fix: SPARQL XML result parsingiwana-20220718T0603-lxml-test

Fixed the following problems with the SPARQL XML result parsing:

- Both the parse method of both the lxml and `xml` modules does not work
  work well with `TextIO` objects, the `xml` module works with `TextIO`
  objects if the XML encoding is `utf-8`, but not if it is `utf-16`, and
  with `lxml` parse fails for both `utf-8` and `utf-16`. To fix this I
  changed the XML result parser to first convert `TextIO` to `bytes` and
  then feed the `bytes` to `parse()` using `BytesIO`.
- The parser was operating on all elements inside `results` and
  `result` elements, even if those elements were not `result` and `binding`
  elements respectively. This was causing problems with `lxml`, as `lxml`
  also returns comments when iterating over elements. To fix this I added
  a check for the element tags so that only the correct elements are
  considered.

Other changes:

- Added type hints to `rdflib.plugins.sparql.results.xmlresults`.
- Run with `lxml` one some permutations in the test matrix.
- Removed `rdflib.compat.etree`, as this was not very helpful for the
  SPARQL XML Result parser and it was not used elsewhere.
- Added an `lxml` environment to tox which installs `lxml` and
  `lxml-stubs`.

6 files changed, 136 insertions, 46 deletions

diff --git a/.github/workflows/validate.yaml b/.github/workflows/validate.yaml
index 9f3c9464..6f55afdc 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/validate.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/validate.yaml
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ jobs:
           - python-version: "3.9"
             os: ubuntu-latest
             TOX_EXTRA_COMMAND: "- black --check --diff ./rdflib"
+            TOXENV_SUFFIX: "-lxml"
           - python-version: "3.10"
             os: ubuntu-latest
             TOX_EXTRA_COMMAND: "flake8 --exit-zero rdflib"
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1becba38..d18f009b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -100,6 +100,31 @@ and will be removed for release.
 <!-- -->
 <!-- -->
 
+
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- CHANGE BARRIER: START PR #2044 -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+
+- Fixed some issues with SPARQL XML result parsing that caused problems with
+  [`lxml`](https://lxml.de/). Closed [issue #2035](https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib/issues/2035),
+  [issue #1847](https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib/issues/1847).
+  [PR #2044](https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib/pull/2044).
+  - Result parsing from
+    [`TextIO`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.TextIO)
+    streams now work correctly with `lxml` installed and with XML documents that
+    are not `utf-8` encoded.
+  - Elements inside `<results>` that are not `<result>` are now ignored.
+  - Elements inside `<result>` that are not `<binding>` are now ignored.
+  - Also added type hints to `rdflib.plugins.sparql.results.xmlresults`.
+
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- CHANGE BARRIER: END -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+
 <!-- -->
 <!-- -->
 <!-- CHANGE BARRIER: START -->
diff --git a/rdflib/compat.py b/rdflib/compat.py
index 52407812..cba3a569 100644
--- a/rdflib/compat.py
+++ b/rdflib/compat.py
@@ -6,15 +6,7 @@ and different versions of support libraries.
 import codecs
 import re
 import warnings
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Match
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    import xml.etree.ElementTree as etree
-else:
-    try:
-        from lxml import etree
-    except ImportError:
-        import xml.etree.ElementTree as etree
+from typing import Match
 
 
 def cast_bytes(s, enc="utf-8"):
diff --git a/rdflib/plugins/sparql/results/xmlresults.py b/rdflib/plugins/sparql/results/xmlresults.py
index 69cb5c30..023ea77b 100644
--- a/rdflib/plugins/sparql/results/xmlresults.py
+++ b/rdflib/plugins/sparql/results/xmlresults.py
@@ -1,12 +1,34 @@
 import logging
-from typing import IO, Optional
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as xml_etree  # noqa: N813
+from io import BytesIO
+from typing import (
+    IO,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    BinaryIO,
+    Dict,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    TextIO,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
 from xml.dom import XML_NAMESPACE
 from xml.sax.saxutils import XMLGenerator
 from xml.sax.xmlreader import AttributesNSImpl
 
 from rdflib import BNode, Literal, URIRef, Variable
-from rdflib.compat import etree
 from rdflib.query import Result, ResultException, ResultParser, ResultSerializer
+from rdflib.term import Identifier
+
+try:
+    # https://adamj.eu/tech/2021/12/29/python-type-hints-optional-imports/
+    import lxml.etree as lxml_etree
+
+    FOUND_LXML = True
+except ImportError:
+    FOUND_LXML = False
 
 SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE = "http://www.w3.org/2005/sparql-results#"
 RESULTS_NS_ET = "{%s}" % SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE
@@ -27,19 +49,32 @@ Authors: Drew Perttula, Gunnar Aastrand Grimnes
 
 class XMLResultParser(ResultParser):
     # TODO FIXME: content_type should be a keyword only arg.
-    def parse(self, source, content_type: Optional[str] = None):  # type: ignore[override]
+    def parse(self, source: IO, content_type: Optional[str] = None):  # type: ignore[override]
         return XMLResult(source)
 
 
 class XMLResult(Result):
-    def __init__(self, source, content_type: Optional[str] = None):
-
-        try:
-            # try use as if etree is from lxml, and if not use it as normal.
-            parser = etree.XMLParser(huge_tree=True)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
-            tree = etree.parse(source, parser)
-        except TypeError:
-            tree = etree.parse(source)
+    def __init__(self, source: IO, content_type: Optional[str] = None):
+        parser_encoding: Optional[str] = None
+        if hasattr(source, "encoding"):
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(source, TextIO)
+            parser_encoding = "utf-8"
+            source_str = source.read()
+            source = BytesIO(source_str.encode(parser_encoding))
+        else:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(source, BinaryIO)
+
+        if FOUND_LXML:
+            lxml_parser = lxml_etree.XMLParser(huge_tree=True, encoding=parser_encoding)
+            tree = cast(
+                xml_etree.ElementTree,
+                lxml_etree.parse(source, parser=lxml_parser),
+            )
+        else:
+            xml_parser = xml_etree.XMLParser(encoding=parser_encoding)
+            tree = xml_etree.parse(source, parser=xml_parser)
 
         boolean = tree.find(RESULTS_NS_ET + "boolean")
         results = tree.find(RESULTS_NS_ET + "results")
@@ -56,8 +91,18 @@ class XMLResult(Result):
         if type_ == "SELECT":
             self.bindings = []
             for result in results:  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+                if result.tag != f"{RESULTS_NS_ET}result":
+                    # This is here because with lxml this also gets comments,
+                    # not just elements. Also this should not operate on non
+                    # "result" elements.
+                    continue
                 r = {}
                 for binding in result:
+                    if binding.tag != f"{RESULTS_NS_ET}binding":
+                        # This is here because with lxml this also gets
+                        # comments, not just elements. Also this should not
+                        # operate on non "binding" elements.
+                        continue
                     # type error: error: Argument 1 to "Variable" has incompatible type "Union[str, None, Any]"; expected "str"
                     # NOTE on type error: Element.get() can return None, and
                     # this will invariably fail if passed into Variable
@@ -80,7 +125,7 @@ class XMLResult(Result):
             self.askAnswer = boolean.text.lower().strip() == "true"  # type: ignore[union-attr]
 
 
-def parseTerm(element):
+def parseTerm(element: xml_etree.Element) -> Union[URIRef, Literal, BNode]:
     """rdflib object (Literal, URIRef, BNode) for the given
     elementtree element"""
     tag, text = element.tag, element.text
@@ -90,7 +135,8 @@ def parseTerm(element):
         datatype = None
         lang = None
         if element.get("datatype", None):
-            datatype = URIRef(element.get("datatype"))
+            # type error: Argument 1 to "URIRef" has incompatible type "Optional[str]"; expected "str"
+            datatype = URIRef(element.get("datatype"))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
         elif element.get("{%s}lang" % XML_NAMESPACE, None):
             lang = element.get("{%s}lang" % XML_NAMESPACE)
 
@@ -98,7 +144,8 @@ def parseTerm(element):
 
         return ret
     elif tag == RESULTS_NS_ET + "uri":
-        return URIRef(text)
+        # type error: Argument 1 to "URIRef" has incompatible type "Optional[str]"; expected "str"
+        return URIRef(text)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
     elif tag == RESULTS_NS_ET + "bnode":
         return BNode(text)
     else:
@@ -109,14 +156,14 @@ class XMLResultSerializer(ResultSerializer):
     def __init__(self, result):
         ResultSerializer.__init__(self, result)
 
-    def serialize(self, stream: IO, encoding: str = "utf-8", **kwargs):
-
+    def serialize(self, stream: IO, encoding: str = "utf-8", **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         writer = SPARQLXMLWriter(stream, encoding)
         if self.result.type == "ASK":
             writer.write_header([])
             writer.write_ask(self.result.askAnswer)
         else:
-            writer.write_header(self.result.vars)
+            # type error: Argument 1 to "write_header" of "SPARQLXMLWriter" has incompatible type "Optional[List[Variable]]"; expected "Sequence[Variable]"
+            writer.write_header(self.result.vars)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
             writer.write_results_header()
             for b in self.result.bindings:
                 writer.write_start_result()
@@ -134,7 +181,7 @@ class SPARQLXMLWriter:
     Python saxutils-based SPARQL XML Writer
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, output, encoding="utf-8"):
+    def __init__(self, output: IO, encoding: str = "utf-8"):
         writer = XMLGenerator(output, encoding)
         writer.startDocument()
         writer.startPrefixMapping("", SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE)
@@ -147,7 +194,7 @@ class SPARQLXMLWriter:
         self._encoding = encoding
         self._results = False
 
-    def write_header(self, allvarsL):
+    def write_header(self, allvarsL: Sequence[Variable]) -> None:
         self.writer.startElementNS(
             (SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "head"), "head", AttributesNSImpl({}, {})
         )
@@ -161,48 +208,52 @@ class SPARQLXMLWriter:
             self.writer.startElementNS(
                 (SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "variable"),
                 "variable",
-                AttributesNSImpl(attr_vals, attr_qnames),
+                # type error: Argument 1 to "AttributesNSImpl" has incompatible type "Dict[Tuple[None, str], str]"; expected "Mapping[Tuple[str, str], str]"
+                # type error: Argument 2 to "AttributesNSImpl" has incompatible type "Dict[Tuple[None, str], str]"; expected "Mapping[Tuple[str, str], str]"  [arg-type]
+                AttributesNSImpl(attr_vals, attr_qnames),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
             )
             self.writer.endElementNS((SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "variable"), "variable")
         self.writer.endElementNS((SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "head"), "head")
 
-    def write_ask(self, val):
+    def write_ask(self, val: bool) -> None:
         self.writer.startElementNS(
             (SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "boolean"), "boolean", AttributesNSImpl({}, {})
         )
         self.writer.characters(str(val).lower())
         self.writer.endElementNS((SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "boolean"), "boolean")
 
-    def write_results_header(self):
+    def write_results_header(self) -> None:
         self.writer.startElementNS(
             (SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "results"), "results", AttributesNSImpl({}, {})
         )
         self._results = True
 
-    def write_start_result(self):
+    def write_start_result(self) -> None:
         self.writer.startElementNS(
             (SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "result"), "result", AttributesNSImpl({}, {})
         )
         self._resultStarted = True
 
-    def write_end_result(self):
+    def write_end_result(self) -> None:
         assert self._resultStarted
         self.writer.endElementNS((SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "result"), "result")
         self._resultStarted = False
 
-    def write_binding(self, name, val):
+    def write_binding(self, name: Variable, val: Identifier):
         assert self._resultStarted
 
-        attr_vals = {
+        attr_vals: Dict[Tuple[Optional[str], str], str] = {
             (None, "name"): str(name),
         }
-        attr_qnames = {
+        attr_qnames: Dict[Tuple[Optional[str], str], str] = {
             (None, "name"): "name",
         }
         self.writer.startElementNS(
             (SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "binding"),
             "binding",
-            AttributesNSImpl(attr_vals, attr_qnames),
+            # type error: Argument 1 to "AttributesNSImpl" has incompatible type "Dict[Tuple[None, str], str]"; expected "Mapping[Tuple[str, str], str]"
+            # type error: Argument 2 to "AttributesNSImpl" has incompatible type "Dict[Tuple[None, str], str]"; expected "Mapping[Tuple[str, str], str]"
+            AttributesNSImpl(attr_vals, attr_qnames),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
         )
 
         if isinstance(val, URIRef):
@@ -230,7 +281,9 @@ class SPARQLXMLWriter:
             self.writer.startElementNS(
                 (SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "literal"),
                 "literal",
-                AttributesNSImpl(attr_vals, attr_qnames),
+                # type error: Argument 1 to "AttributesNSImpl" has incompatible type "Dict[Tuple[Optional[str], str], str]"; expected "Mapping[Tuple[str, str], str]"
+                # type error: Argument 2 to "AttributesNSImpl" has incompatible type "Dict[Tuple[Optional[str], str], str]"; expected "Mapping[Tuple[str, str], str]"
+                AttributesNSImpl(attr_vals, attr_qnames),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
             )
             self.writer.characters(val)
             self.writer.endElementNS((SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "literal"), "literal")
@@ -240,7 +293,7 @@ class SPARQLXMLWriter:
 
         self.writer.endElementNS((SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "binding"), "binding")
 
-    def close(self):
+    def close(self) -> None:
         if self._results:
             self.writer.endElementNS((SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "results"), "results")
         self.writer.endElementNS((SPARQL_XML_NAMESPACE, "sparql"), "sparql")
diff --git a/test/test_sparql/test_result.py b/test/test_sparql/test_result.py
index 0b301e6e..6e46f8f4 100644
--- a/test/test_sparql/test_result.py
+++ b/test/test_sparql/test_result.py
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ result_formats = ResultFormats.make(
             ResultFormatTrait.HAS_PARSER,
             ResultFormatTrait.HAS_SERIALIZER,
         },
-        {"utf-8"},
+        {"utf-8", "utf-16"},
     ),
     ResultFormat(
         "tsv",
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class DestRef:
 
 @contextmanager
 def make_dest(
-    tmp_path: Path, type: Optional[DestinationType]
+    tmp_path: Path, type: Optional[DestinationType], encoding: str
 ) -> Iterator[Optional[DestRef]]:
     if type is None:
         yield None
@@ -251,7 +251,8 @@ def make_dest(
         with path.open("wb") as bfh:
             yield DestRef(bfh, path)
     elif type is DestinationType.TEXT_IO:
-        with path.open("w") as fh:
+        assert encoding is not None
+        with path.open("w", encoding=encoding) as fh:
             yield DestRef(fh, path)
     else:
         raise ValueError(f"unsupported type {type}")
@@ -299,6 +300,10 @@ def make_select_result_serialize_parse_tests() -> Iterator[ParameterSet]:
             raises=FileNotFoundError,
             reason="string path handling does not work on windows",
         )
+        xfails[("xml", DestinationType.STR_PATH, "utf-16")] = pytest.mark.xfail(
+            raises=FileNotFoundError,
+            reason="string path handling does not work on windows",
+        )
     formats = [
         format
         for format in result_formats.values()
@@ -332,7 +337,7 @@ def test_select_result_serialize_parse(
     specific format results in an equivalent result object.
     """
     format, destination_type, encoding = args
-    with make_dest(tmp_path, destination_type) as dest_ref:
+    with make_dest(tmp_path, destination_type, encoding) as dest_ref:
         destination = None if dest_ref is None else dest_ref.param
         serialize_result = select_result.serialize(
             destination=destination,
@@ -345,7 +350,8 @@ def test_select_result_serialize_parse(
         serialized_data = serialize_result.decode(encoding)
     else:
         assert serialize_result is None
-        serialized_data = dest_ref.path.read_bytes().decode(encoding)
+        dest_bytes = dest_ref.path.read_bytes()
+        serialized_data = dest_bytes.decode(encoding)
 
     logging.debug("serialized_data = %s", serialized_data)
     check_serialized(format.name, select_result, serialized_data)
@@ -363,7 +369,7 @@ def serialize_select(select_result: Result, format: str, encoding: str) -> bytes
             encoding
         )
     else:
-        result = select_result.serialize(format=format)
+        result = select_result.serialize(format=format, encoding=encoding)
         assert result is not None
         return result
 
@@ -377,8 +383,17 @@ def make_select_result_parse_serialized_tests() -> Iterator[ParameterSet]:
         and ResultType.SELECT in format.supported_types
     ]
     source_types = set(SourceType)
+    xfails[("csv", SourceType.BINARY_IO, "utf-16")] = pytest.mark.xfail(
+        raises=UnicodeDecodeError,
+    )
+    xfails[("json", SourceType.BINARY_IO, "utf-16")] = pytest.mark.xfail(
+        raises=UnicodeDecodeError,
+    )
+    xfails[("tsv", SourceType.BINARY_IO, "utf-16")] = pytest.mark.xfail(
+        raises=UnicodeDecodeError,
+    )
     for format, destination_type in itertools.product(formats, source_types):
-        for encoding in {"utf-8"}:
+        for encoding in format.encodings:
             xfail = xfails.get((format.name, destination_type, encoding))
             marks = (xfail,) if xfail is not None else ()
             yield pytest.param(
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index 0ebe9659..b6ae513d 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
+# https://tox.wiki/en/latest/config.html
 [tox]
 envlist =
     flake8,py3{7,8,9,10},covreport,docs,precommit
 
 [testenv]
+deps =
+    lxml: lxml
+    lxml: lxml-stubs
 setenv =
     extensive: BERKELEYDB_DIR = /usr
     COVERAGE_FILE = {env:COVERAGE_FILE:{toxinidir}/.coverage.{envname}}