Run black -l 79 against all source files

This is a straight reformat run using black as is, with no edits
applied at all.

The black run will format code consistently, however in
some cases that are prevalent in SQLAlchemy code it produces
too-long lines.   The too-long lines will be resolved in the
following commit that will resolve all remaining flake8 issues
including shadowed builtins, long lines, import order, unused
imports, duplicate imports, and docstring issues.

Change-Id: I7eda77fed3d8e73df84b3651fd6cfcfe858d4dc9

1 files changed, 787 insertions, 755 deletions

diff --git a/test/sql/test_generative.py b/test/sql/test_generative.py
index 8b1436879..1d064dd3a 100644
--- a/test/sql/test_generative.py
+++ b/test/sql/test_generative.py
@@ -1,21 +1,45 @@
 from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, ClauseElement, operators
 from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import _clone, _from_objects
-from sqlalchemy import func, select, Integer, Table, \
-    Column, MetaData, extract, String, bindparam, tuple_, and_, union, text,\
-    case, ForeignKey, literal_column
-from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures, AssertsExecutionResults, \
-    AssertsCompiledSQL
+from sqlalchemy import (
+    func,
+    select,
+    Integer,
+    Table,
+    Column,
+    MetaData,
+    extract,
+    String,
+    bindparam,
+    tuple_,
+    and_,
+    union,
+    text,
+    case,
+    ForeignKey,
+    literal_column,
+)
+from sqlalchemy.testing import (
+    fixtures,
+    AssertsExecutionResults,
+    AssertsCompiledSQL,
+)
 from sqlalchemy import testing
-from sqlalchemy.sql.visitors import ClauseVisitor, CloningVisitor, \
-    cloned_traverse, ReplacingCloningVisitor
+from sqlalchemy.sql.visitors import (
+    ClauseVisitor,
+    CloningVisitor,
+    cloned_traverse,
+    ReplacingCloningVisitor,
+)
 from sqlalchemy.sql import visitors
 from sqlalchemy import exc
 from sqlalchemy.sql import util as sql_util
-from sqlalchemy.testing import (eq_,
-                                is_,
-                                is_not_,
-                                assert_raises,
-                                assert_raises_message)
+from sqlalchemy.testing import (
+    eq_,
+    is_,
+    is_not_,
+    assert_raises,
+    assert_raises_message,
+)
 
 A = B = t1 = t2 = t3 = table1 = table2 = table3 = table4 = None
 
@@ -33,7 +57,7 @@ class TraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsExecutionResults):
         # define deep equality semantics as well as deep
         # identity semantics.
         class A(ClauseElement):
-            __visit_name__ = 'a'
+            __visit_name__ = "a"
 
             def __init__(self, expr):
                 self.expr = expr
@@ -53,7 +77,7 @@ class TraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsExecutionResults):
                 return "A(%s)" % repr(self.expr)
 
         class B(ClauseElement):
-            __visit_name__ = 'b'
+            __visit_name__ = "b"
 
             def __init__(self, *items):
                 self.items = items
@@ -93,8 +117,9 @@ class TraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsExecutionResults):
         a1 = A("expr1")
         struct = B(a1, A("expr2"), B(A("expr1b"), A("expr2b")), A("expr3"))
         struct2 = B(a1, A("expr2"), B(A("expr1b"), A("expr2b")), A("expr3"))
-        struct3 = B(a1, A("expr2"), B(A("expr1b"),
-                                      A("expr2bmodified")), A("expr3"))
+        struct3 = B(
+            a1, A("expr2"), B(A("expr1b"), A("expr2bmodified")), A("expr3")
+        )
 
         assert a1.is_other(a1)
         assert struct.is_other(struct)
@@ -104,11 +129,11 @@ class TraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsExecutionResults):
         assert not struct.is_other(struct3)
 
     def test_clone(self):
-        struct = B(A("expr1"), A("expr2"), B(A("expr1b"),
-                                             A("expr2b")), A("expr3"))
+        struct = B(
+            A("expr1"), A("expr2"), B(A("expr1b"), A("expr2b")), A("expr3")
+        )
 
         class Vis(CloningVisitor):
-
             def visit_a(self, a):
                 pass
 
@@ -121,11 +146,11 @@ class TraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsExecutionResults):
         assert not struct.is_other(s2)
 
     def test_no_clone(self):
-        struct = B(A("expr1"), A("expr2"), B(A("expr1b"),
-                                             A("expr2b")), A("expr3"))
+        struct = B(
+            A("expr1"), A("expr2"), B(A("expr1b"), A("expr2b")), A("expr3")
+        )
 
         class Vis(ClauseVisitor):
-
             def visit_a(self, a):
                 pass
 
@@ -139,7 +164,8 @@ class TraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsExecutionResults):
 
     def test_clone_anon_label(self):
         from sqlalchemy.sql.elements import Grouping
-        c1 = Grouping(literal_column('q'))
+
+        c1 = Grouping(literal_column("q"))
         s1 = select([c1])
 
         class Vis(CloningVisitor):
@@ -151,15 +177,23 @@ class TraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsExecutionResults):
         eq_(list(s2.inner_columns)[0].anon_label, c1.anon_label)
 
     def test_change_in_place(self):
-        struct = B(A("expr1"), A("expr2"), B(A("expr1b"),
-                                             A("expr2b")), A("expr3"))
-        struct2 = B(A("expr1"), A("expr2modified"), B(A("expr1b"),
-                                                      A("expr2b")), A("expr3"))
-        struct3 = B(A("expr1"), A("expr2"), B(A("expr1b"),
-                                              A("expr2bmodified")), A("expr3"))
+        struct = B(
+            A("expr1"), A("expr2"), B(A("expr1b"), A("expr2b")), A("expr3")
+        )
+        struct2 = B(
+            A("expr1"),
+            A("expr2modified"),
+            B(A("expr1b"), A("expr2b")),
+            A("expr3"),
+        )
+        struct3 = B(
+            A("expr1"),
+            A("expr2"),
+            B(A("expr1b"), A("expr2bmodified")),
+            A("expr3"),
+        )
 
         class Vis(CloningVisitor):
-
             def visit_a(self, a):
                 if a.expr == "expr2":
                     a.expr = "expr2modified"
@@ -174,7 +208,6 @@ class TraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsExecutionResults):
         assert struct2 == s2
 
         class Vis2(CloningVisitor):
-
             def visit_a(self, a):
                 if a.expr == "expr2b":
                     a.expr = "expr2bmodified"
@@ -194,9 +227,9 @@ class TraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsExecutionResults):
         class CustomObj(Column):
             pass
 
-        assert CustomObj.__visit_name__ == Column.__visit_name__ == 'column'
+        assert CustomObj.__visit_name__ == Column.__visit_name__ == "column"
 
-        foo, bar = CustomObj('foo', String), CustomObj('bar', String)
+        foo, bar = CustomObj("foo", String), CustomObj("bar", String)
         bin = foo == bar
         set(ClauseVisitor().iterate(bin))
         assert set(ClauseVisitor().iterate(bin)) == set([foo, bar, bin])
@@ -212,19 +245,13 @@ class BinaryEndpointTraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase):
         def visit(binary, l, r):
             canary.append((binary.operator, l, r))
             print(binary.operator, l, r)
+
         sql_util.visit_binary_product(visit, expr)
-        eq_(
-            canary, expected
-        )
+        eq_(canary, expected)
 
     def test_basic(self):
         a, b = column("a"), column("b")
-        self._assert_traversal(
-            a == b,
-            [
-                (operators.eq, a, b)
-            ]
-        )
+        self._assert_traversal(a == b, [(operators.eq, a, b)])
 
     def test_with_tuples(self):
         a, b, c, d, b1, b1a, b1b, e, f = (
@@ -236,11 +263,9 @@ class BinaryEndpointTraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase):
             column("b1a"),
             column("b1b"),
             column("e"),
-            column("f")
+            column("f"),
         )
-        expr = tuple_(
-            a, b, b1 == tuple_(b1a, b1b == d), c
-        ) > tuple_(
+        expr = tuple_(a, b, b1 == tuple_(b1a, b1b == d), c) > tuple_(
             func.go(e + f)
         )
         self._assert_traversal(
@@ -253,8 +278,8 @@ class BinaryEndpointTraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase):
                 (operators.eq, b1, b1a),
                 (operators.eq, b1b, d),
                 (operators.gt, c, e),
-                (operators.gt, c, f)
-            ]
+                (operators.gt, c, f),
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_composed(self):
@@ -267,13 +292,7 @@ class BinaryEndpointTraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase):
             column("j"),
             column("r"),
         )
-        expr = and_(
-            (a + b) == q + func.sum(e + f),
-            and_(
-                j == r,
-                f == q
-            )
-        )
+        expr = and_((a + b) == q + func.sum(e + f), and_(j == r, f == q))
         self._assert_traversal(
             expr,
             [
@@ -285,7 +304,7 @@ class BinaryEndpointTraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase):
                 (operators.eq, b, f),
                 (operators.eq, j, r),
                 (operators.eq, f, q),
-            ]
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_subquery(self):
@@ -293,11 +312,7 @@ class BinaryEndpointTraversalTest(fixtures.TestBase):
         subq = select([c]).where(c == a).as_scalar()
         expr = and_(a == b, b == subq)
         self._assert_traversal(
-            expr,
-            [
-                (operators.eq, a, b),
-                (operators.eq, b, subq),
-            ]
+            expr, [(operators.eq, a, b), (operators.eq, b, subq)]
         )
 
 
@@ -305,36 +320,31 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
 
     """test copy-in-place behavior of various ClauseElements."""
 
-    __dialect__ = 'default'
+    __dialect__ = "default"
 
     @classmethod
     def setup_class(cls):
         global t1, t2, t3
-        t1 = table("table1",
-                   column("col1"),
-                   column("col2"),
-                   column("col3"),
-                   )
-        t2 = table("table2",
-                   column("col1"),
-                   column("col2"),
-                   column("col3"),
-                   )
-        t3 = Table('table3', MetaData(),
-                   Column('col1', Integer),
-                   Column('col2', Integer)
-                   )
+        t1 = table("table1", column("col1"), column("col2"), column("col3"))
+        t2 = table("table2", column("col1"), column("col2"), column("col3"))
+        t3 = Table(
+            "table3",
+            MetaData(),
+            Column("col1", Integer),
+            Column("col2", Integer),
+        )
 
     def test_binary(self):
         clause = t1.c.col2 == t2.c.col2
         eq_(str(clause), str(CloningVisitor().traverse(clause)))
 
     def test_binary_anon_label_quirk(self):
-        t = table('t1', column('col1'))
+        t = table("t1", column("col1"))
 
         f = t.c.col1 * 5
-        self.assert_compile(select([f]),
-                            "SELECT t1.col1 * :col1_1 AS anon_1 FROM t1")
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([f]), "SELECT t1.col1 * :col1_1 AS anon_1 FROM t1"
+        )
 
         f.anon_label
 
@@ -342,9 +352,8 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         f = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(a).traverse(f)
 
         self.assert_compile(
-            select(
-                [f]),
-            "SELECT t1_1.col1 * :col1_1 AS anon_1 FROM t1 AS t1_1")
+            select([f]), "SELECT t1_1.col1 * :col1_1 AS anon_1 FROM t1 AS t1_1"
+        )
 
     def test_join(self):
         clause = t1.join(t2, t1.c.col2 == t2.c.col2)
@@ -352,7 +361,6 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         assert str(clause) == str(CloningVisitor().traverse(clause))
 
         class Vis(CloningVisitor):
-
             def visit_binary(self, binary):
                 binary.right = t2.c.col3
 
@@ -368,24 +376,23 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
 
         adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(aliased)
 
-        f = select([
-            adapter.columns[c]
-            for c in aliased2.c
-        ]).select_from(aliased)
+        f = select([adapter.columns[c] for c in aliased2.c]).select_from(
+            aliased
+        )
 
         s = select([aliased2]).select_from(aliased)
         eq_(str(s), str(f))
 
-        f = select([
-            adapter.columns[func.count(aliased2.c.col1)]
-        ]).select_from(aliased)
+        f = select([adapter.columns[func.count(aliased2.c.col1)]]).select_from(
+            aliased
+        )
         eq_(
             str(select([func.count(aliased2.c.col1)]).select_from(aliased)),
-            str(f)
+            str(f),
         )
 
     def test_aliased_cloned_column_adapt_inner(self):
-        clause = select([t1.c.col1, func.foo(t1.c.col2).label('foo')])
+        clause = select([t1.c.col1, func.foo(t1.c.col2).label("foo")])
 
         aliased1 = select([clause.c.col1, clause.c.foo])
         aliased2 = clause
@@ -397,20 +404,12 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         # aliased2.  corresponding_column checks these
         # now.
         adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(aliased1)
-        f1 = select([
-            adapter.columns[c]
-            for c in aliased2._raw_columns
-        ])
-        f2 = select([
-            adapter.columns[c]
-            for c in aliased3._raw_columns
-        ])
-        eq_(
-            str(f1), str(f2)
-        )
+        f1 = select([adapter.columns[c] for c in aliased2._raw_columns])
+        f2 = select([adapter.columns[c] for c in aliased3._raw_columns])
+        eq_(str(f1), str(f2))
 
     def test_aliased_cloned_column_adapt_exported(self):
-        clause = select([t1.c.col1, func.foo(t1.c.col2).label('foo')])
+        clause = select([t1.c.col1, func.foo(t1.c.col2).label("foo")])
 
         aliased1 = select([clause.c.col1, clause.c.foo])
         aliased2 = clause
@@ -422,20 +421,12 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         # have an _is_clone_of pointer.   But we now modified _make_proxy
         # to assign this.
         adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(aliased1)
-        f1 = select([
-            adapter.columns[c]
-            for c in aliased2.c
-        ])
-        f2 = select([
-            adapter.columns[c]
-            for c in aliased3.c
-        ])
-        eq_(
-            str(f1), str(f2)
-        )
+        f1 = select([adapter.columns[c] for c in aliased2.c])
+        f2 = select([adapter.columns[c] for c in aliased3.c])
+        eq_(str(f1), str(f2))
 
     def test_aliased_cloned_schema_column_adapt_exported(self):
-        clause = select([t3.c.col1, func.foo(t3.c.col2).label('foo')])
+        clause = select([t3.c.col1, func.foo(t3.c.col2).label("foo")])
 
         aliased1 = select([clause.c.col1, clause.c.foo])
         aliased2 = clause
@@ -447,20 +438,12 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         # have an _is_clone_of pointer.   But we now modified _make_proxy
         # to assign this.
         adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(aliased1)
-        f1 = select([
-            adapter.columns[c]
-            for c in aliased2.c
-        ])
-        f2 = select([
-            adapter.columns[c]
-            for c in aliased3.c
-        ])
-        eq_(
-            str(f1), str(f2)
-        )
+        f1 = select([adapter.columns[c] for c in aliased2.c])
+        f2 = select([adapter.columns[c] for c in aliased3.c])
+        eq_(str(f1), str(f2))
 
     def test_labeled_expression_adapt(self):
-        lbl_x = (t3.c.col1 == 1).label('x')
+        lbl_x = (t3.c.col1 == 1).label("x")
         t3_alias = t3.alias()
 
         adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(t3_alias)
@@ -471,13 +454,13 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         lblx_adapted = adapter.traverse(lbl_x)
         self.assert_compile(
             select([lblx_adapted.self_group()]),
-            "SELECT (table3_1.col1 = :col1_1) AS x FROM table3 AS table3_1"
+            "SELECT (table3_1.col1 = :col1_1) AS x FROM table3 AS table3_1",
         )
 
         self.assert_compile(
             select([lblx_adapted.is_(True)]),
             "SELECT (table3_1.col1 = :col1_1) IS 1 AS anon_1 "
-            "FROM table3 AS table3_1"
+            "FROM table3 AS table3_1",
         )
 
     def test_cte_w_union(self):
@@ -486,50 +469,55 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         s = select([func.sum(t.c.n)])
 
         from sqlalchemy.sql.visitors import cloned_traverse
+
         cloned = cloned_traverse(s, {}, {})
 
-        self.assert_compile(cloned,
-                            "WITH RECURSIVE t(n) AS "
-                            "(SELECT values(:values_1) AS n "
-                            "UNION ALL SELECT t.n + :n_1 AS anon_1 "
-                            "FROM t "
-                            "WHERE t.n < :n_2) "
-                            "SELECT sum(t.n) AS sum_1 FROM t"
-                            )
+        self.assert_compile(
+            cloned,
+            "WITH RECURSIVE t(n) AS "
+            "(SELECT values(:values_1) AS n "
+            "UNION ALL SELECT t.n + :n_1 AS anon_1 "
+            "FROM t "
+            "WHERE t.n < :n_2) "
+            "SELECT sum(t.n) AS sum_1 FROM t",
+        )
 
     def test_aliased_cte_w_union(self):
-        t = select([func.values(1).label("n")]).\
-            cte("t", recursive=True).alias('foo')
+        t = (
+            select([func.values(1).label("n")])
+            .cte("t", recursive=True)
+            .alias("foo")
+        )
         t = t.union_all(select([t.c.n + 1]).where(t.c.n < 100))
         s = select([func.sum(t.c.n)])
 
         from sqlalchemy.sql.visitors import cloned_traverse
+
         cloned = cloned_traverse(s, {}, {})
 
         self.assert_compile(
             cloned,
             "WITH RECURSIVE foo(n) AS (SELECT values(:values_1) AS n "
             "UNION ALL SELECT foo.n + :n_1 AS anon_1 FROM foo "
-            "WHERE foo.n < :n_2) SELECT sum(foo.n) AS sum_1 FROM foo"
+            "WHERE foo.n < :n_2) SELECT sum(foo.n) AS sum_1 FROM foo",
         )
 
     def test_text(self):
         clause = text(
-            "select * from table where foo=:bar",
-            bindparams=[bindparam('bar')])
+            "select * from table where foo=:bar", bindparams=[bindparam("bar")]
+        )
         c1 = str(clause)
 
         class Vis(CloningVisitor):
-
             def visit_textclause(self, text):
                 text.text = text.text + " SOME MODIFIER=:lala"
-                text._bindparams['lala'] = bindparam('lala')
+                text._bindparams["lala"] = bindparam("lala")
 
         clause2 = Vis().traverse(clause)
         assert c1 == str(clause)
         assert str(clause2) == c1 + " SOME MODIFIER=:lala"
-        assert list(clause._bindparams.keys()) == ['bar']
-        assert set(clause2._bindparams.keys()) == set(['bar', 'lala'])
+        assert list(clause._bindparams.keys()) == ["bar"]
+        assert set(clause2._bindparams.keys()) == set(["bar", "lala"])
 
     def test_select(self):
         s2 = select([t1])
@@ -537,9 +525,9 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         s3_assert = str(select([t1], t1.c.col2 == 7))
 
         class Vis(CloningVisitor):
-
             def visit_select(self, select):
                 select.append_whereclause(t1.c.col2 == 7)
+
         s3 = Vis().traverse(s2)
         assert str(s3) == s3_assert
         assert str(s2) == s2_assert
@@ -547,18 +535,18 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         print(str(s3))
 
         class Vis(ClauseVisitor):
-
             def visit_select(self, select):
                 select.append_whereclause(t1.c.col2 == 7)
+
         Vis().traverse(s2)
         assert str(s2) == s3_assert
 
         s4_assert = str(select([t1], and_(t1.c.col2 == 7, t1.c.col3 == 9)))
 
         class Vis(CloningVisitor):
-
             def visit_select(self, select):
                 select.append_whereclause(t1.c.col3 == 9)
+
         s4 = Vis().traverse(s3)
         print(str(s3))
         print(str(s4))
@@ -568,11 +556,11 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         s5_assert = str(select([t1], and_(t1.c.col2 == 7, t1.c.col1 == 9)))
 
         class Vis(CloningVisitor):
-
             def visit_binary(self, binary):
                 if binary.left is t1.c.col3:
                     binary.left = t1.c.col1
                     binary.right = bindparam("col1", unique=True)
+
         s5 = Vis().traverse(s4)
         print(str(s4))
         print(str(s5))
@@ -591,18 +579,18 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         assert str(u) == str(u2)
         assert [str(c) for c in u2.c] == cols
 
-        s1 = select([t1], t1.c.col1 == bindparam('id_param'))
+        s1 = select([t1], t1.c.col1 == bindparam("id_param"))
         s2 = select([t2])
         u = union(s1, s2)
 
         u2 = u.params(id_param=7)
         u3 = u.params(id_param=10)
         assert str(u) == str(u2) == str(u3)
-        assert u2.compile().params == {'id_param': 7}
-        assert u3.compile().params == {'id_param': 10}
+        assert u2.compile().params == {"id_param": 7}
+        assert u3.compile().params == {"id_param": 10}
 
     def test_in(self):
-        expr = t1.c.col1.in_(['foo', 'bar'])
+        expr = t1.c.col1.in_(["foo", "bar"])
         expr2 = CloningVisitor().traverse(expr)
         assert str(expr) == str(expr2)
 
@@ -628,7 +616,7 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
     def test_adapt_union(self):
         u = union(
             t1.select().where(t1.c.col1 == 4),
-            t1.select().where(t1.c.col1 == 5)
+            t1.select().where(t1.c.col1 == 5),
         ).alias()
 
         assert sql_util.ClauseAdapter(u).traverse(t1) is u
@@ -642,48 +630,54 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         s3 = select([s], s.c.col2 == s2.c.col2)
 
         self.assert_compile(
-            s3, "SELECT anon_1.col1, anon_1.col2, anon_1.col3 FROM "
+            s3,
+            "SELECT anon_1.col1, anon_1.col2, anon_1.col3 FROM "
             "(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 AS col2, "
             "table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 WHERE table1.col1 = :param_1) "
             "AS anon_1, "
             "(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 AS col2, table1.col3 "
             "AS col3 FROM table1 WHERE table1.col1 = :param_2) AS anon_2 "
-            "WHERE anon_1.col2 = anon_2.col2")
+            "WHERE anon_1.col2 = anon_2.col2",
+        )
 
         s = select([t1], t1.c.col1 == 4).alias()
         s2 = CloningVisitor().traverse(s).alias()
         s3 = select([s], s.c.col2 == s2.c.col2)
         self.assert_compile(
-            s3, "SELECT anon_1.col1, anon_1.col2, anon_1.col3 FROM "
+            s3,
+            "SELECT anon_1.col1, anon_1.col2, anon_1.col3 FROM "
             "(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 AS col2, "
             "table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 WHERE table1.col1 = :col1_1) "
             "AS anon_1, "
             "(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 AS col2, table1.col3 "
             "AS col3 FROM table1 WHERE table1.col1 = :col1_2) AS anon_2 "
-            "WHERE anon_1.col2 = anon_2.col2")
+            "WHERE anon_1.col2 = anon_2.col2",
+        )
 
     def test_extract(self):
-        s = select([extract('foo', t1.c.col1).label('col1')])
+        s = select([extract("foo", t1.c.col1).label("col1")])
         self.assert_compile(
-            s,
-            "SELECT EXTRACT(foo FROM table1.col1) AS col1 FROM table1")
+            s, "SELECT EXTRACT(foo FROM table1.col1) AS col1 FROM table1"
+        )
 
         s2 = CloningVisitor().traverse(s).alias()
         s3 = select([s2.c.col1])
         self.assert_compile(
-            s,
-            "SELECT EXTRACT(foo FROM table1.col1) AS col1 FROM table1")
-        self.assert_compile(s3,
-                            "SELECT anon_1.col1 FROM (SELECT EXTRACT(foo FROM "
-                            "table1.col1) AS col1 FROM table1) AS anon_1")
+            s, "SELECT EXTRACT(foo FROM table1.col1) AS col1 FROM table1"
+        )
+        self.assert_compile(
+            s3,
+            "SELECT anon_1.col1 FROM (SELECT EXTRACT(foo FROM "
+            "table1.col1) AS col1 FROM table1) AS anon_1",
+        )
 
-    @testing.emits_warning('.*replaced by another column with the same key')
+    @testing.emits_warning(".*replaced by another column with the same key")
     def test_alias(self):
-        subq = t2.select().alias('subq')
-        s = select([t1.c.col1, subq.c.col1],
-                   from_obj=[t1, subq,
-                             t1.join(subq, t1.c.col1 == subq.c.col2)]
-                   )
+        subq = t2.select().alias("subq")
+        s = select(
+            [t1.c.col1, subq.c.col1],
+            from_obj=[t1, subq, t1.join(subq, t1.c.col1 == subq.c.col2)],
+        )
         orig = str(s)
         s2 = CloningVisitor().traverse(s)
         assert orig == str(s) == str(s2)
@@ -691,26 +685,26 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         s4 = CloningVisitor().traverse(s2)
         assert orig == str(s) == str(s2) == str(s4)
 
-        s3 = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(table('foo')).traverse(s)
+        s3 = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(table("foo")).traverse(s)
         assert orig == str(s) == str(s3)
 
-        s4 = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(table('foo')).traverse(s3)
+        s4 = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(table("foo")).traverse(s3)
         assert orig == str(s) == str(s3) == str(s4)
 
-        subq = subq.alias('subq')
-        s = select([t1.c.col1, subq.c.col1],
-                   from_obj=[t1, subq,
-                             t1.join(subq, t1.c.col1 == subq.c.col2)]
-                   )
+        subq = subq.alias("subq")
+        s = select(
+            [t1.c.col1, subq.c.col1],
+            from_obj=[t1, subq, t1.join(subq, t1.c.col1 == subq.c.col2)],
+        )
         s5 = CloningVisitor().traverse(s)
         assert orig == str(s) == str(s5)
 
     def test_correlated_select(self):
-        s = select([literal_column('*')], t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col1,
-                   from_obj=[t1, t2]).correlate(t2)
+        s = select(
+            [literal_column("*")], t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col1, from_obj=[t1, t2]
+        ).correlate(t2)
 
         class Vis(CloningVisitor):
-
             def visit_select(self, select):
                 select.append_whereclause(t1.c.col2 == 7)
 
@@ -719,26 +713,30 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
             "SELECT table2.col1, table2.col2, table2.col3 "
             "FROM table2 WHERE table2.col1 = "
             "(SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE table1.col1 = table2.col1 "
-            "AND table1.col2 = :col2_1)"
+            "AND table1.col2 = :col2_1)",
         )
 
     def test_this_thing(self):
-        s = select([t1]).where(t1.c.col1 == 'foo').alias()
+        s = select([t1]).where(t1.c.col1 == "foo").alias()
         s2 = select([s.c.col1])
 
-        self.assert_compile(s2,
-                            'SELECT anon_1.col1 FROM (SELECT '
-                            'table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 AS col2, '
-                            'table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 WHERE '
-                            'table1.col1 = :col1_1) AS anon_1')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            s2,
+            "SELECT anon_1.col1 FROM (SELECT "
+            "table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 AS col2, "
+            "table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 WHERE "
+            "table1.col1 = :col1_1) AS anon_1",
+        )
         t1a = t1.alias()
         s2 = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1a).traverse(s2)
-        self.assert_compile(s2,
-                            'SELECT anon_1.col1 FROM (SELECT '
-                            'table1_1.col1 AS col1, table1_1.col2 AS '
-                            'col2, table1_1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 '
-                            'AS table1_1 WHERE table1_1.col1 = '
-                            ':col1_1) AS anon_1')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            s2,
+            "SELECT anon_1.col1 FROM (SELECT "
+            "table1_1.col1 AS col1, table1_1.col2 AS "
+            "col2, table1_1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 "
+            "AS table1_1 WHERE table1_1.col1 = "
+            ":col1_1) AS anon_1",
+        )
 
     def test_select_fromtwice_one(self):
         t1a = t1.alias()
@@ -746,95 +744,91 @@ class ClauseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         s = select([1], t1.c.col1 == t1a.c.col1, from_obj=t1a).correlate(t1a)
         s = select([t1]).where(t1.c.col1 == s)
         self.assert_compile(
-            s, "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, table1.col3 FROM table1 "
+            s,
+            "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, table1.col3 FROM table1 "
             "WHERE table1.col1 = "
             "(SELECT 1 FROM table1, table1 AS table1_1 "
-            "WHERE table1.col1 = table1_1.col1)")
+            "WHERE table1.col1 = table1_1.col1)",
+        )
         s = CloningVisitor().traverse(s)
         self.assert_compile(
-            s, "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, table1.col3 FROM table1 "
+            s,
+            "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, table1.col3 FROM table1 "
             "WHERE table1.col1 = "
             "(SELECT 1 FROM table1, table1 AS table1_1 "
-            "WHERE table1.col1 = table1_1.col1)")
+            "WHERE table1.col1 = table1_1.col1)",
+        )
 
     def test_select_fromtwice_two(self):
-        s = select([t1]).where(t1.c.col1 == 'foo').alias()
+        s = select([t1]).where(t1.c.col1 == "foo").alias()
 
         s2 = select([1], t1.c.col1 == s.c.col1, from_obj=s).correlate(t1)
         s3 = select([t1]).where(t1.c.col1 == s2)
         self.assert_compile(
-            s3, "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, table1.col3 "
+            s3,
+            "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, table1.col3 "
             "FROM table1 WHERE table1.col1 = "
             "(SELECT 1 FROM "
             "(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 AS col2, "
             "table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 "
             "WHERE table1.col1 = :col1_1) "
-            "AS anon_1 WHERE table1.col1 = anon_1.col1)")
+            "AS anon_1 WHERE table1.col1 = anon_1.col1)",
+        )
 
         s4 = ReplacingCloningVisitor().traverse(s3)
         self.assert_compile(
-            s4, "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, table1.col3 "
+            s4,
+            "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, table1.col3 "
             "FROM table1 WHERE table1.col1 = "
             "(SELECT 1 FROM "
             "(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 AS col2, "
             "table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 "
             "WHERE table1.col1 = :col1_1) "
-            "AS anon_1 WHERE table1.col1 = anon_1.col1)")
+            "AS anon_1 WHERE table1.col1 = anon_1.col1)",
+        )
 
 
 class ColumnAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
-    __dialect__ = 'default'
+    __dialect__ = "default"
 
     @classmethod
     def setup_class(cls):
         global t1, t2
-        t1 = table("table1",
-                   column("col1"),
-                   column("col2"),
-                   column("col3"),
-                   column("col4")
-                   )
-        t2 = table("table2",
-                   column("col1"),
-                   column("col2"),
-                   column("col3"),
-                   )
+        t1 = table(
+            "table1",
+            column("col1"),
+            column("col2"),
+            column("col3"),
+            column("col4"),
+        )
+        t2 = table("table2", column("col1"), column("col2"), column("col3"))
 
     def test_traverse_memoizes_w_columns(self):
         t1a = t1.alias()
         adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(t1a, anonymize_labels=True)
 
-        expr = select([t1a.c.col1]).label('x')
+        expr = select([t1a.c.col1]).label("x")
         expr_adapted = adapter.traverse(expr)
         is_not_(expr, expr_adapted)
-        is_(
-            adapter.columns[expr],
-            expr_adapted
-        )
+        is_(adapter.columns[expr], expr_adapted)
 
     def test_traverse_memoizes_w_itself(self):
         t1a = t1.alias()
         adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(t1a, anonymize_labels=True)
 
-        expr = select([t1a.c.col1]).label('x')
+        expr = select([t1a.c.col1]).label("x")
         expr_adapted = adapter.traverse(expr)
         is_not_(expr, expr_adapted)
-        is_(
-            adapter.traverse(expr),
-            expr_adapted
-        )
+        is_(adapter.traverse(expr), expr_adapted)
 
     def test_columns_memoizes_w_itself(self):
         t1a = t1.alias()
         adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(t1a, anonymize_labels=True)
 
-        expr = select([t1a.c.col1]).label('x')
+        expr = select([t1a.c.col1]).label("x")
         expr_adapted = adapter.columns[expr]
         is_not_(expr, expr_adapted)
-        is_(
-            adapter.columns[expr],
-            expr_adapted
-        )
+        is_(adapter.columns[expr], expr_adapted)
 
     def test_wrapping_fallthrough(self):
         t1a = t1.alias(name="t1a")
@@ -850,57 +844,35 @@ class ColumnAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         # t1.c.col1 -> s1.c.t1a_col1
 
         # adapted by a2
-        is_(
-            a3.columns[t1.c.col1], s1.c.t1a_col1
-        )
-        is_(
-            a4.columns[t1.c.col1], s1.c.t1a_col1
-        )
+        is_(a3.columns[t1.c.col1], s1.c.t1a_col1)
+        is_(a4.columns[t1.c.col1], s1.c.t1a_col1)
 
         # chaining can't fall through because a1 grabs it
         # first
-        is_(
-            a5.columns[t1.c.col1], t1a.c.col1
-        )
+        is_(a5.columns[t1.c.col1], t1a.c.col1)
 
         # t2.c.col1 -> s1.c.t2a_col1
 
         # adapted by a2
-        is_(
-            a3.columns[t2.c.col1], s1.c.t2a_col1
-        )
-        is_(
-            a4.columns[t2.c.col1], s1.c.t2a_col1
-        )
+        is_(a3.columns[t2.c.col1], s1.c.t2a_col1)
+        is_(a4.columns[t2.c.col1], s1.c.t2a_col1)
         # chaining, t2 hits s1
-        is_(
-            a5.columns[t2.c.col1], s1.c.t2a_col1
-        )
+        is_(a5.columns[t2.c.col1], s1.c.t2a_col1)
 
         # t1.c.col2 -> t1a.c.col2
 
         # fallthrough to a1
-        is_(
-            a3.columns[t1.c.col2], t1a.c.col2
-        )
-        is_(
-            a4.columns[t1.c.col2], t1a.c.col2
-        )
+        is_(a3.columns[t1.c.col2], t1a.c.col2)
+        is_(a4.columns[t1.c.col2], t1a.c.col2)
 
         # chaining hits a1
-        is_(
-            a5.columns[t1.c.col2], t1a.c.col2
-        )
+        is_(a5.columns[t1.c.col2], t1a.c.col2)
 
         # t2.c.col2 -> t2.c.col2
 
         # fallthrough to no adaption
-        is_(
-            a3.columns[t2.c.col2], t2.c.col2
-        )
-        is_(
-            a4.columns[t2.c.col2], t2.c.col2
-        )
+        is_(a3.columns[t2.c.col2], t2.c.col2)
+        is_(a4.columns[t2.c.col2], t2.c.col2)
 
     def test_wrapping_ordering(self):
         """illustrate an example where order of wrappers matters.
@@ -926,25 +898,15 @@ class ColumnAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         # in different contexts, order of wrapping matters
 
         # t2.c.col1 via a2 is stmt2.c.col1; then ignored by a1
-        is_(
-            a2_to_a1.columns[t2.c.col1], stmt2.c.col1
-        )
+        is_(a2_to_a1.columns[t2.c.col1], stmt2.c.col1)
         # t2.c.col1 via a1 is stmt.c.table2_col1; a2 then
         # sends this to stmt2.c.table2_col1
-        is_(
-            a1_to_a2.columns[t2.c.col1], stmt2.c.table2_col1
-        )
+        is_(a1_to_a2.columns[t2.c.col1], stmt2.c.table2_col1)
 
         # for mutually exclusive columns, order doesn't matter
-        is_(
-            a2_to_a1.columns[t1.c.col1], stmt2.c.table1_col1
-        )
-        is_(
-            a1_to_a2.columns[t1.c.col1], stmt2.c.table1_col1
-        )
-        is_(
-            a2_to_a1.columns[t2.c.col2], stmt2.c.col2
-        )
+        is_(a2_to_a1.columns[t1.c.col1], stmt2.c.table1_col1)
+        is_(a1_to_a2.columns[t1.c.col1], stmt2.c.table1_col1)
+        is_(a2_to_a1.columns[t2.c.col2], stmt2.c.col2)
 
     def test_wrapping_multiple(self):
         """illustrate that wrapping runs both adapters"""
@@ -959,7 +921,7 @@ class ColumnAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
 
         self.assert_compile(
             a3.traverse(stmt),
-            "SELECT t1a.col1, t2a.col2 FROM table1 AS t1a, table2 AS t2a"
+            "SELECT t1a.col1, t2a.col2 FROM table1 AS t1a, table2 AS t2a",
         )
 
         # chaining does too because these adapters don't share any
@@ -967,7 +929,7 @@ class ColumnAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         a4 = a2.chain(a1)
         self.assert_compile(
             a4.traverse(stmt),
-            "SELECT t1a.col1, t2a.col2 FROM table1 AS t1a, table2 AS t2a"
+            "SELECT t1a.col1, t2a.col2 FROM table1 AS t1a, table2 AS t2a",
         )
 
     def test_wrapping_inclusions(self):
@@ -977,13 +939,13 @@ class ColumnAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         t1a = t1.alias(name="t1a")
         t2a = t2.alias(name="t2a")
         a1 = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
-            t1a,
-            include_fn=lambda col: "a1" in col._annotations)
+            t1a, include_fn=lambda col: "a1" in col._annotations
+        )
 
         s1 = select([t1a, t2a]).apply_labels().alias()
         a2 = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
-            s1,
-            include_fn=lambda col: "a2" in col._annotations)
+            s1, include_fn=lambda col: "a2" in col._annotations
+        )
         a3 = a2.wrap(a1)
 
         c1a1 = t1.c.col1._annotate(dict(a1=True))
@@ -994,62 +956,45 @@ class ColumnAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         c2a2 = t2.c.col1._annotate(dict(a2=True))
         c2aa = t2.c.col1._annotate(dict(a1=True, a2=True))
 
-        is_(
-            a3.columns[c1a1], t1a.c.col1
-        )
-        is_(
-            a3.columns[c1a2], s1.c.t1a_col1
-        )
-        is_(
-            a3.columns[c1aa], s1.c.t1a_col1
-        )
+        is_(a3.columns[c1a1], t1a.c.col1)
+        is_(a3.columns[c1a2], s1.c.t1a_col1)
+        is_(a3.columns[c1aa], s1.c.t1a_col1)
 
         # not covered by a1, accepted by a2
-        is_(
-            a3.columns[c2aa], s1.c.t2a_col1
-        )
+        is_(a3.columns[c2aa], s1.c.t2a_col1)
 
         # not covered by a1, accepted by a2
-        is_(
-            a3.columns[c2a2], s1.c.t2a_col1
-        )
+        is_(a3.columns[c2a2], s1.c.t2a_col1)
         # not covered by a1, rejected by a2
-        is_(
-            a3.columns[c2a1], c2a1
-        )
+        is_(a3.columns[c2a1], c2a1)
 
 
 class ClauseAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
-    __dialect__ = 'default'
+    __dialect__ = "default"
 
     @classmethod
     def setup_class(cls):
         global t1, t2
-        t1 = table("table1",
-                   column("col1"),
-                   column("col2"),
-                   column("col3"),
-                   )
-        t2 = table("table2",
-                   column("col1"),
-                   column("col2"),
-                   column("col3"),
-                   )
+        t1 = table("table1", column("col1"), column("col2"), column("col3"))
+        t2 = table("table2", column("col1"), column("col2"), column("col3"))
 
     def test_correlation_on_clone(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
-        t2alias = t2.alias('t2alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
+        t2alias = t2.alias("t2alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
 
-        s = select([literal_column('*')],
-                   from_obj=[t1alias, t2alias]).as_scalar()
+        s = select(
+            [literal_column("*")], from_obj=[t1alias, t2alias]
+        ).as_scalar()
         assert t2alias in s._froms
         assert t1alias in s._froms
 
-        self.assert_compile(select([literal_column('*')], t2alias.c.col1 == s),
-                            'SELECT * FROM table2 AS t2alias WHERE '
-                            't2alias.col1 = (SELECT * FROM table1 AS '
-                            't1alias)')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([literal_column("*")], t2alias.c.col1 == s),
+            "SELECT * FROM table2 AS t2alias WHERE "
+            "t2alias.col1 = (SELECT * FROM table1 AS "
+            "t1alias)",
+        )
         s = vis.traverse(s)
 
         assert t2alias not in s._froms  # not present because it's been
@@ -1060,61 +1005,91 @@ class ClauseAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         # correlate list on "s" needs to take into account the full
         # _cloned_set for each element in _froms when correlating
 
-        self.assert_compile(select([literal_column('*')], t2alias.c.col1 == s),
-                            'SELECT * FROM table2 AS t2alias WHERE '
-                            't2alias.col1 = (SELECT * FROM table1 AS '
-                            't1alias)')
-        s = select([literal_column('*')],
-                   from_obj=[t1alias, t2alias]).correlate(t2alias).as_scalar()
-        self.assert_compile(select([literal_column('*')], t2alias.c.col1 == s),
-                            'SELECT * FROM table2 AS t2alias WHERE '
-                            't2alias.col1 = (SELECT * FROM table1 AS '
-                            't1alias)')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([literal_column("*")], t2alias.c.col1 == s),
+            "SELECT * FROM table2 AS t2alias WHERE "
+            "t2alias.col1 = (SELECT * FROM table1 AS "
+            "t1alias)",
+        )
+        s = (
+            select([literal_column("*")], from_obj=[t1alias, t2alias])
+            .correlate(t2alias)
+            .as_scalar()
+        )
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([literal_column("*")], t2alias.c.col1 == s),
+            "SELECT * FROM table2 AS t2alias WHERE "
+            "t2alias.col1 = (SELECT * FROM table1 AS "
+            "t1alias)",
+        )
         s = vis.traverse(s)
-        self.assert_compile(select([literal_column('*')], t2alias.c.col1 == s),
-                            'SELECT * FROM table2 AS t2alias WHERE '
-                            't2alias.col1 = (SELECT * FROM table1 AS '
-                            't1alias)')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([literal_column("*")], t2alias.c.col1 == s),
+            "SELECT * FROM table2 AS t2alias WHERE "
+            "t2alias.col1 = (SELECT * FROM table1 AS "
+            "t1alias)",
+        )
         s = CloningVisitor().traverse(s)
-        self.assert_compile(select([literal_column('*')], t2alias.c.col1 == s),
-                            'SELECT * FROM table2 AS t2alias WHERE '
-                            't2alias.col1 = (SELECT * FROM table1 AS '
-                            't1alias)')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([literal_column("*")], t2alias.c.col1 == s),
+            "SELECT * FROM table2 AS t2alias WHERE "
+            "t2alias.col1 = (SELECT * FROM table1 AS "
+            "t1alias)",
+        )
 
-        s = select([literal_column('*')]).where(t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col1) \
+        s = (
+            select([literal_column("*")])
+            .where(t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col1)
             .as_scalar()
-        self.assert_compile(select([t1.c.col1, s]),
-                            'SELECT table1.col1, (SELECT * FROM table2 '
-                            'WHERE table1.col1 = table2.col1) AS '
-                            'anon_1 FROM table1')
+        )
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([t1.c.col1, s]),
+            "SELECT table1.col1, (SELECT * FROM table2 "
+            "WHERE table1.col1 = table2.col1) AS "
+            "anon_1 FROM table1",
+        )
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
         s = vis.traverse(s)
-        self.assert_compile(select([t1alias.c.col1, s]),
-                            'SELECT t1alias.col1, (SELECT * FROM '
-                            'table2 WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col1) '
-                            'AS anon_1 FROM table1 AS t1alias')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([t1alias.c.col1, s]),
+            "SELECT t1alias.col1, (SELECT * FROM "
+            "table2 WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col1) "
+            "AS anon_1 FROM table1 AS t1alias",
+        )
         s = CloningVisitor().traverse(s)
-        self.assert_compile(select([t1alias.c.col1, s]),
-                            'SELECT t1alias.col1, (SELECT * FROM '
-                            'table2 WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col1) '
-                            'AS anon_1 FROM table1 AS t1alias')
-        s = select([literal_column('*')]).where(t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col1) \
-            .correlate(t1).as_scalar()
-        self.assert_compile(select([t1.c.col1, s]),
-                            'SELECT table1.col1, (SELECT * FROM table2 '
-                            'WHERE table1.col1 = table2.col1) AS '
-                            'anon_1 FROM table1')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([t1alias.c.col1, s]),
+            "SELECT t1alias.col1, (SELECT * FROM "
+            "table2 WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col1) "
+            "AS anon_1 FROM table1 AS t1alias",
+        )
+        s = (
+            select([literal_column("*")])
+            .where(t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col1)
+            .correlate(t1)
+            .as_scalar()
+        )
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([t1.c.col1, s]),
+            "SELECT table1.col1, (SELECT * FROM table2 "
+            "WHERE table1.col1 = table2.col1) AS "
+            "anon_1 FROM table1",
+        )
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
         s = vis.traverse(s)
-        self.assert_compile(select([t1alias.c.col1, s]),
-                            'SELECT t1alias.col1, (SELECT * FROM '
-                            'table2 WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col1) '
-                            'AS anon_1 FROM table1 AS t1alias')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([t1alias.c.col1, s]),
+            "SELECT t1alias.col1, (SELECT * FROM "
+            "table2 WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col1) "
+            "AS anon_1 FROM table1 AS t1alias",
+        )
         s = CloningVisitor().traverse(s)
-        self.assert_compile(select([t1alias.c.col1, s]),
-                            'SELECT t1alias.col1, (SELECT * FROM '
-                            'table2 WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col1) '
-                            'AS anon_1 FROM table1 AS t1alias')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([t1alias.c.col1, s]),
+            "SELECT t1alias.col1, (SELECT * FROM "
+            "table2 WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col1) "
+            "AS anon_1 FROM table1 AS t1alias",
+        )
 
     @testing.fails_on_everything_except()
     def test_joins_dont_adapt(self):
@@ -1122,284 +1097,319 @@ class ClauseAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         # make much sense. ClauseAdapter doesn't make any changes if
         # it's against a straight join.
 
-        users = table('users', column('id'))
-        addresses = table('addresses', column('id'), column('user_id'))
+        users = table("users", column("id"))
+        addresses = table("addresses", column("id"), column("user_id"))
 
         ualias = users.alias()
 
-        s = select([func.count(addresses.c.id)], users.c.id
-                   == addresses.c.user_id).correlate(users)
+        s = select(
+            [func.count(addresses.c.id)], users.c.id == addresses.c.user_id
+        ).correlate(users)
         s = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(ualias).traverse(s)
 
         j1 = addresses.join(ualias, addresses.c.user_id == ualias.c.id)
 
-        self.assert_compile(sql_util.ClauseAdapter(j1).traverse(s),
-                            'SELECT count(addresses.id) AS count_1 '
-                            'FROM addresses WHERE users_1.id = '
-                            'addresses.user_id')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            sql_util.ClauseAdapter(j1).traverse(s),
+            "SELECT count(addresses.id) AS count_1 "
+            "FROM addresses WHERE users_1.id = "
+            "addresses.user_id",
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_1(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
 
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
-        ff = vis.traverse(func.count(t1.c.col1).label('foo'))
+        ff = vis.traverse(func.count(t1.c.col1).label("foo"))
         assert list(_from_objects(ff)) == [t1alias]
 
     def test_table_to_alias_2(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
         self.assert_compile(
-            vis.traverse(select([literal_column('*')], from_obj=[t1])),
-            'SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias')
+            vis.traverse(select([literal_column("*")], from_obj=[t1])),
+            "SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias",
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_3(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
         self.assert_compile(
-            select([literal_column('*')], t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2),
-            'SELECT * FROM table1, table2 WHERE table1.col1 = table2.col2')
+            select([literal_column("*")], t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2),
+            "SELECT * FROM table1, table2 WHERE table1.col1 = table2.col2",
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_4(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
-        self.assert_compile(vis.traverse(select([literal_column('*')],
-                                                t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2)),
-                            'SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias, table2 '
-                            'WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col2')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            vis.traverse(
+                select([literal_column("*")], t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2)
+            ),
+            "SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias, table2 "
+            "WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col2",
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_5(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
         self.assert_compile(
             vis.traverse(
                 select(
-                    [literal_column('*')],
+                    [literal_column("*")],
                     t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2,
-                    from_obj=[
-                        t1,
-                        t2])),
-            'SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias, table2 '
-            'WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col2')
+                    from_obj=[t1, t2],
+                )
+            ),
+            "SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias, table2 "
+            "WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col2",
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_6(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
-        self.assert_compile(select([t1alias, t2]).where(
-            t1alias.c.col1 == vis.traverse(
-                select([literal_column('*')],
-                       t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2, from_obj=[t1, t2]).correlate(t1)
-            )
-        ),
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([t1alias, t2]).where(
+                t1alias.c.col1
+                == vis.traverse(
+                    select(
+                        [literal_column("*")],
+                        t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2,
+                        from_obj=[t1, t2],
+                    ).correlate(t1)
+                )
+            ),
             "SELECT t1alias.col1, t1alias.col2, t1alias.col3, "
             "table2.col1, table2.col2, table2.col3 "
             "FROM table1 AS t1alias, table2 WHERE t1alias.col1 = "
-            "(SELECT * FROM table2 WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col2)"
+            "(SELECT * FROM table2 WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col2)",
         )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_7(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
         self.assert_compile(
-            select([t1alias, t2]).
-            where(t1alias.c.col1 == vis.traverse(
-                select([literal_column('*')],
-                       t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2, from_obj=[t1, t2]).
-                correlate(t2))),
+            select([t1alias, t2]).where(
+                t1alias.c.col1
+                == vis.traverse(
+                    select(
+                        [literal_column("*")],
+                        t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2,
+                        from_obj=[t1, t2],
+                    ).correlate(t2)
+                )
+            ),
             "SELECT t1alias.col1, t1alias.col2, t1alias.col3, "
             "table2.col1, table2.col2, table2.col3 "
             "FROM table1 AS t1alias, table2 "
             "WHERE t1alias.col1 = "
             "(SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias "
-            "WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col2)")
+            "WHERE t1alias.col1 = table2.col2)",
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_8(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
         self.assert_compile(
             vis.traverse(case([(t1.c.col1 == 5, t1.c.col2)], else_=t1.c.col1)),
-            'CASE WHEN (t1alias.col1 = :col1_1) THEN '
-            't1alias.col2 ELSE t1alias.col1 END')
+            "CASE WHEN (t1alias.col1 = :col1_1) THEN "
+            "t1alias.col2 ELSE t1alias.col1 END",
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_9(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
         self.assert_compile(
             vis.traverse(
-                case(
-                    [
-                        (5,
-                         t1.c.col2)],
-                    value=t1.c.col1,
-                    else_=t1.c.col1)),
-            'CASE t1alias.col1 WHEN :param_1 THEN '
-            't1alias.col2 ELSE t1alias.col1 END')
+                case([(5, t1.c.col2)], value=t1.c.col1, else_=t1.c.col1)
+            ),
+            "CASE t1alias.col1 WHEN :param_1 THEN "
+            "t1alias.col2 ELSE t1alias.col1 END",
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_10(self):
-        s = select([literal_column('*')], from_obj=[t1]).alias('foo')
-        self.assert_compile(s.select(),
-                            'SELECT foo.* FROM (SELECT * FROM table1) '
-                            'AS foo')
+        s = select([literal_column("*")], from_obj=[t1]).alias("foo")
+        self.assert_compile(
+            s.select(), "SELECT foo.* FROM (SELECT * FROM table1) " "AS foo"
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_11(self):
-        s = select([literal_column('*')], from_obj=[t1]).alias('foo')
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        s = select([literal_column("*")], from_obj=[t1]).alias("foo")
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
-        self.assert_compile(vis.traverse(s.select()),
-                            'SELECT foo.* FROM (SELECT * FROM table1 '
-                            'AS t1alias) AS foo')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            vis.traverse(s.select()),
+            "SELECT foo.* FROM (SELECT * FROM table1 " "AS t1alias) AS foo",
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_12(self):
-        s = select([literal_column('*')], from_obj=[t1]).alias('foo')
-        self.assert_compile(s.select(),
-                            'SELECT foo.* FROM (SELECT * FROM table1) '
-                            'AS foo')
+        s = select([literal_column("*")], from_obj=[t1]).alias("foo")
+        self.assert_compile(
+            s.select(), "SELECT foo.* FROM (SELECT * FROM table1) " "AS foo"
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_13(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
-        ff = vis.traverse(func.count(t1.c.col1).label('foo'))
-        self.assert_compile(select([ff]),
-                            'SELECT count(t1alias.col1) AS foo FROM '
-                            'table1 AS t1alias')
+        ff = vis.traverse(func.count(t1.c.col1).label("foo"))
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select([ff]),
+            "SELECT count(t1alias.col1) AS foo FROM " "table1 AS t1alias",
+        )
         assert list(_from_objects(ff)) == [t1alias]
 
     # def test_table_to_alias_2(self):
-        # TODO: self.assert_compile(vis.traverse(select([func.count(t1.c
-        # .col1).l abel('foo')]), clone=True), "SELECT
-        # count(t1alias.col1) AS foo FROM table1 AS t1alias")
+    # TODO: self.assert_compile(vis.traverse(select([func.count(t1.c
+    # .col1).l abel('foo')]), clone=True), "SELECT
+    # count(t1alias.col1) AS foo FROM table1 AS t1alias")
 
     def test_table_to_alias_14(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
-        t2alias = t2.alias('t2alias')
+        t2alias = t2.alias("t2alias")
         vis.chain(sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t2alias))
         self.assert_compile(
             vis.traverse(
-                select([literal_column('*')], t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2)),
-            'SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias, table2 '
-            'AS t2alias WHERE t1alias.col1 = '
-            't2alias.col2')
+                select([literal_column("*")], t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2)
+            ),
+            "SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias, table2 "
+            "AS t2alias WHERE t1alias.col1 = "
+            "t2alias.col2",
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_15(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
-        t2alias = t2.alias('t2alias')
+        t2alias = t2.alias("t2alias")
         vis.chain(sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t2alias))
         self.assert_compile(
             vis.traverse(
-                select(
-                    ['*'],
-                    t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2,
-                    from_obj=[
-                        t1,
-                        t2])),
-            'SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias, table2 '
-            'AS t2alias WHERE t1alias.col1 = '
-            't2alias.col2')
+                select(["*"], t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2, from_obj=[t1, t2])
+            ),
+            "SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias, table2 "
+            "AS t2alias WHERE t1alias.col1 = "
+            "t2alias.col2",
+        )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_16(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
-        t2alias = t2.alias('t2alias')
+        t2alias = t2.alias("t2alias")
         vis.chain(sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t2alias))
         self.assert_compile(
             select([t1alias, t2alias]).where(
-                t1alias.c.col1 ==
-                vis.traverse(select(['*'],
-                                    t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2,
-                                    from_obj=[t1, t2]).correlate(t1))
+                t1alias.c.col1
+                == vis.traverse(
+                    select(
+                        ["*"], t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2, from_obj=[t1, t2]
+                    ).correlate(t1)
+                )
             ),
             "SELECT t1alias.col1, t1alias.col2, t1alias.col3, "
             "t2alias.col1, t2alias.col2, t2alias.col3 "
             "FROM table1 AS t1alias, table2 AS t2alias "
             "WHERE t1alias.col1 = "
             "(SELECT * FROM table2 AS t2alias "
-            "WHERE t1alias.col1 = t2alias.col2)"
+            "WHERE t1alias.col1 = t2alias.col2)",
         )
 
     def test_table_to_alias_17(self):
-        t1alias = t1.alias('t1alias')
+        t1alias = t1.alias("t1alias")
         vis = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1alias)
-        t2alias = t2.alias('t2alias')
+        t2alias = t2.alias("t2alias")
         vis.chain(sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t2alias))
         self.assert_compile(
             t2alias.select().where(
-                t2alias.c.col2 == vis.traverse(
+                t2alias.c.col2
+                == vis.traverse(
                     select(
-                        ['*'],
-                        t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2,
-                        from_obj=[
-                            t1,
-                            t2]).correlate(t2))),
-            'SELECT t2alias.col1, t2alias.col2, t2alias.col3 '
-            'FROM table2 AS t2alias WHERE t2alias.col2 = '
-            '(SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias WHERE '
-            't1alias.col1 = t2alias.col2)')
+                        ["*"], t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col2, from_obj=[t1, t2]
+                    ).correlate(t2)
+                )
+            ),
+            "SELECT t2alias.col1, t2alias.col2, t2alias.col3 "
+            "FROM table2 AS t2alias WHERE t2alias.col2 = "
+            "(SELECT * FROM table1 AS t1alias WHERE "
+            "t1alias.col1 = t2alias.col2)",
+        )
 
     def test_include_exclude(self):
         m = MetaData()
-        a = Table('a', m,
-                  Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
-                  Column('xxx_id', Integer,
-                         ForeignKey('a.id', name='adf', use_alter=True)
-                         )
-                  )
-
-        e = (a.c.id == a.c.xxx_id)
+        a = Table(
+            "a",
+            m,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column(
+                "xxx_id",
+                Integer,
+                ForeignKey("a.id", name="adf", use_alter=True),
+            ),
+        )
+
+        e = a.c.id == a.c.xxx_id
         assert str(e) == "a.id = a.xxx_id"
         b = a.alias()
 
-        e = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(b, include_fn=lambda x: x in set([a.c.id]),
-                                   equivalents={a.c.id: set([a.c.id])}
-                                   ).traverse(e)
+        e = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(
+            b,
+            include_fn=lambda x: x in set([a.c.id]),
+            equivalents={a.c.id: set([a.c.id])},
+        ).traverse(e)
 
         assert str(e) == "a_1.id = a.xxx_id"
 
     def test_recursive_equivalents(self):
         m = MetaData()
-        a = Table('a', m, Column('x', Integer), Column('y', Integer))
-        b = Table('b', m, Column('x', Integer), Column('y', Integer))
-        c = Table('c', m, Column('x', Integer), Column('y', Integer))
+        a = Table("a", m, Column("x", Integer), Column("y", Integer))
+        b = Table("b", m, Column("x", Integer), Column("y", Integer))
+        c = Table("c", m, Column("x", Integer), Column("y", Integer))
 
         # force a recursion overflow, by linking a.c.x<->c.c.x, and
         # asking for a nonexistent col.  corresponding_column should prevent
         # endless depth.
         adapt = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(
-            b, equivalents={a.c.x: set([c.c.x]), c.c.x: set([a.c.x])})
+            b, equivalents={a.c.x: set([c.c.x]), c.c.x: set([a.c.x])}
+        )
         assert adapt._corresponding_column(a.c.x, False) is None
 
     def test_multilevel_equivalents(self):
         m = MetaData()
-        a = Table('a', m, Column('x', Integer), Column('y', Integer))
-        b = Table('b', m, Column('x', Integer), Column('y', Integer))
-        c = Table('c', m, Column('x', Integer), Column('y', Integer))
+        a = Table("a", m, Column("x", Integer), Column("y", Integer))
+        b = Table("b", m, Column("x", Integer), Column("y", Integer))
+        c = Table("c", m, Column("x", Integer), Column("y", Integer))
 
         alias = select([a]).select_from(a.join(b, a.c.x == b.c.x)).alias()
 
         # two levels of indirection from c.x->b.x->a.x, requires recursive
         # corresponding_column call
         adapt = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(
-            alias, equivalents={b.c.x: set([a.c.x]), c.c.x: set([b.c.x])})
+            alias, equivalents={b.c.x: set([a.c.x]), c.c.x: set([b.c.x])}
+        )
         assert adapt._corresponding_column(a.c.x, False) is alias.c.x
         assert adapt._corresponding_column(c.c.x, False) is alias.c.x
 
     def test_join_to_alias(self):
         metadata = MetaData()
-        a = Table('a', metadata,
-                  Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True))
-        b = Table('b', metadata,
-                  Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
-                  Column('aid', Integer, ForeignKey('a.id')),
-                  )
-        c = Table('c', metadata,
-                  Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
-                  Column('bid', Integer, ForeignKey('b.id')),
-                  )
-
-        d = Table('d', metadata,
-                  Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
-                  Column('aid', Integer, ForeignKey('a.id')),
-                  )
+        a = Table("a", metadata, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True))
+        b = Table(
+            "b",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("aid", Integer, ForeignKey("a.id")),
+        )
+        c = Table(
+            "c",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("bid", Integer, ForeignKey("b.id")),
+        )
+
+        d = Table(
+            "d",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("aid", Integer, ForeignKey("a.id")),
+        )
 
         j1 = a.outerjoin(b)
         j2 = select([j1], use_labels=True)
@@ -1407,12 +1417,14 @@ class ClauseAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         j3 = c.join(j2, j2.c.b_id == c.c.bid)
 
         j4 = j3.outerjoin(d)
-        self.assert_compile(j4,
-                            'c JOIN (SELECT a.id AS a_id, b.id AS '
-                            'b_id, b.aid AS b_aid FROM a LEFT OUTER '
-                            'JOIN b ON a.id = b.aid) ON b_id = c.bid '
-                            'LEFT OUTER JOIN d ON a_id = d.aid')
-        j5 = j3.alias('foo')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            j4,
+            "c JOIN (SELECT a.id AS a_id, b.id AS "
+            "b_id, b.aid AS b_aid FROM a LEFT OUTER "
+            "JOIN b ON a.id = b.aid) ON b_id = c.bid "
+            "LEFT OUTER JOIN d ON a_id = d.aid",
+        )
+        j5 = j3.alias("foo")
         j6 = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(j5).copy_and_process([j4])[0]
 
         # this statement takes c join(a join b), wraps it inside an
@@ -1420,14 +1432,16 @@ class ClauseAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         # right side "left outer join d" stays the same, except "d"
         # joins against foo.a_id instead of plain "a_id"
 
-        self.assert_compile(j6,
-                            '(SELECT c.id AS c_id, c.bid AS c_bid, '
-                            'a_id AS a_id, b_id AS b_id, b_aid AS '
-                            'b_aid FROM c JOIN (SELECT a.id AS a_id, '
-                            'b.id AS b_id, b.aid AS b_aid FROM a LEFT '
-                            'OUTER JOIN b ON a.id = b.aid) ON b_id = '
-                            'c.bid) AS foo LEFT OUTER JOIN d ON '
-                            'foo.a_id = d.aid')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            j6,
+            "(SELECT c.id AS c_id, c.bid AS c_bid, "
+            "a_id AS a_id, b_id AS b_id, b_aid AS "
+            "b_aid FROM c JOIN (SELECT a.id AS a_id, "
+            "b.id AS b_id, b.aid AS b_aid FROM a LEFT "
+            "OUTER JOIN b ON a.id = b.aid) ON b_id = "
+            "c.bid) AS foo LEFT OUTER JOIN d ON "
+            "foo.a_id = d.aid",
+        )
 
     def test_derived_from(self):
         assert select([t1]).is_derived_from(t1)
@@ -1435,7 +1449,7 @@ class ClauseAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         assert not t1.is_derived_from(select([t1]))
         assert t1.alias().is_derived_from(t1)
 
-        s1 = select([t1, t2]).alias('foo')
+        s1 = select([t1, t2]).alias("foo")
         s2 = select([s1]).limit(5).offset(10).alias()
         assert s2.is_derived_from(s1)
         s2 = s2._clone()
@@ -1445,111 +1459,117 @@ class ClauseAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
 
         # original issue from ticket #904
 
-        s1 = select([t1]).alias('foo')
+        s1 = select([t1]).alias("foo")
         s2 = select([s1]).limit(5).offset(10).alias()
-        self.assert_compile(sql_util.ClauseAdapter(s2).traverse(s1),
-                            'SELECT foo.col1, foo.col2, foo.col3 FROM '
-                            '(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 '
-                            'AS col2, table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1) '
-                            'AS foo LIMIT :param_1 OFFSET :param_2',
-                            {'param_1': 5, 'param_2': 10})
+        self.assert_compile(
+            sql_util.ClauseAdapter(s2).traverse(s1),
+            "SELECT foo.col1, foo.col2, foo.col3 FROM "
+            "(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 "
+            "AS col2, table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1) "
+            "AS foo LIMIT :param_1 OFFSET :param_2",
+            {"param_1": 5, "param_2": 10},
+        )
 
     def test_aliasedselect_to_aliasedselect_join(self):
-        s1 = select([t1]).alias('foo')
+        s1 = select([t1]).alias("foo")
         s2 = select([s1]).limit(5).offset(10).alias()
         j = s1.outerjoin(t2, s1.c.col1 == t2.c.col1)
-        self.assert_compile(sql_util.ClauseAdapter(s2).traverse(j).select(),
-                            'SELECT anon_1.col1, anon_1.col2, '
-                            'anon_1.col3, table2.col1, table2.col2, '
-                            'table2.col3 FROM (SELECT foo.col1 AS '
-                            'col1, foo.col2 AS col2, foo.col3 AS col3 '
-                            'FROM (SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, '
-                            'table1.col2 AS col2, table1.col3 AS col3 '
-                            'FROM table1) AS foo LIMIT :param_1 OFFSET '
-                            ':param_2) AS anon_1 LEFT OUTER JOIN '
-                            'table2 ON anon_1.col1 = table2.col1',
-                            {'param_1': 5, 'param_2': 10})
+        self.assert_compile(
+            sql_util.ClauseAdapter(s2).traverse(j).select(),
+            "SELECT anon_1.col1, anon_1.col2, "
+            "anon_1.col3, table2.col1, table2.col2, "
+            "table2.col3 FROM (SELECT foo.col1 AS "
+            "col1, foo.col2 AS col2, foo.col3 AS col3 "
+            "FROM (SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, "
+            "table1.col2 AS col2, table1.col3 AS col3 "
+            "FROM table1) AS foo LIMIT :param_1 OFFSET "
+            ":param_2) AS anon_1 LEFT OUTER JOIN "
+            "table2 ON anon_1.col1 = table2.col1",
+            {"param_1": 5, "param_2": 10},
+        )
 
     def test_aliasedselect_to_aliasedselect_join_nested_table(self):
-        s1 = select([t1]).alias('foo')
+        s1 = select([t1]).alias("foo")
         s2 = select([s1]).limit(5).offset(10).alias()
-        talias = t1.alias('bar')
+        talias = t1.alias("bar")
 
         assert not s2.is_derived_from(talias)
         j = s1.outerjoin(talias, s1.c.col1 == talias.c.col1)
 
-        self.assert_compile(sql_util.ClauseAdapter(s2).traverse(j).select(),
-                            'SELECT anon_1.col1, anon_1.col2, '
-                            'anon_1.col3, bar.col1, bar.col2, bar.col3 '
-                            'FROM (SELECT foo.col1 AS col1, foo.col2 '
-                            'AS col2, foo.col3 AS col3 FROM (SELECT '
-                            'table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 AS col2, '
-                            'table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1) AS foo '
-                            'LIMIT :param_1 OFFSET :param_2) AS anon_1 '
-                            'LEFT OUTER JOIN table1 AS bar ON '
-                            'anon_1.col1 = bar.col1', {'param_1': 5,
-                                                       'param_2': 10})
+        self.assert_compile(
+            sql_util.ClauseAdapter(s2).traverse(j).select(),
+            "SELECT anon_1.col1, anon_1.col2, "
+            "anon_1.col3, bar.col1, bar.col2, bar.col3 "
+            "FROM (SELECT foo.col1 AS col1, foo.col2 "
+            "AS col2, foo.col3 AS col3 FROM (SELECT "
+            "table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 AS col2, "
+            "table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1) AS foo "
+            "LIMIT :param_1 OFFSET :param_2) AS anon_1 "
+            "LEFT OUTER JOIN table1 AS bar ON "
+            "anon_1.col1 = bar.col1",
+            {"param_1": 5, "param_2": 10},
+        )
 
     def test_functions(self):
         self.assert_compile(
-            sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1.alias()).
-            traverse(func.count(t1.c.col1)),
-            'count(table1_1.col1)')
+            sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1.alias()).traverse(func.count(t1.c.col1)),
+            "count(table1_1.col1)",
+        )
         s = select([func.count(t1.c.col1)])
-        self.assert_compile(sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1.alias()).traverse(s),
-                            'SELECT count(table1_1.col1) AS count_1 '
-                            'FROM table1 AS table1_1')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1.alias()).traverse(s),
+            "SELECT count(table1_1.col1) AS count_1 "
+            "FROM table1 AS table1_1",
+        )
 
     def test_recursive(self):
         metadata = MetaData()
-        a = Table('a', metadata,
-                  Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True))
-        b = Table('b', metadata,
-                  Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
-                  Column('aid', Integer, ForeignKey('a.id')),
-                  )
-        c = Table('c', metadata,
-                  Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
-                  Column('bid', Integer, ForeignKey('b.id')),
-                  )
-
-        d = Table('d', metadata,
-                  Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
-                  Column('aid', Integer, ForeignKey('a.id')),
-                  )
+        a = Table("a", metadata, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True))
+        b = Table(
+            "b",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("aid", Integer, ForeignKey("a.id")),
+        )
+        c = Table(
+            "c",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("bid", Integer, ForeignKey("b.id")),
+        )
+
+        d = Table(
+            "d",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("aid", Integer, ForeignKey("a.id")),
+        )
 
         u = union(
             a.join(b).select().apply_labels(),
-            a.join(d).select().apply_labels()
+            a.join(d).select().apply_labels(),
         ).alias()
 
         self.assert_compile(
-            sql_util.ClauseAdapter(u).
-            traverse(select([c.c.bid]).where(c.c.bid == u.c.b_aid)),
+            sql_util.ClauseAdapter(u).traverse(
+                select([c.c.bid]).where(c.c.bid == u.c.b_aid)
+            ),
             "SELECT c.bid "
             "FROM c, (SELECT a.id AS a_id, b.id AS b_id, b.aid AS b_aid "
             "FROM a JOIN b ON a.id = b.aid UNION SELECT a.id AS a_id, d.id "
             "AS d_id, d.aid AS d_aid "
             "FROM a JOIN d ON a.id = d.aid) AS anon_1 "
-            "WHERE c.bid = anon_1.b_aid"
+            "WHERE c.bid = anon_1.b_aid",
         )
 
-        t1 = table("table1",
-                   column("col1"),
-                   column("col2"),
-                   column("col3"),
-                   )
-        t2 = table("table2",
-                   column("col1"),
-                   column("col2"),
-                   column("col3"),
-                   )
+        t1 = table("table1", column("col1"), column("col2"), column("col3"))
+        t2 = table("table2", column("col1"), column("col2"), column("col3"))
 
     def test_label_anonymize_one(self):
         t1a = t1.alias()
         adapter = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(t1a, anonymize_labels=True)
 
-        expr = select([t1.c.col2]).where(t1.c.col3 == 5).label('expr')
+        expr = select([t1.c.col2]).where(t1.c.col3 == 5).label("expr")
         expr_adapted = adapter.traverse(expr)
 
         stmt = select([expr, expr_adapted]).order_by(expr, expr_adapted)
@@ -1560,7 +1580,7 @@ class ClauseAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
             "AS expr, "
             "(SELECT table1_1.col2 FROM table1 AS table1_1 "
             "WHERE table1_1.col3 = :col3_2) AS anon_1 "
-            "ORDER BY expr, anon_1"
+            "ORDER BY expr, anon_1",
         )
 
     def test_label_anonymize_two(self):
@@ -1578,14 +1598,14 @@ class ClauseAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
             "AS anon_1, "
             "(SELECT table1_1.col2 FROM table1 AS table1_1 "
             "WHERE table1_1.col3 = :col3_2) AS anon_2 "
-            "ORDER BY anon_1, anon_2"
+            "ORDER BY anon_1, anon_2",
         )
 
     def test_label_anonymize_three(self):
         t1a = t1.alias()
         adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(
-            t1a, anonymize_labels=True,
-            allow_label_resolve=False)
+            t1a, anonymize_labels=True, allow_label_resolve=False
+        )
 
         expr = select([t1.c.col2]).where(t1.c.col3 == 5).label(None)
         l1 = expr
@@ -1603,236 +1623,235 @@ class ClauseAdapterTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
 
 
 class SpliceJoinsTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
-    __dialect__ = 'default'
+    __dialect__ = "default"
 
     @classmethod
     def setup_class(cls):
         global table1, table2, table3, table4
 
         def _table(name):
-            return table(name, column('col1'), column('col2'),
-                         column('col3'))
+            return table(name, column("col1"), column("col2"), column("col3"))
 
         table1, table2, table3, table4 = [
-            _table(name) for name in (
-                'table1', 'table2', 'table3', 'table4')]
+            _table(name) for name in ("table1", "table2", "table3", "table4")
+        ]
 
     def test_splice(self):
         t1, t2, t3, t4 = table1, table2, table1.alias(), table2.alias()
-        j = t1.join(
-            t2,
-            t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col1).join(
-            t3,
-            t2.c.col1 == t3.c.col1).join(
-            t4,
-            t4.c.col1 == t1.c.col1)
+        j = (
+            t1.join(t2, t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col1)
+            .join(t3, t2.c.col1 == t3.c.col1)
+            .join(t4, t4.c.col1 == t1.c.col1)
+        )
         s = select([t1]).where(t1.c.col2 < 5).alias()
-        self.assert_compile(sql_util.splice_joins(s, j),
-                            '(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 '
-                            'AS col2, table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 '
-                            'WHERE table1.col2 < :col2_1) AS anon_1 '
-                            'JOIN table2 ON anon_1.col1 = table2.col1 '
-                            'JOIN table1 AS table1_1 ON table2.col1 = '
-                            'table1_1.col1 JOIN table2 AS table2_1 ON '
-                            'table2_1.col1 = anon_1.col1')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            sql_util.splice_joins(s, j),
+            "(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 "
+            "AS col2, table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 "
+            "WHERE table1.col2 < :col2_1) AS anon_1 "
+            "JOIN table2 ON anon_1.col1 = table2.col1 "
+            "JOIN table1 AS table1_1 ON table2.col1 = "
+            "table1_1.col1 JOIN table2 AS table2_1 ON "
+            "table2_1.col1 = anon_1.col1",
+        )
 
     def test_stop_on(self):
         t1, t2, t3 = table1, table2, table3
         j1 = t1.join(t2, t1.c.col1 == t2.c.col1)
         j2 = j1.join(t3, t2.c.col1 == t3.c.col1)
         s = select([t1]).select_from(j1).alias()
-        self.assert_compile(sql_util.splice_joins(s, j2),
-                            '(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 '
-                            'AS col2, table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 '
-                            'JOIN table2 ON table1.col1 = table2.col1) '
-                            'AS anon_1 JOIN table2 ON anon_1.col1 = '
-                            'table2.col1 JOIN table3 ON table2.col1 = '
-                            'table3.col1')
-        self.assert_compile(sql_util.splice_joins(s, j2, j1),
-                            '(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 '
-                            'AS col2, table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 '
-                            'JOIN table2 ON table1.col1 = table2.col1) '
-                            'AS anon_1 JOIN table3 ON table2.col1 = '
-                            'table3.col1')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            sql_util.splice_joins(s, j2),
+            "(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 "
+            "AS col2, table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 "
+            "JOIN table2 ON table1.col1 = table2.col1) "
+            "AS anon_1 JOIN table2 ON anon_1.col1 = "
+            "table2.col1 JOIN table3 ON table2.col1 = "
+            "table3.col1",
+        )
+        self.assert_compile(
+            sql_util.splice_joins(s, j2, j1),
+            "(SELECT table1.col1 AS col1, table1.col2 "
+            "AS col2, table1.col3 AS col3 FROM table1 "
+            "JOIN table2 ON table1.col1 = table2.col1) "
+            "AS anon_1 JOIN table3 ON table2.col1 = "
+            "table3.col1",
+        )
 
     def test_splice_2(self):
         t2a = table2.alias()
         t3a = table3.alias()
-        j1 = table1.join(
-            t2a,
-            table1.c.col1 == t2a.c.col1).join(
-            t3a,
-            t2a.c.col2 == t3a.c.col2)
+        j1 = table1.join(t2a, table1.c.col1 == t2a.c.col1).join(
+            t3a, t2a.c.col2 == t3a.c.col2
+        )
         t2b = table4.alias()
         j2 = table1.join(t2b, table1.c.col3 == t2b.c.col3)
-        self.assert_compile(sql_util.splice_joins(table1, j1),
-                            'table1 JOIN table2 AS table2_1 ON '
-                            'table1.col1 = table2_1.col1 JOIN table3 '
-                            'AS table3_1 ON table2_1.col2 = '
-                            'table3_1.col2')
-        self.assert_compile(sql_util.splice_joins(table1, j2),
-                            'table1 JOIN table4 AS table4_1 ON '
-                            'table1.col3 = table4_1.col3')
-        self.assert_compile(
-            sql_util.splice_joins(
-                sql_util.splice_joins(
-                    table1,
-                    j1),
-                j2),
-            'table1 JOIN table2 AS table2_1 ON '
-            'table1.col1 = table2_1.col1 JOIN table3 '
-            'AS table3_1 ON table2_1.col2 = '
-            'table3_1.col2 JOIN table4 AS table4_1 ON '
-            'table1.col3 = table4_1.col3')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            sql_util.splice_joins(table1, j1),
+            "table1 JOIN table2 AS table2_1 ON "
+            "table1.col1 = table2_1.col1 JOIN table3 "
+            "AS table3_1 ON table2_1.col2 = "
+            "table3_1.col2",
+        )
+        self.assert_compile(
+            sql_util.splice_joins(table1, j2),
+            "table1 JOIN table4 AS table4_1 ON " "table1.col3 = table4_1.col3",
+        )
+        self.assert_compile(
+            sql_util.splice_joins(sql_util.splice_joins(table1, j1), j2),
+            "table1 JOIN table2 AS table2_1 ON "
+            "table1.col1 = table2_1.col1 JOIN table3 "
+            "AS table3_1 ON table2_1.col2 = "
+            "table3_1.col2 JOIN table4 AS table4_1 ON "
+            "table1.col3 = table4_1.col3",
+        )
 
 
 class SelectTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
 
     """tests the generative capability of Select"""
 
-    __dialect__ = 'default'
+    __dialect__ = "default"
 
     @classmethod
     def setup_class(cls):
         global t1, t2
-        t1 = table("table1",
-                   column("col1"),
-                   column("col2"),
-                   column("col3"),
-                   )
-        t2 = table("table2",
-                   column("col1"),
-                   column("col2"),
-                   column("col3"),
-                   )
+        t1 = table("table1", column("col1"), column("col2"), column("col3"))
+        t2 = table("table2", column("col1"), column("col2"), column("col3"))
 
     def test_columns(self):
         s = t1.select()
-        self.assert_compile(s,
-                            'SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, '
-                            'table1.col3 FROM table1')
-        select_copy = s.column(column('yyy'))
-        self.assert_compile(select_copy,
-                            'SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, '
-                            'table1.col3, yyy FROM table1')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            s, "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, " "table1.col3 FROM table1"
+        )
+        select_copy = s.column(column("yyy"))
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select_copy,
+            "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, " "table1.col3, yyy FROM table1",
+        )
         assert s.columns is not select_copy.columns
         assert s._columns is not select_copy._columns
         assert s._raw_columns is not select_copy._raw_columns
-        self.assert_compile(s,
-                            'SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, '
-                            'table1.col3 FROM table1')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            s, "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, " "table1.col3 FROM table1"
+        )
 
     def test_froms(self):
         s = t1.select()
-        self.assert_compile(s,
-                            'SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, '
-                            'table1.col3 FROM table1')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            s, "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, " "table1.col3 FROM table1"
+        )
         select_copy = s.select_from(t2)
-        self.assert_compile(select_copy,
-                            'SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, '
-                            'table1.col3 FROM table1, table2')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select_copy,
+            "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, "
+            "table1.col3 FROM table1, table2",
+        )
         assert s._froms is not select_copy._froms
-        self.assert_compile(s,
-                            'SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, '
-                            'table1.col3 FROM table1')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            s, "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, " "table1.col3 FROM table1"
+        )
 
     def test_prefixes(self):
         s = t1.select()
-        self.assert_compile(s,
-                            'SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, '
-                            'table1.col3 FROM table1')
-        select_copy = s.prefix_with('FOOBER')
-        self.assert_compile(select_copy,
-                            'SELECT FOOBER table1.col1, table1.col2, '
-                            'table1.col3 FROM table1')
-        self.assert_compile(s,
-                            'SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, '
-                            'table1.col3 FROM table1')
+        self.assert_compile(
+            s, "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, " "table1.col3 FROM table1"
+        )
+        select_copy = s.prefix_with("FOOBER")
+        self.assert_compile(
+            select_copy,
+            "SELECT FOOBER table1.col1, table1.col2, "
+            "table1.col3 FROM table1",
+        )
+        self.assert_compile(
+            s, "SELECT table1.col1, table1.col2, " "table1.col3 FROM table1"
+        )
 
     def test_execution_options(self):
-        s = select().execution_options(foo='bar')
-        s2 = s.execution_options(bar='baz')
-        s3 = s.execution_options(foo='not bar')
+        s = select().execution_options(foo="bar")
+        s2 = s.execution_options(bar="baz")
+        s3 = s.execution_options(foo="not bar")
         # The original select should not be modified.
-        assert s._execution_options == dict(foo='bar')
+        assert s._execution_options == dict(foo="bar")
         # s2 should have its execution_options based on s, though.
-        assert s2._execution_options == dict(foo='bar', bar='baz')
-        assert s3._execution_options == dict(foo='not bar')
+        assert s2._execution_options == dict(foo="bar", bar="baz")
+        assert s3._execution_options == dict(foo="not bar")
 
     def test_invalid_options(self):
         assert_raises(
-            exc.ArgumentError,
-            select().execution_options, compiled_cache={}
+            exc.ArgumentError, select().execution_options, compiled_cache={}
         )
 
         assert_raises(
             exc.ArgumentError,
             select().execution_options,
-            isolation_level='READ_COMMITTED'
+            isolation_level="READ_COMMITTED",
         )
 
     # this feature not available yet
     def _NOTYET_test_execution_options_in_kwargs(self):
-        s = select(execution_options=dict(foo='bar'))
-        s2 = s.execution_options(bar='baz')
+        s = select(execution_options=dict(foo="bar"))
+        s2 = s.execution_options(bar="baz")
         # The original select should not be modified.
-        assert s._execution_options == dict(foo='bar')
+        assert s._execution_options == dict(foo="bar")
         # s2 should have its execution_options based on s, though.
-        assert s2._execution_options == dict(foo='bar', bar='baz')
+        assert s2._execution_options == dict(foo="bar", bar="baz")
 
     # this feature not available yet
     def _NOTYET_test_execution_options_in_text(self):
-        s = text('select 42', execution_options=dict(foo='bar'))
-        assert s._execution_options == dict(foo='bar')
+        s = text("select 42", execution_options=dict(foo="bar"))
+        assert s._execution_options == dict(foo="bar")
 
 
 class ValuesBaseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
 
     """Tests the generative capability of Insert, Update"""
 
-    __dialect__ = 'default'
+    __dialect__ = "default"
 
     # fixme: consolidate converage from elsewhere here and expand
 
     @classmethod
     def setup_class(cls):
         global t1, t2
-        t1 = table("table1",
-                   column("col1"),
-                   column("col2"),
-                   column("col3"),
-                   )
-        t2 = table("table2",
-                   column("col1"),
-                   column("col2"),
-                   column("col3"),
-                   )
+        t1 = table("table1", column("col1"), column("col2"), column("col3"))
+        t2 = table("table2", column("col1"), column("col2"), column("col3"))
 
     def test_prefixes(self):
         i = t1.insert()
-        self.assert_compile(i,
-                            "INSERT INTO table1 (col1, col2, col3) "
-                            "VALUES (:col1, :col2, :col3)")
+        self.assert_compile(
+            i,
+            "INSERT INTO table1 (col1, col2, col3) "
+            "VALUES (:col1, :col2, :col3)",
+        )
 
         gen = i.prefix_with("foober")
-        self.assert_compile(gen,
-                            "INSERT foober INTO table1 (col1, col2, col3) "
-                            "VALUES (:col1, :col2, :col3)")
+        self.assert_compile(
+            gen,
+            "INSERT foober INTO table1 (col1, col2, col3) "
+            "VALUES (:col1, :col2, :col3)",
+        )
 
-        self.assert_compile(i,
-                            "INSERT INTO table1 (col1, col2, col3) "
-                            "VALUES (:col1, :col2, :col3)")
+        self.assert_compile(
+            i,
+            "INSERT INTO table1 (col1, col2, col3) "
+            "VALUES (:col1, :col2, :col3)",
+        )
 
-        i2 = t1.insert(prefixes=['squiznart'])
-        self.assert_compile(i2,
-                            "INSERT squiznart INTO table1 (col1, col2, col3) "
-                            "VALUES (:col1, :col2, :col3)")
+        i2 = t1.insert(prefixes=["squiznart"])
+        self.assert_compile(
+            i2,
+            "INSERT squiznart INTO table1 (col1, col2, col3) "
+            "VALUES (:col1, :col2, :col3)",
+        )
 
         gen2 = i2.prefix_with("quux")
-        self.assert_compile(gen2,
-                            "INSERT squiznart quux INTO "
-                            "table1 (col1, col2, col3) "
-                            "VALUES (:col1, :col2, :col3)")
+        self.assert_compile(
+            gen2,
+            "INSERT squiznart quux INTO "
+            "table1 (col1, col2, col3) "
+            "VALUES (:col1, :col2, :col3)",
+        )
 
     def test_add_kwarg(self):
         i = t1.insert()
@@ -1857,11 +1876,13 @@ class ValuesBaseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         i = t1.insert()
         eq_(i.parameters, None)
         i = i.values([(5, 6, 7), (8, 9, 10)])
-        eq_(i.parameters, [
-            {"col1": 5, "col2": 6, "col3": 7},
-            {"col1": 8, "col2": 9, "col3": 10},
-            ]
-            )
+        eq_(
+            i.parameters,
+            [
+                {"col1": 5, "col2": 6, "col3": 7},
+                {"col1": 8, "col2": 9, "col3": 10},
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_inline_values_single(self):
         i = t1.insert(values={"col1": 5})
@@ -1895,7 +1916,8 @@ class ValuesBaseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         assert_raises_message(
             exc.InvalidRequestError,
             "This construct already has multiple parameter sets.",
-            i.values, col2=7
+            i.values,
+            col2=7,
         )
 
     def test_cant_mix_single_multi_formats_dict_to_list(self):
@@ -1904,7 +1926,8 @@ class ValuesBaseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
             exc.ArgumentError,
             "Can't mix single-values and multiple values "
             "formats in one statement",
-            i.values, [{"col1": 6}]
+            i.values,
+            [{"col1": 6}],
         )
 
     def test_cant_mix_single_multi_formats_list_to_dict(self):
@@ -1913,7 +1936,8 @@ class ValuesBaseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
             exc.ArgumentError,
             "Can't mix single-values and multiple values "
             "formats in one statement",
-            i.values, {"col1": 5}
+            i.values,
+            {"col1": 5},
         )
 
     def test_erroneous_multi_args_dicts(self):
@@ -1922,7 +1946,9 @@ class ValuesBaseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
             exc.ArgumentError,
             "Only a single dictionary/tuple or list of "
             "dictionaries/tuples is accepted positionally.",
-            i.values, {"col1": 5}, {"col1": 7}
+            i.values,
+            {"col1": 5},
+            {"col1": 7},
         )
 
     def test_erroneous_multi_args_tuples(self):
@@ -1931,7 +1957,9 @@ class ValuesBaseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
             exc.ArgumentError,
             "Only a single dictionary/tuple or list of "
             "dictionaries/tuples is accepted positionally.",
-            i.values, (5, 6, 7), (8, 9, 10)
+            i.values,
+            (5, 6, 7),
+            (8, 9, 10),
         )
 
     def test_erroneous_multi_args_plus_kw(self):
@@ -1939,7 +1967,9 @@ class ValuesBaseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         assert_raises_message(
             exc.ArgumentError,
             "Can't pass kwargs and multiple parameter sets simultaneously",
-            i.values, [{"col1": 5}], col2=7
+            i.values,
+            [{"col1": 5}],
+            col2=7,
         )
 
     def test_update_no_support_multi_values(self):
@@ -1947,12 +1977,14 @@ class ValuesBaseTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
         assert_raises_message(
             exc.InvalidRequestError,
             "This construct does not support multiple parameter sets.",
-            u.values, [{"col1": 5}, {"col1": 7}]
+            u.values,
+            [{"col1": 5}, {"col1": 7}],
         )
 
     def test_update_no_support_multi_constructor(self):
         assert_raises_message(
             exc.InvalidRequestError,
             "This construct does not support multiple parameter sets.",
-            t1.update, values=[{"col1": 5}, {"col1": 7}]
+            t1.update,
+            values=[{"col1": 5}, {"col1": 7}],
         )