true ancestor of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. Of course this is a contrived) Tj T* 0 Tw (example since you could just use the builtin ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (len) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but you should get the idea.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 138.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 106.8236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .129461 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since in Python it is possible to consider any instance of ABCMeta as a virtual ancestor of any other class) Tj T* 0 Tw .21152 Tw (\(it is enough to register it as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ancestor.register\(cls\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\), any implementation of generic functions must) Tj T* 0 Tw (take virtual ancestors into account. Let me give an example.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 120.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 88.82362 cm
q
0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Suppose you are using a third party set-like class like the following:) Tj T* ET
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diff --git a/src/tests/documentation.py b/src/tests/documentation.py index b704b91..0e8170a 100644 --- a/src/tests/documentation.py +++ b/src/tests/documentation.py @@ -526,6 +526,7 @@ be added to the generated function: >>> print(f1.__source__) def f1(a, b): f(a, b) + <BLANKLINE> ``FunctionMaker.create`` can take as first argument a string, as in the examples before, or a function. This is the most common |